User:Lengblom/Gender binary/Bibliography

Bibliography

This is where you will compile the bibliography for your Wikipedia assignment. Add the name and/or notes about what each source covers, then use the "Cite" button to generate the citation for that source

Source: Darling, Marsha J.Tyson. “Living on the Margins Beyond Gender Binaries: What Are the Challenges to Securing Rights.” Public Integrity, vol. 23, no. 6, Nov. 2021, pp. 573–94. EBSCOhost, https://doi.org/10.1080/10999922.2020.1825180.

• "Tori Cooper, the Director of Community Engagement for the Transgender Justice Initiative at the Human Rights Campaign, which tracks anti-trans- gender homicides, has noted that “We are seeing the second-highest spike, even amid a quar- antine, which shows the heightened level of violence perpetrated against Trans individuals, and it just doesn’t make sense” (Amaya, 2020)."
• "A firm belief in the man/woman gender binary creates the foundation for much of the discrimination directed at those whose gender expression is perceived to be different, inherently inferior, and undeserv- ing of respect and social acceptance."
• "Transgender, Genderqueer, and Gender-nonconforming BIPOC have been and con- tinue to be subjected to far greater stigma, bullying, social neglect, poverty, institutional rejection, and violence at the hands of others."
• "For BIPOC, the intersection of race with gender identity and sexual orientation produces interactions with many private individuals and public institutions that very often diminishes the likelihood that they will experience equality of opportunity and access to a range of civil rights and social privileges"
• The female/male binary creates a social hierarchy and/or caste system, in which all "other" are apathologized and aberrant.
• "An increasing number of scholars across the disciplinary spectrum now assert that sex relates to biological (chromosomal X and Y) differences between males and females, and gender arises from sociocultural socialization"

Source: Jacques, Sarah A., et al. “Perceptions of Nonbinary Identifying Individuals: Through the Lens of Gender and Race.” Psi Chi Journal of Psychological Research, vol. 27, no. 1, Spring 2022, pp. 46–58. EBSCOhost, https://doi.org/10.24839/2325-7342.JN27.1.46.

• "Racial bias research has suggested that race shapes people’s assumptions and treatments of others. For example, Black individuals are perceived as less competent than White and Asian peers, and White university students have stereotyped Black peers as unqualified for higher education (Eaton et al., 2019). Furthermore, those of multi­intersectional identities are more likely to face discrimination due to their minority status"
• "A study by Rood and colleagues (2016) found that gender nonbinary people were 60% more likely to experience discrimination than their cisgender counterparts. For gender nonbinary individuals, discrimination often takes the form of limited access to healthcare (Kattari et al., 2015), education (Robson & Nicholls, 2019), employment (Dray et al., 2020), societal acceptance (Duncan et al., 2019), and heightened rates of physical and sexual violence (NCAVP, 2017)."
• "Regarding sexual assault, a stereotype exists that the Black community is naturally hypersexual and Black women are promiscuous. This leads to the belief that Black victims are more blameworthy and that Black women’s oversexualization is to blame for the White perpetrator’s behavior"
• assault rates are higher for transgender/ gender nonconforming people of color than White transgender/gender nonconforming individuals (Nemoto et al., 2005; Xavier et al., 2005). Gender nonbinary people of color are 2.7 times more likely to experience sexual violence or intimidation than their White counterparts (NCAVP, 2017).

Source: Vergoossen, Hellen P. ..1988. Breaking the Binary: Attitudes towards and Cognitive Effects of Gender-Neutral Pronouns. Jan. 2021. EBSCOhost, search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=edsswe&AN=edsswe.oai.DiVA.org.su.195457&site=eds-live&scope=site.

• "For a long time, Swedish only had two third-person singular pronouns: hon [‘she’] and han [‘he’]. Following several publications using the gender-neutral pronoun hen to refer to its characters, a debate article in a national newspaper proposed expanding the Swedish pronouns with hen. This proposal ignited a nation-wide debate on the use of a gender-neutral pronoun and its potential consequences. Proponents of hen believed that hen would make the language more gender-fair by making gender less salient, and by having a pronoun for nonbinary gender individuals. Opponents believed hen would confuse children and be trivial for achieving gender equality. This response shows that hen challenges beliefs on what language should look like, how gender is defined, and how gender should be represented in language"

Source: deMayo, Benjamin, et al. “Endorsement of Gender Stereotypes in Gender Diverse and Cisgender Adolescents and Their Parents.” PLoS ONE, vol. 17, no. 6, June 2022, pp. 1–16. EBSCOhost, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269784.

• "Some researchers have found adolescence to be a time of life when gender roles intensify markedly (e.g., 8), and find, as a consequence, that adolescents tend to rigidly endorse gender stereotypes, even more so than children in late elementary or early middle school...Conversely, some studies report an opposite trend of gender flexibility in adolescence 12, while others find that substantial individual differences obscure any clear group-level pattern of gender stereotyping in adolescence"
• "In sum, preschool and elementary aged transgender children appear to endorse gender stereotypes at similar levels as their cisgender peers; when differences do appear, the transgender group appears to show lower levels of stereotype endorsement and greater tolerance of gender nonconformity. "
• Feminine to be emotional, affectionate, cry, enjoy English classes, talk, gentle, complain, be neat, try to look good. Masculine to be cruel, enjoy class like PE, enjoy math, dominant, act as leader, enjoy science

Source: Block, Katharina, et al. “Exposure to Stereotype-Relevant Stories Shapes Children’s Implicit Gender Stereotypes.” PLoS ONE, vol. 17, no. 8, Aug. 2022, pp. 1–18. EBSCOhost, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0271396.

• " male stereotypes have been found in early childhood and are linked to girls' disproportionate disengagement from math-related activities and later careers.
• "In recent years, children's books about girls and women who excel in STEM-related fields have become touted as a tool in combatting gender stereotypes in the popular media "

Source: Howansky, Kristina, et al. “(Trans)Gender Stereotypes and the Self: Content and Consequences of Gender Identity Stereotypes.” Self & Identity, vol. 20, no. 4, June 2021, pp. 478–95. EBSCOhost, https://doi.org/10.1080/15298868.2019.1617191.

• "cisgender individuals (N = 212) produced unique stereotypes, such as "mentally ill" and "confused," about transgender, but not cisgender, populations. Stereotypes for transgender individuals also included stereotypes related to both cisgender men and cisgender women. In Study 2, transgender people"
• "Transgender people are frequently misgendered, denied access to public spaces that conform to their expressed gender identity, and prohibited in many states from identifying as their gender identity on official documents"
• "Transgender people may frequently experience stereotypes that characterize them as mentally ill, confused, or deviant. For example, support for restricting access to public facilities based on sex assigned at birth is based, in part, on fear that trans-women are sexual predators (for example, see Stern, [40]). Concerns that transgender people are mentally ill are cornerstones in anti-transgender prejudice scales (Billard, [ 2]). Similarly, cisgender individuals have endorsed "confused" and "abnormal" stereotypes for both trans-men and trans-women (Gazzola & Morrison, [15]"
• "However, when it comes to transgender stereotypes, cisgender individuals may undermine transgender people's expressed identities by applying stereotypes about their natal sex as well as by applying uniquely negative stereotypes about transgender people broadly. For example, trans-men were stereotyped as aggressive like cis-men, weak like cis-women, and mentally ill like trans-women.:"

Source: Keener, Emily, and Kourtney Kotvas. “Beyond He and She: Does the Singular Use of ‘They, Them, Their’ Function Generically as Inclusive Pronouns for Cisgender Men and Women?” Gender Issues, vol. 40, no. 1, Mar. 2023, pp. 23–43. EBSCOhost, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12147-022-09297-8.

• "In addition to excluding those who identify outside of the gender binary, gender binary language unnecessarily emphasizes or marks gender, which can cause biases in information processing [[ 7], [11]]. Substantial evidence suggests that language affects gender-related cognition, affect, attitudes and behavior"
• "For example, when gender-exclusive language is used in job descriptions and advertisements, people who are excluded by the language used might not apply for the job. That is, using masculine pronouns (he/him/his) might systematically exclude women. Similarly, using binary pronouns such as "he or she" might exclude people who identify as gender non-binary (e.g., as neither men nor women or as both men and women). In the past it was common for employment advertisements to include gender bias. "

Friday research:

Trans women of color violence

Black women treatment in healthcare

forced sterilizations

Compulsory heterosexuality