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This effect can be attributed to an increase in sexual responsiveness, and a decrease in refractory period.

In their experiment, Carr et al. paired each male rat with a female rat and allowed them to mate. Male rats were then tested for preference through the use of an apparatus which had two cylinders that were attached to their home cage, and contained the familiar female and the novel female in each cylinder. Caps at the end of these cylinders prevented access to the females, but had a hole in them to allow their odours to pass through to the male's cage. Before the testing phase, the females were removed, and then the caps were removed to allow the male to explore both cylinders. From this experiment, they found that males preferred the scent of the novel female. While these males did not have access to these females to demonstrate mating preferences, this odour preference is believed to reflect promiscuous behaviour, and therefore be important to the male mating strategy. In an earlier experiment, also conducted by Carr et al., they found that unlike male rats, female rats preferred the odour of a familiar partner rather than the odour of a novel partner. Another study also examined not only olfactory preference, but what part of the brain targeted the olfactory preference. In this study, male hamsters were given lesions to either the hippocampus or the perirhinal-etorhinal cortex, or received a sham treatment. Then the hamsters were allowed to mate with a female hamster until they became satiated. All subjects were then presented with two anesthetized females, one was the female they had previously copulated with, and the other was a novel female. Hamsters with sham and hippocampal lesions investigated the anogenital region of the novel females for a significantly longer period of time in comparison to the familiar female. Males with lesions to the perirhinal-etorhinal cortex did not show a preference for either a familiar or novel female, and spent a similar amount of time investigating the anogenital region of both females. 

In a study conducted by Fiorino et al., male rats were used to study the role of the mesolimbic dopamine system on their sexual behaviour. In their experiment, microdialysis was used to monitor dopamine efflux from the nucleus accumbens during three stages of sexual behaviour, these included: copulation, sexual satiety, and the reinitiation of sexual behaviour. Behavioural testing for the Coolidge effect consisted of several phases including, copulation with a female, reintroduction to the same female, access to the same female, introduction to a novel female, and copulation with the novel female. During these phases, dopamine and its metabolites were monitored. Results from this study found that overall there was a significant increase in dopamine efflux in response to both the first female and the second female. During copulation with the first female, concentrations of dopamine in these male rats showed a significant increase, however, when the same female was presented again, a significant increase in dopamine was not observed. When a novel female was presented, initially, there was a small increase in the levels of dopamine, however, after continued copulation with the novel female, a significant increase in dopamine levels was observed. From these results, they concluded that an increase in mesolimbic dopamine efflux is associated with the appetitive and consummatory stages of sexual behaviour in male rats. Their data also suggest that stimuli associated with a novel female may increase dopamine transmission in a rat that is sexually satiated, and hence have a role in the reinitiation of sexual behaviour. 

Additional studies have also provided further evidence for the role of the nucleus accumbens on sexual behaviour in rats. In a study conducted by Wood et al., male rats were divided into three conditions, and were presented with a cotton ball laden in either saline (control group), estrous vaginal smear of a familiar female (experimental group), and estrous vaginal smear of a novel female (experimental group). In this experiment, the role of the nucleus accumbens was characterized through recording neuronal activity of single cells in this area of the brain. Results from this study showed greater proportion of neuronal activation when initially presented with a novel estrus stimulus in comparison to familiar estrus stimulus. Subsequent presentations of the novel estrus stimulus did not show an increase neuronal activity.

This effect of olfaction has also been observed in invertebrates such as flies, Drosophila melanogaster. In a study conducted by Tan and colleagues, the role of olfaction in species recognition was examined using mutant flies which processed a mutated Orco gene, which codes for a co-receptor that is important for olfaction. The result of this type of mutation renders these flies unable to discriminate between phenotypically familiar (i.e., from the same family and/or environment) and phenotypically novel (i.e., unrelated and from a different environment) females. When presented with a phenotypically familiar and phenotypically novel females, mutant flies did not show a preference towards either female, while wild-type flies (i.e., flies without the mutated Orco gene) did. The results from this experiment suggest that the Orco gene is important in discriminating between mates, and suggests an important role of olfactory cues in phenotypic familiarity.

In a study conducted in 2013, researchers conducted an experiment to test if the Coolidge effect could be observed in female rats. In their experiment, they assigned female rats to one of two conditions: paced or non-paced. In the paced condition, females were able to control the timing of copulation, while in the non-paced condition males regulated the timing of mating. Females in the paced condition were placed into an arena that was divided into two compartments which contained holes that only the female could pass through. The female was placed on one side of the divided arena and the male was placed in the opposite side; this allowed the female to enter and exit the male’s side depending on the circumstances, therefore regulating the timing of copulation. In the non-paced condition, both the female and male rats were placed in an undivided arena and were allowed to mate. In both conditions, females were exposed to a constant, familiar male followed by a novel male. Their results found that females showed a significant increase in proceptive behaviours when a novel mate was present, but only if the female could regulate mating. Repeated mating with the same male also resulted in a decrease in proceptivity, which is thought to suggest sexual satiety. These results suggest that the Coolidge effect may also be present in female rats.

It is possible that the presence of the Coolidge effect in females could serve to optimize the female’s reproductive success, and prevent mating with a sterile male. Mating with multiple males may reduce the probability that the female’s gametes will not be successfully fertilized.

Week 7- Starting article (edits and references)

In biology and psychology, the Coolidge effect is a phenomenon seen in animal species whereby males (and to a lesser extent females) exhibit renewed sexual interest if introduced to new receptive sexual partners, even after cessation of sex with prior but still available sexual partners INSERT THE FOLLOWING REFERENCE: Jordan, L.A., & Brooks, R.C. (2010). Lifetime costs of increased male reproductive effort: Courtship, copulation and the Coolidge effect. Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 23(11), 2403-2409. The evolutionary benefit to this phenomenon is that a male can fertilize multiple females. The male may be reinvigorated repeatedly for successful insemination of multiple females. ADD THIS REFERENCE AS WELL: Jordan, L.A., & Brooks, R.C. (2010). Lifetime costs of increased male reproductive effort: Courtship, copulation and the Coolidge effect. Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 23(11), 2403-2409. This type of mating system can be referred to as polygyny, where one male has multiple female mates, but each female only mates with one or a few male mates. Copied from Coolidge effect for editing and review purposes.

What I did/Notes about section: I added references to statements that required a reference

Origin of the term[edit]

Behavioral endocrinologist Frank A. Beach first mentioned the term "Coolidge effect" in publication in 1955, crediting one of his students with suggesting the term at a psychology conference. He attributed the neologism to:

The joke appears in a 1972 book (Aggression in Man and Animals, by Roger N. Johnson, p. 94).

Fix reference 1 with: Coolidge effect. (2009). In A. S. Reber, R. Allen, & E. S. Reber, The Penguin dictionary of psychology (4th ed.). London, UK: Penguin. Retrieved from http://qe2a-proxy.mun.ca/login?url=http://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/penguinpsyc/coolidge_effect/0?institutionId=379

Copied from Coolidge effect for editing and review purposes.

What I did/Notes about section: I read over this section and it is consistent with the story that has been described in previous papers therefore I will not make any changes to this section. I could not verify that the sources provided are correct as I do not have access to these sources through the library; I will therefore trust that these sources are appropriate.

Allocating sperm[edit]

It has been observed that in certain species, males allocate sperm differently due to the Coolidge effect.INSERT THE FOLLOWING REFERENCE: Spence, R., Reichard, M., & Smith, C. (2013). Strategic sperm allocation and a Coolidge effect in an externally fertilizing species. Behavioral Ecology, 24(1), 82-88. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/beheco/ars138 The allocation is usually according to level of sperm competition, female novelty, and female reproductive quality. ADD THE FOLLOWING REFERENCE: Jordan, L.A., & Brooks, R.C. (2010). Lifetime costs of increased male reproductive effort: Courtship, copulation and the Coolidge effect. Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 23(11), 2403-2409. An experiment performed on an external fertilizing fish called Rhodeus amarus, also known as the European bitterling, was used to show that sperm can be allocated differently if a novel partner is around, but what also happens if there is male-male competition. INSERT THE FOLLOWING REFERENCE: Spence, R., Reichard, M., & Smith, C. (2013). Strategic sperm allocation and a Coolidge effect in an externally fertilizing species. Behavioral Ecology, 24(1), 82-88. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/beheco/ars138. It is important to know that the European bitterling mating system works by females depositing their eggs into the gill filaments of freshwater mussels by her long ovipositor and then males proceed by ejecting their sperm into the gills of the mussel hosting the eggs. This means fertilization and development of the offspring relies on the quality and survival of the mussel. When the Coolidge effect is applied to this system, the experiment showed that it is the mussels, or the site of fertilization, that the males will prefer to be novel. However, the takeaway from this experiment is that in male-male competition of the Rhodeus amarus, the dominant male will allocate more sperm when a novel mussel is present, while the subordinate male conserved its sperm until a proper opportunity came where it had a better chance of fertilization.TAKE AWAY REFERENCE A similar result was found in fowls, Gallus gallus, where the male showed a sperm allocation due to the Coolidge effect. INSERT REFERENCE FROM LAST SENTENCE HERE AND TAKE AWAY FROM LAST SENTENCE. The experiment found that male fowls reduce sperm investment in particular females they’ve encountered already, but increase sperm investment instantaneously if they encountered a new female. TAKE AWAY REFERENCE AND PUT AFTER PREVIOUS SENTENCE.

Wedell et al. suggest a theory that when a male allocates sperm so that he can save sperm for novel partners, he limits himself and the mate by possibly investing too little sperm to their partners which in return can inseminate only a few eggs therefore making reproduction less successful. This could even possibly force females to seek more copulation to ensure successful reproduction. This type of evidence of sperm allocation would suggest that Coolidge effect will determine how much sperm is invested into females, and if possible, sperm will be allocated so that sperm can be evenly distributed for multiple mates. Overall, it is typically seen that allocation changes due to male-male competition and whether a novel partner is encountered or not. INSERT THESE REFERENCES: Spence, R., Reichard, M., & Smith, C. (2013). Strategic sperm allocation and a Coolidge effect in an externally fertilizing species. Behavioral Ecology, 24(1), 82-88. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/beheco/ars138, Jordan, L.A., & Brooks, R.C. (2010). Lifetime costs of increased male reproductive effort: Courtship, copulation and the Coolidge effect. Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 23(11), 2403-2409, and Wedell, Gage, & Parker. (2002). Sperm competition, male prudence and sperm-limited females. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 17(7), 313-320.

Copied from Coolidge effect for editing and review purposes.

What I did/Notes about section: I added references to sentences that required them and fixed some grammar problems.

Absence of Coolidge effect[edit]

The Coolidge effect is typically found in most animals, however, there are instances where the Coolidge effect is absent, such as in certain species of crickets and spiders. TAKE REFERENCE FROM NEXT SENTENCE AND PUT HERE. ADD REFERENCE:  "No preference for novel mating partners in the polyandrous nuptial-feeding spider Pisaura mirabilis (Araneae: Pisauridae) - Research - Aarhus University". pure.au.dk. Retrieved 2016-12-07.

A study conducted on the decorated cricket, Gryllodes sigillatus, showed that even though females do display the Coolidge effect, the males of this species have no preference for novel mates. Because the females in this species control copulation, two dead females were used to test the Coolidge effect in males; one female was a previous mate, and the other was a novel female. To measure the Coolidge effect, the variables examined were the amount of courtship for the preferred mate and the size of the spermatophore transferred to the female. The size of the spermatophore was measured by weighing the mass after it was transferred to the female. The outcome of the experiment showed that there was no difference in the latency to re-mating of males confined with novel females and those paired with previous mates. There also was no difference in mass of the spermatophore. This experiment suggests that the Coolidge effect does not apply to this species since the males of the Gryllodes sigillatus do not prefer novel females. Further research done on spiders also supports the possibility of absence of the Coolidge effect in certain species. A 2007 study focusing on the Coolidge effect in simultaneously hermaphroditic species confirmed the validity of the Coolidge effect in freshwater snail Lymnaea stagnalis. Biomphalaria glabrata, another simultaneous hermaphrodite freshwater snail, does not exhibit sex-specific effects of partner novelty, and thus there is either no Coolidge effect in the species or no difference between the degrees to which the effect is expressed in the respective sexes.

Copied from Coolidge effect for editing and review purposes.

What I did/Notes about section: Added references and fixed grammar.

Means of sexual recognition for mates[edit]

Though there is no single reason for why males will choose a novel partner, there have been experiments that show that the major determining factor for detecting a novel partner is through olfactory preference. An experiment using Long-Evans rats, showed that odor played a major role in distinguishing the difference between a novel partner and familiar partner. In a different study, researchers were interested in what part of the brain targeted the olfactory preference. ADD REFERENCE FROM NEXT SENTENCE HERE. Through their experiments on golden hamster, they revealed that the perirhinal-etorhinal cortex region of the brain is crucial for the recognition of familiar conspecifics and certain social behaviors. The conclusion from this experiment was also consistent in rats and monkeys, since damage to the perirhinal-etorhinal cortex, and not the hippocampus, impaired standard recognition memory.

Copied from Coolidge effect for editing and review purposes.

What I did/Notes about section: Added references and fixed grammar.

Sexual satiety and the Coolidge effect[edit]

The Coolidge effect states that males typically will prefer novel mates every time the opportunity is present, however there is a physical limit to the sex drive. MOVE THE REFERENCE "Copulation and ejaculation in male rats under sexual satiety and the Coolidge effect". Physiology & Behavior. 106: 626–630. doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2012.04.020. Retrieved 2016-12-07. HERE. ALSO DOUBLE CHECK An experiment performed on rats showed that when left to reproduce to sexual satiety, the motor ejaculatory behavior, intromission, and dislodging seminal plugs were all possible after multiple mates, however little to no sperm would be produced during ejaculation. The experiment also concluded that males that reached satiety and non-satiety males both had the similar amounts of intromissions and time spent dislodging the seminal plug.REMOVE REFERENCE Another study performed on rats showed the same results, but found data that concluded that reaching optimal chances of impregnating their mates happened after resting for 15 days. These experiments would suggest that the one of the major limitations on the Coolidge effect is the physical boundaries of gamete production.

Copied from Coolidge effect for editing and review purposes.

What I did/Notes about section: Added references and fixed grammar.

DOUBLE CHECK THE TWO REFERENCES USED HERE

Empirical evidence[edit]

The original experiments with rats applied the following protocol: A male rat was placed into an enclosed large box with four or five female rats in heat. He immediately began to mate with all the female rats repeatedly until he eventually became exhausted. The females continued nudging and licking him, yet he did not respond. When a novel female was introduced into the box, he became alert and began to mate once again with the new female. This phenomenon is not limited to common rats. The Coolidge effect is attributed to an increase in dopamine levels and the subsequent effect upon an animal's limbic system.

Copied from Coolidge effect for editing and review purposes.

What I did/Notes about section: I PLAN TO EXPAND THIS TOPIC. MORE TO COME.

Potentiality in female organisms[edit]

While the Coolidge effect is usually demonstrated by males—that is, males displaying renewed excitement with a novel female—the body of research into the phenomenon continues to explore the potentiality of the effect in females. Research examining females rats has lent its support, wherein female rats showed a higher incentive motivation for unknown males over ones they had just copulated with.

Lester and Gorzalka developed a model to determine whether or not the Coolidge effect also occurs in females. Their experiment, which used hamsters instead of rats, concluded that it does occur to a lesser degree in females, where the evolutionary advantage of mating with multiple partners is less straightforward.

Copied from Coolidge effect for editing and review purposes.

What I did/Notes about section: I PLAN TO EXPAND THIS TOPIC. MORE TO COME.

Peer Review - mam045

Your topic is very interesting and I am excited learn about this topic in more detail. I was surprised to see how much was already written on the topic in the current wiki article but after reading through the talk page and your evaluation there are certainly some issues that need to be addressed. It's great that you have found so many resources that you can use to add more information to the existing article and that they are all from reputable sources. You brought up a good point on my use of the National Geographic article and I am going to track down the primary sources they used. The current article is very choppy and it is very apparent that many people have written different sections. It's great that so many people have done research on the topic but it really needs someone to go over it and make it a cohesive article. It seems like fixing up grammar and references are in your plans for the article but I would recommend going through the article carefully to add to the flow. A section that is lacking in a lot of detail is Empirical Evidence. Adding some recent studies and classic studies to this section would be very helpful. It would be interesting to have on overview of Beach's study and then some examples of more recent research on the topic.

Overall the topic is very interesting and I am excited to read your additions to the article!

Peer Review - MegFrank

It appears that you are off to a very good start revamping this article. I like that you are drawing from the article's talk page to touch on things that other people also had an issue with to make the article better. Making sure the references are in the correct spot is great as well, as it can get confusing if it is used in the wrong spot. Adding to which species don't exhibit the Coolidge Effect will be interesting, and I will be following along as you continue to edit the article!

Week 6 Finalize Your Topic

Through the students tab, I have assigned myself the topic 'Coolidge Effect'. Thinking back to my article critique, I can try to address some of the issues discussed on the articles talk page. I plan to conduct research to address the issue regarding the presence of the Coolidge effect in females, and I plan to expand on the mechanisms that underly this behaviour.

Aside: I included issue numbers even though in Dr. Thorpe's writing course we were taught not to include issue numbers when using APA referencing. I am not sure what the rule is in this course for issue numbers. Should we include them or should we leave them out? Thanks!

Please note that the references are not in alphabetical order as I would like to have them in the order that I found them in for sake of ease. Thanks!

Bibliography

Ventura-Aquino, E., Baños-Araujo, J., Fernández-Guasti, A., & Paredes, R. G. (2016). An unknown male increases sexual incentive motivation and partner preference: Further evidence for the Coolidge effect in female rats. Physiology & Behavior, 158(2016), 54-59. doi: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.02.026 

Ventura-Aquino, E., Fernández-Guasti, A., & Paredes, R. G. (2017). Hormones and the Coolidge effect. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, xxx(2017), 1-7. doi: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.09.010 

Spence, R., Reichard, M., & Smith, C. (2013). Strategic sperm allocation and a Coolidge effect in an externally fertilizing species. Behavioral Ecology, 24(1), 82-88. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/beheco/ars138

Fiorino, D. F., Coury, A., & Phillips, A. G. (1997). Dynamic changes in nucleus accumbens dopamine efflux during the Coolidge effect in male rats. Journal of Neuroscience, 17(12), 4849-4855.

Rodriguez-Manzo, G. (1999). Blockade of the establishment of the sexual inhibition resulting from sexual exhaustion by the Coolidge effect. Behavioural Brain Research, 100(1), 245-254. doi: 10.1016/S0166-4328(98)00137-5 

Lucio, R. A, Rodríguez-Piedracruz, V., Tlachi-López, J. L., García-Lorenzana, M., & Fernández-Guasti, A. (2014). Copulation without seminal expulsion: The consequence of sexual satiation and the Coolidge effect. Andrology, 2(3), 450-457. doi:  10.1111/j.2047-2927.2014.00209.x 

Jordan, L.A., & Brooks, R.C. (2010). Lifetime costs of increased male reproductive effort: Courtship, copulation and the Coolidge effect. Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 23(11), 2403-2409.

Koene, J.M., & Maat, A. ter. (2007). Coolidge effect in pond snails: Male motivation in a simultaneous hermaphrodite. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 7, 212. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2003.08.009 

Petrulis, A., & Eichenbaum, H. (2003). The perirhinal–entorhinal cortex, but not the hippocampus, is critical for expression of individual recognition in the context of the Coolidge effect. Neuroscience,122(3), 599-607.

Pierce, J., O’Brien, D., & Dewsbury, K. (1992). No effect of familiarity on the Coolidge effect in prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster). Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 30(4), 325-328. doi: 10.3758/BF03330481 

I did not add my bibliography to the article's talk page since someone else recently started adding to the page and I don't feel comfortable putting my ideas and research on the talk page. I am worried that they may use my ideas before I have a chance to complete them.

Note to self: Things to consider changing

• "(and to a lesser extent females)"
• Wording of first sentence under the heading "Origin of the Term". The phase "in publication in 1955" is confusing.
• Check referencing. Some things are not referenced appropriately.
• I want to reword the following sentence so that it is not as confusing : "An experiment performed on an external fertilizing fish called Rhodeus amarus, also known as the European bitterling, was used to show that sperm can be allocated differently if a novel partner is around, but what also happens if there is male-male competition."Coolidge effect.  
• In general, there are a lot of grammar issues that I would like to fix and I would also like to make sure that there is no signs of plagiarism in this article.
• The first section that I will expand on will be the the underlying mechanisms responsible for the Coolidge effect.
• Next I will address the debate on whether this effect can be found in females or not.
• Finally I will check for grammar mistakes and plagiarism.
• I would also like to added more examples of species that do not show this effect.

Topic Evaluation

The topic is appropriate. Given that you are able to address some of the questions mentioned below in your article evaluation, I think you could make a meaningful addition. Jpethier (talk) 14:38, 13 October 2017 (UTC)jpethier

Article Evaluation of the Coolidge Effect

The Wikipedia article on the Coolidge Effect is an article that is part of WikiProject Psychology. This article has a Start-Class rating with respect to quality, and a Mid-importance rating with respect to the project's importance scale. This article is also a part of WikiProject Biology, but has yet to receive a quality and importance rating.

Is everything in the article relevant to the article topic? Is there anything that distracted you?

Everything mentioned in this article was relevant to the topic. One thing that did distract me was that the sentence "The male may be reinvigorated...multiple females" seemed to be redundant since the same information can be implied from the sentence preceding this one. Another thing that distracted me was the length of the article, and how it appeared to be an article made up of random facts that were supported by research on animals. This article is very short, and provides very little information on the topic. There is no history section other than the section containing the anecdote describing the origin of the name of this phenomenon.

Is the article neutral? Are there any claims, or frames, that appear heavily biased toward a particular position?

The article does appear to be neutral. It does not strongly support the idea of the Coolidge effect nor does it criticize the idea. This article simply defines what the Coolidge effect is, and briefly describes the many experiments that have been conduced to study this phenomenon in various species of animals, such as rats and various invertebrates.

Are there viewpoints that are overrepresented, or underrepresented?

With respect to the various ideas raised such as, means of sexual recognition for mates and sexual satiety, all topics mentioned were equally discussed. One idea or topic was not discussed more than another which further supports the idea that the article is neutral, as it does not focus heavily on one aspect of the Coolidge effect. With respect to the article as a whole, this article was quite short, and has a Start-Class rating suggesting that more can be said about the topic. As I was reading through the article, it mostly discussed the phenomenon in the males of many different species with no mention of the behaviour being displayed in females. When I looked at the talk page for this article, I noticed that this was also a question raised by someone else. Therefore, a discussion on the Coolidge effect in females is a topic that is underrepresented in this article and should be considered. Also, the physiology underlying this phenomenon was also underrepresented. An increase in dopamine levels and an effect on an animal's limbic system was briefly mentioned, but should be elaborated on to help in better understanding the underlying mechanisms of this behaviour.

Check a few citations. Do the links work? Does the source support the claims in the article?

The links to the citations that I checked worked, and redirected me to the appropriate source of the information. The sources that I checked did support the claims made in the article. As well, there did not seem to be any sign of plagiarism. There was however one statement that was made in the "Allocating sperm" section of the article that referenced work done by Wedell et al., but was not referenced in the reference section of the article. Since the sentence in which Wedell et al. is mentioned discusses the various species of animals that this group has conducted research on, it is probably safe to say that this article is not missing just one reference, but rather many references to the journal articles that support their research in various species of animals.

Is each fact referenced with an appropriate, reliable reference? Where does the information come from? Are these neutral sources? If biased, is that bias noted?

The information that is found in this article comes from a number of journal articles along with some books that are related to psychology and animal behaviour. The journal articles that were referenced are research articles that were published in psychology, biology, and neuroscience journals. Considering that this information comes from peer-reviewed journal articles, these sources are neutral and therefore not biased. All sources are academic and not from media sources such as news articles.

Is any information out of date? Is anything missing that could be added?

All the information in this article does not appear to be out of date, and is therefore still relevant to the discussion of the Coolidge effect. As was previously mentioned, a discussion on whether or not this phenomenon has been observed in females could be added. As well, instead of just stating the results of various experiments, this article should dig deeper into the phenomenon and discuss the underlying mechanisms of this effect. The article should add more information that aims to answer questions such as "Is the Coolidge effect only something observed in males?", "Why do we see this behaviour some species and not in others?", "What are the underlying mechanisms that allow males to distinguish between old and new mates", and "How is it that they allocate their sperm?"

Check out the Talk page of the article. What kinds of conversations, if any, are going on behind the scenes about how to represent this topic?

Conversations on the article's talk page include discussions concerning the origin of the term, if the effect applies to women, and the physiological aspects of the Coolidge effect. In the discussion of the origin of the term, it is mentioned that since the term allegedly originated in 1955, the citation should come from an earlier source than the one that was used. The source that was used was a book from 2000, and the person who left this comment believes that an earlier source should be cited. Another issue that was mentioned on the talk page was if the effect "applies to women". This post is a little bit confusing as it is unclear whether this person is interested in if this effect is seen in women, or if they mean non-human females. A bit more elaboration and information to back up this discussion would be helpful. The final issue that was raised was with respect to the brief mention of dopamine and the limbic system, and their relation to this effect. The article appears to describe this phenomenon from a behavioural point of view, but does briefly mention that there are mechanisms involved in producing this behaviour. A discussion about the mechanisms that are thought to be involved should be added to this article.

How does the way Wikipedia discusses this topic differ from the way we've talked about it in class?

In class, we did not discuss the Coolidge effect in as much detail as is provided by this article. In class, would mostly defined what the Coolidge effect is, learned how it was given its name, and were provided with one example of a species that displays this behaviour.

Week 4

Citing practice

Coolidge effect.

Adding a citation to an article

In my evaluation of the Coolidge effect wikipedia article I stated that a reference was missing under the heading "Allocating sperm". I added the appropriate citation that the statement was based on, and edited the sentence since it previously stated that Wedell et al. conducted experiments on lemon tetra and feral fowl. I could not find any journal articles to support this statement, but I did find a journal article titled Sperm competition, male prudence and sperm-limited females that discusses the idea of sperm allocation and reproductive success in males of various species.

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or . If not, type:

. This determines where your references will appear on the page.

Now click after the text you would like to create a reference for. Now type in the after your reference. Wiki software will automatically add your inline reference number.

Check that the bottom of the page has a "References" or "Notes" section. If not, type: ==References==.

Check that the References section either has the text

or . If not, type:

. This determines where your references will appear on the page.

Now click after the text you would like to create a reference for. Now type in the after your reference. Wiki software will automatically add your inline reference number.

You can access wikicode from edit mode by clicking the pencil icon and selecting "Source editing".

Then, follow these instructions:

1. Check that the bottom of the page has a "References" or "Notes" section. If not, type:  ==References==.
2. Check that the References section either has the text {{reflist}} or <references />. If not, type: {{reflist}}. This determines where your references will appear on the page.
3. Now click after the text you would like to create a reference for.
4. Now type in the <ref> tag before your reference and type </ref> after your reference. Wiki software will automatically add your inline reference number.

==notes==

{{reflist}}