User:Lyrica2000/final article

These are my recommendations for revising the article: Built environment.

• Added historical information with a two new citations in the "History" section
• Added information and a citation to the "Modern Built Environment" section

Copied content from Built environment; see that page's history for attribution.

History

Early concepts of built environment date to Classical Antiquity: Hippodamus of Miletos, known as the "father of urban planning", developed Greek cities from 498 BC to 408 BC that created order by using grid plans that mapped the city. In the U.S. specifically, architecture and the beginnings of built environments arose as part of European colonization and white European efforts to create a world that appealed to their needs and perspectives. These early city plans eventually gave way to the City Beautiful movement in the late 1800s and early 1900s, inspired by Daniel Hudson Burnham, a reformist for the Progressivism movement who actively promoted "a reform of the landscape in tandem with political change." The effort was in partnership with others who believed that beautifying American cities would improve the moral compass of the cities and encourage the upper class to spend their money in cities. This beautification process included parks and architectural design. Population growth and consolidation of people in certain areas also created a need for a more 'built environment' and more creative ways for large populations to coexist. In 1800, the largest city in the world was London with a population of one million. "Large" cities at that time were a few thousand hectares. By 1990, there were cities extending to hundreds of thousands of hectares, the largest of them having populations of over ten million people. Because of this growth, "unprecedented impacts of cities require a wide range of responses – technological, organisational and legislative", which is what built environments attempt to respond to. By mid-century modernist "indifferent" design influenced the character of work and public spaces, followed by what Alexander describes as a late twentieth century "revival of interest relating to the concept of place (including the built environment), and its relevance to mental health and other fields of study."

Modern Built Environment

Currently, built environments are typically used to describe the interdisciplinary field that addresses the design, construction, management, and use of these man-made surroundings as an interrelated whole as well as their relationship to human activities over time (rather than a particular element in isolation or at a single moment in time). The field is generally not regarded as a traditional profession or academic discipline in its own right, instead drawing upon areas such as economics, law, public policy, public health, management, geography, design, engineering, technology, and environmental sustainability. Within the field of public health, built environments are referred to as building or renovating areas in an effort to improve the community's well-being through construction of “aesthetically, health improved, and environmentally improved landscapes and living structures”. For example: community forest user group in Nepal is a multidimensional institution, which serves goods and services to the communities through natural resource management (see Climate change adaptation in Nepal).

Modern built environments now carry a responsibility to not only approach architecture and infrastructure planning from a perspective of population management and geographical carrying capacity but also from an environmental perspective as well. With the growth and continual use of built environments, has come the growth of problems with different kinds of waste management , climate change, and environmental justice for all people.

Technology is playing a pivotal role in shaping the industries of today by augmenting processes, streamlining activities, and integrating innovations to propel the functioning of companies and organisations across a multitude of industries and help them achieve new heights. Building information modeling (BIM) is prominent practice. It involves illustration & pre-execution overview of physical and functional characteristics of places. BIM tools help the planner in making a future ready informed decision regarding a building or other built asset. Smart Building Management, Drone-based Surveying, 3D Printing, Intelligent Transportation System are recent implementation of technology in modern built environment.