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Definitions of joint attention

The definition of joint attention is important in order to determine if children are engaging in age-appropriate joint attention and to determine if apes are capable of engaging in joint attention.

Triadic joint attention is the highest level of joint attention and involves two individuals looking at an object.^[1] Each individual must understand that the other individual is looking at the same object and realize that there is an element of shared attention.^[2] For an instance of social engagement to count as joint attention it requires more than two individuals attending to an object, or two individuals focusing their attention on each other.^[3] Instead, the individual must display awareness that focus is shared between themself and another individual.^[3] Triadic attention is marked by the individual looking back to the individual after looking at the object.

Dyadic joint attention is a conversation-like behavior that individuals engage in. This is especially true for human adults and infants who engage in this behavior starting at two months of age.^[1] Adults and infants take turns exchanging facial expressions, noises and in the case of the adult, speech. If two individuals are simply looking at an object, it is referred to as shared gaze.^[4] Shared gaze is the lowest level of joint attention.

There is a debate in contemporary psychology as to the psychological significance of joint attention. The majority of theorists believe that although both humans and the great apes use joint attention as a means to an end, humans alone use it for altruistic communicative purposes.^[5] Joint attention also plays an important role in the development of theory of mind. Theory of mind and joint attention are important precursors to a fully developed grasp of psychological notions.^[6]

A vocal minority maintain that joint attention is always a means to an end (i.e., that "pure communication" in the infancy period of humans is a myth), and therefore joint attention by apes and humans reflects shared psychological processes.^[7]

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References

^ ^a ^b Cite error: The named reference Oates&Grayson was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Cite error: The named reference Reddy was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ ^a ^b Hobson, R.P. (2005). "What puts the jointness in joint attention?". In Roessler, J (ed.). Joint attention: Communication and other minds. Oxford University Press. pp. 185–204. ISBN 0-19-924563-0.
^ Cite error: The named reference OkamotoBarth2006 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Tomasello, Michael: Constructing a language. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA., 2003 ISBN 0-674-01764-1
^ Heal, J. (2005). "Joint attention and understanding the mind". In Roessler, J (ed.). Joint attention: Communication and other minds. Oxford University Press. pp. 34–44.
^ Cite error: The named reference Leavens2008 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Williams, T. N., & Obaro S. K. (2011). Sickle cell disease and malaria morbidity: a tale with two tails. Trends in Parasitology, 27 (7), 315-320.

[[File:US Army 52300 "Tell Me A Story" promotes academic, emotional connections.jpg ]]

[Oates&Grayson-1] Cite error: The named reference Oates&Grayson was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[Reddy-2] Cite error: The named reference Reddy was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[Hobson-3] Hobson, R.P. (2005). "What puts the jointness in joint attention?". In Roessler, J (ed.). Joint attention: Communication and other minds. Oxford University Press. pp. 185–204. ISBN 0-19-924563-0.

[OkamotoBarth2006-4] Cite error: The named reference OkamotoBarth2006 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[Tomasello-5] Tomasello, Michael: Constructing a language. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA., 2003 ISBN 0-674-01764-1

[Heal2005-6] Heal, J. (2005). "Joint attention and understanding the mind". In Roessler, J (ed.). Joint attention: Communication and other minds. Oxford University Press. pp. 34–44.

[Leavens2008-7] Cite error: The named reference Leavens2008 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[Willams-8] Williams, T. N., & Obaro S. K. (2011). Sickle cell disease and malaria morbidity: a tale with two tails. Trends in Parasitology, 27 (7), 315-320.

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