User:Masem/waf-draft

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This guideline is a part of the English Wikipedia's Manual of Style.

It is a generally accepted standard that editors should attempt to follow, though occasional exceptions may apply. Any substantive edit to this page should reflect consensus. When in doubt, discuss first on the talk page.

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WP:WAF

This page in a nutshell: Wikipedia articles should describe fiction and fictional elements from the perspective of the real world, not from the perspective of the fiction itself. Jump to conclusions for a more detailed summary of this guideline's contents.

This style guideline describes approaches for organizing and writing about fictional-related subjects, including fictional work such as books, movies, television shows, video games, as well as fictional elements of those works, such as plot, characters, setting. Notability of fictional-related articles is described in more detail at Notability (fiction).

When an article on fiction is created, the subject's real-world notability should be established according to the general notability guideline and the more specific notability guideline for fiction-related subjects by including independent reliable secondary sources — this will also ensure that there is enough source material for the article to be comprehensive and factually accurate.

Next, if the subject warrants inclusion in Wikipedia, editors should consider what to write about a subject, and how to best present that information. Because these questions are complementary, they should not be interpreted in isolation from one another, and editors should address both these questions simultaneously in order to create a well written article.

Please note that this page is a guideline, not policy, and it should be approached with common sense and the occasional exception. However, following the basic notions laid out in this guideline is generally a good way to improve articles on fictional topics.

Real-world perspective

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Articles about fiction, like all Wikipedia articles, should adhere to the real world as their primary frame of reference. The approach is to describe the subject matter from the perspective of the real world, in which the work of fiction and its publication are embedded. It necessitates the use of both primary and secondary information.

Exemplary aspects of real world perspective include:

careful differentiation between the work of fiction itself and aspects of its production process and publication, such as the impact a work of fiction has had in the real world (see also below)
the presentation of fictional material
- particularly for film and TV related topics, this may include cinematographical aspects
- for literature, this may include writing style and literary technique
description of fictional characters, places and devices as objects of the narrative
making (referenced!) mention of the author's intention

See below for a list of exemplary articles which employ a consistent real world perspective.

The problem with in-universe perspective

An in-universe perspective describes the narrative from the perspective of characters within the fictional universe, treating it as if it were real and ignoring real-world context and sourced analysis. The threshold of what constitutes in-universe writing is making any effort to re-create or uphold the illusion of the original fiction by omitting real-world info.

Many fan wikis and fan websites (see below) take this approach, but it should not be used for Wikipedia articles. An in-universe perspective is inaccurate and misleading, gives undue weight to unimportant information and invites unverifiable original research. Most importantly, in-universe perspective defies community consensus as to what we do not want Wikipedia to be or become.

See also the sections on fair use, notability and undue weight, and templates.

Problems associated with an in-universe perspective include:

Disregarding all or most aspects of a work of fiction as a creative endeavour.
A plot synopsis written like an historical account.
A fictional character article or section written like a biography.
Description of fictional places written like a geographical account.
Using infoboxes intended for real world topics.
Discussing a fictional topic's appearances in major works and obscure spin-off material in equal detail.
Using throwaway comments or jokes as a source of information.
Trying to reconcile contradictions or fill gaps in a fictional continuity, rather than reporting them as such.
Placing spiritual successors in the same continuity as the works that inspired them.
Using image captions for film stills and screenshots asserting that what is depicted is the character, rather than a film scene depicting the character.

For example, if a fictional TV detective loses a partner in the line of duty, taking an in-universe perspective will obscure whether this occured in the backstory, the pilot or the main series. If the partner died in the pilot, but is the subject of little-known prequel novels, then an in-universe perspective may describe the partner in excessive detail. If later episodes have events which suggest the dead partner never existed, this is impossible to describe from an in-universe perspective, and editors will have to try to explain away such continuity errors themselves, leading to original research.

Primary and secondary information

Where the above section discusses the principal perspective from which an article is written and makes the distinction between real world perspective versus "in-universe" perspective, this section discusses the incorporation of information. Please see also the related policy on the use of primary, secondary, and tertiary sources.

Primary information

The term primary information describes information that originates from primary sources about the fictional universe, i.e., the original work of fiction or an affiliated work of fiction (e.g. another episode of the same series). Even with strict adherence to the real world perspective, writing about fiction always includes using the original fiction itself as a source. See also the sections on fair use and templates.

Examples of information available in primary sources include:

the birth and death dates of fictional characters
performance statistics or characteristics for fictional vehicles or devices
history of fictional locations or organizations
background information on fictional creatures
and, of course, the plot itself

Secondary information

The term secondary information describes information external to the fictional universe, and is usually taken from secondary sources about the fictional world, or from primary and secondary sources about the author and the circumstances of creation. Publications affiliated with a particular work of fiction (e.g. fan magazines), are mostly not considered suitable secondary sources about the primary works. However, such publications may be suitable primary or secondary sources in an article about the fan publication itself or other related topics.

The rule of thumb is to use as much secondary information as necessary and useful to give the article a real world perspective, not more and not less. Another rule of thumb is that if the topic is notable, secondary information should be available and possibly already in the article.

Examples of useful information typically provided by secondary sources about the original work, or primary and secondary sources about information external to the work:

the author or creator
other key figures of the creation process, e.g. the cinematographer for films or notable translators for novels
the film or software company or publishing house
the design
the development, both before its first appearance and over the course of the narrative
real-world factors that have influenced the work or fictional element
for a fictional character in a dramatic production, the actor who portrayed the role and their approach to playing that character
foreign translations
its popularity among the public
its sales figures (for commercial offerings)
its reception by critics
a critical analysis of the subject
the influence of the work on later creators and their projects

Contextual presentation

There are generally two possible issues to be considered: The context of the production and the context of the original fiction. Whenever the original fiction itself is the subject of the article, all out-of-universe information needs to be set in the context of that original fiction (e.g. by including a plot summary). When the article concerns e.g. a documentary about that original fiction, then it would not necessarily be important to discuss the content of the original source material.

Details of creation, development, etc. relating to a particular fictional element are more helpful if the reader understands the role of that element in the story. This often involves providing plot summaries, character descriptions or biographies, or direct quotations. By convention, these synopses should be written in the present tense, as this is the way that the story is experienced as it is read or viewed. At any particular point in the story there is a 'past' and a 'future', but whether something is 'past' or 'future' changes as the story progresses. It is simplest to recount the entire description as continuous 'present'.

Presenting fictional material from the original work is fine, provided passages are short, are given the proper context, and do not constitute the main portion of the article. If such passages stray into the realm of interpretation, secondary sources must be provided to avoid original research.

Plot summaries

Plot summaries can be written from the real world perspective by referring to specific works or parts of works ("In the first book", "In Act II") or describing things from the author or creator's perspective ("The author introduces", "The story describes"). This gives the summary a more grounded tone and makes it more accessible to those unfamiliar with the source material. This style of writing should be preferred for plot summaries that encompass multiple works, such as a series of novels. Such conventions are not as important for plot summaries of single works, such as novels that are not part of a series; nevertheless, some real-world language at the beginning of such summaries is often good style.

Summary style approach

For articles on fictional works, even with limited discussion of in-universe elements, the main article may become too long. In this case, it is appropriate to also use summary style to create sub-articles to remove some details from the main article page. For fictional works, these sub-articles are typically lists of characters or other elements from the fictional universe that typically do not demonstrate notability on their own and rely on the notability of the main fictional work. Very rarely should such sub-articles be about a singular topic; either that topic has demonstrated its own notability, or should be merged into the main article or existing sub-articles. These articles exist to help provide minimal but sufficient background for a complete understanding of the main work of fiction or any other notable sub-topics that may extend from it while aiding in following Wikipedia's manual of style.

Such sub-articles that list specific elements of a fictional work are appropriate for Wikipedia, but they should be written towards the following requirements:

Creation of such sub-articles should be agreed to by consensus of editors. If information can be trimmed, merged, moved to another wiki, or removed, these steps should be undertaken first before the sub-article is created.
They should be written in a manner that is appropriate for summary style - they describe the work of fiction that they belong to and clearly indicate what aspect of the fictional universe the article covers. The sub-article's length, content, and approach should be considered as if it were still part of the main article.
They should concisely provide details of the topic or topics covered in the work - just because the sub-article is given more space to grow does not mean that excessive plot summaries or fictional character biographies are appropriate.
As with all other Wikipedia articles, these need to be verifiable, must possess no original research, and must be written in a neutral point of view.
They should be written in a manner that, if notability or real-world consideration of those elements were available, that information could be easily added to the article.
Editors of the article should continue to strive to make good faith efforts to locate notability/real-world information for the article's topic after the article's creation from appropriate reliable sources.

Editors are cautioned to not immediately create such sub-articles that lack notability, even if such articles exist for a similar fictional work. Instead, editors should fully develop the main article on the fictional work first, locating sources of notability that apply both to the work and fictional elements of the work. Through this process, it may become evident that groups of fictional elements can demostrate their own notability and can be split off into their own article. Once the full article on the fictional work is completed and notable aspects are possibly split off, only then should editors consider using summary style to split off fictional elements lacking demonstration of notability into sub-articles. This process will help prevent creating articles that will be heavily disputed due to lack of notability.

Depth of Coverage

There are specific notability prerequisites to be met by fictional subjects to warrant articles specifically about them. As mentioned earlier, the rule of thumb is that if the topic is sufficiently notable, secondary sources should be available.

It is important that articles give due weight to all aspects of the subject, and to avoid placing undue emphasis on minor points. This concerns all elements of the article page, including infoboxes and succession boxes as well as images and the text.

For fictional works, the "depth of coverage" given to in-universe information must be appropriate for the real-world notability provided for the work. This concept is covered in more detail at Notability (fiction).

Handling excessive coverage

If you encounter an fictional article that contains excessive in-universe content relative to the demonstrated notability, consider the following steps for improving it:

Discuss your concerns on the article's talk page. Alternatively, tag the page with {{in-universe}} template, but it also suggested to further discuss your concerns on the page.
Be bold and trim the article to reduce the amount of in-universe detail.
Commonly for fictional elements, there may be several articles that, if merged, would provided a better article with a more concise presentation of in-universe elements than in separate articles without losing the demonstration of notability, for example, a set of characters from the same fictional work, or a team or group within that work. In such cases, a merge of such articles should be proposed.
If there is an existing external wiki for the fictional universe, consider moving the excessive plot details from the Wikipedia to the appropriate page on the external wiki prior to performing any of the above steps.

Pages with excessive plot information should never be put up for deletion unless their notability cannot be demonstrated, as described below.

Fair use

As the Wikipedia servers are located in the U.S. state of Florida, Wikipedia articles must conform to U.S. copyright laws. It has been held in a number of court cases that any work which re-tells original ideas from a fictional source, in sufficient quantity without adding information about that work, or in some way analysing and explaining it, may be construed as a derivative work or a copyright violation. This may apply irrespective of the way information is presented, in or out of the respective fictional universe, or in some entirely different form such as a quizbook or "encyclopedia galactica".

Information about copyrighted fictional worlds and plots of works of fiction can be provided only under a claim of fair use, and Wikipedia's fair-use policy holds that "the amount of copyrighted work used should be as little as possible". Many works of fiction covered by Wikipedia are protected by copyright. Some works are sufficiently old that their copyright has expired, or the rights may have been released into the public domain.

Conclusions

When writing about fiction, keep the following in mind:

The principal frame of reference is always the real world, in which both the work of fiction and its publication are embedded: write from a real-world perspective;
Both primary and secondary information are necessary for a real world perspective: maintain a balanced use of both primary and secondary sources;
Unpublished personal observation and interpretation of the article's subject and primary sources are not acceptable on Wikipedia: avoid original research;
All included information needs to be attributable to reliable sources, and all sources (including the primary sources) need to be appropriately cited in the article: reference all information and cite your sources;
All relevant aspects must be given due weight in all elements of the article page, including text, images, elements of layout and even the article title: give weight where weight is due;
Readability and comprehensibility: put all information in the context of the original fiction;
Check with the image use policy before adding images to any article;
Avoid creating lists of trivia; instead, incorporate relevant information into the body of the article;
Wikipedia's fair-use policy: the amount of copyrighted work used should be as little as possible.

List of exemplary articles

The following is a partial list of articles about fiction or elements from fiction that follow the real world perspective. These are good examples to follow for editors seeking to cover fictional subjects on Wikipedia. For other good examples, see the lists of articles that have been rated at Good and Featured status.

Note: Keep in mind that the content in these articles may have changed since the time of their original listing here.

Characters

Captain Marvel (DC Comics) (comic book character)
Characters of Final Fantasy VIII (an article covering the characters of the game, as well as their creation)
Felix the Cat (classic cartoon character)
Palpatine, Padmé Amidala, and Jabba the Hutt (Star Wars characters)
Pauline Fowler (EastEnders character)
Jason Voorhees (horror icon)

Complete works (films, television series, novels, video games, etc.)

The Adventures of Tintin (comic book series)
Agatha Christie: And Then There Were None (video game)
Arrested Development (television series)
Buffy the Vampire Slayer (television series)
Doctor Who (television series)
Halo: Combat Evolved (video game)
Krazy Kat (comic strip)
The Illuminatus! Trilogy (science fiction novels)
The Lord of the Rings (fantasy novel)
Red vs. Blue (machinima science fiction parody serial)
Tenebrae (film) (horror film)

Miscellaneous

Three Laws of Robotics (fictional ethics)
World of Final Fantasy VIII (fictional world)

Templates

{{In-universe}}

If you notice an article that predominantly describes a fictional topic from an in-universe perspective, or even provides no indication that a fictional subject is fictional, preferably improve it yourself, or add the {{In-universe}} template to bring the issue to the attention of others. Be sure to leave a note on the article's talk page explaining your objections. This template looks like this:

{{Primary sources}}

If you notice an article featuring only primary sources and sources affiliated with the subject, preferably improve it yourself, or add the {{Primary sources}} template to bring the issue to the attention of others. This template looks like this:

Alternative outlets for fictional universe articles

Some other Wikipedia-like projects prefer in-universe perspective. These are a good alternative for editors interested in such topics. The following is a partial list:

24 Wikia — Describes the universe of the 24 television show.
Alphanex - A wiki concerning the Marvel Comics team Alpha Flight
Battlestar Wiki — A Battlestar Galactica-related encyclopedia.
Buffyverse Wiki - A wiki dedicated to the fictional universe of Buffy the Vampire Slayer and its spin-offs.
Bulbapedia — Describes the Pokémon universe.
Comixpedia's Webcomic Encyclopedia — A wiki about webcomics.
DC Database — An unofficial DC Comics wiki.
DC Animated Universe Wiki — An unofficial DC animated universe wiki.
Dragon Ball - A wiki about the Dragon Ball multiverse.
Dungeons & Dragons and Dungeons & Dragons - wikis devoted to the Dungeons & Dragons game.
Encyclopedia Gamia — A wiki about computer and video games, board, card and pen and paper games.
Eragon - Eragon
Family Guy wiki — Family Guy
Final Fantasy — A wiki dedicated to the Final Fantasy franchise.
GameWikis — Community fansite/wiki for several computer games such as: Guild Wars and The Elder Scrolls IV: Oblivion and Warhammer Online.
Greyhawk wiki - a wiki devoted to the world of Greyhawk.
Heroes Wiki - a wiki devoted to Heroes universe
Lostpedia — A wiki dedicated to the Lost universe.
Marvel Database — An unofficial Marvel Comics wiki.
Marvel Universe — The official Marvel Comics wiki.
Memory Alpha — Describes the Star Trek universe.
Pro Wrestling Wikia - Professional wrestling wiki
SimpsonsWiki — A Simpsons-related wiki.
Teletraan-1 - A wiki dedicated to the Transformers toylines, cartoon series, comics and movies.
Tenchi in Tokyo — A wiki dedicated to the Tenchi anime series.
Tolkien Gateway — A wiki dedicated to J.R.R. Tolkien and his works.
The TV IV — A user-edited compedium of television knowledge.
The Unofficial Elder Scrolls Pages — A wiki dedicated to The Elder Scrolls series.
Wookieepedia — Describes the Star Wars universe.
WoWWiki — A wiki for the World of Warcraft videogame.
RuneScape Wiki A wiki devoted to the MMORPG RuneScape.

Infoboxes and succession boxes

Infoboxes, usually placed in the upper-right portion of an article, give key data about the article's subject in tabular format. For entities within fiction, useful infobox data might include the creators or actors, first appearance, an image, and in-universe information essential to understanding the entity's context in the overall fiction. What qualifies as essential varies based on the nature of the work. Where facts change at different points in a story or series, there may be no appropriate in-universe information at all to add. By contrast, an infobox on a character in a fantasy work with multiple warring factions may warrant data such as allegiance.

As with all infoboxes, trivial details should be avoided. An infobox for a real-life actor would not contain items such as favorite food and hobbies; these details do not aid the reader in understanding the important characteristics of the subject. In the same way, infoboxes about fictional entities should avoid delving into minutiae, such as information only mentioned in supplementary backstory. For this reason, infoboxes meant for real-world entities should not be applied to their fictional counterparts, since, for example, information important to a description of a real-world company may be tangential to a fictional one. It is important to identify the revenue of Microsoft, whereas the fact that fictional MegaAcmeCorp makes 300 billion GalactiBucks in the year 2463 is probably unimportant.

Another common type of template, succession boxes, should not be used to describe in-universe relationships in articles about fictional entities. Succession boxes assume continuity, which may not exist. Furthermore, they may invite the creation of non notable articles that fall under the fictional succession. For articles about works of fiction themselves, the story that each work of fiction depicts does not change despite the continuation of stories across serial works or sequels, and as a consequence, the events within one work of fiction are always in the present whenever it is read, watched, or listened to. In-universe temporal designations such as "current" or "previous" are therefore inappropriate. For character articles (which cannot be bound temporally), it may be acceptable to use customized templates to summarize information from the perspective of the real world, such as connections between articles describing the same fictional world. Such templates should not invite the creation of articles about non-notable subjects.