User:LemonadeJade/sandbox

Paragraph: This helps you set the style of the text. For example, a header, or plain paragraph text. You can also use it to offset block quotes.

A : Highlight your text, then click here to format it with bold, italics, etc. The "More" options allows you to underline, add code snippets, and change language keyboards.

Links: The chain button allows you to link your text. Highlight the word, and push the button. VisualEditor will automatically suggest related Wikipedia articles for that word or phrase. This is a great way to connect your article to more Wikipedia content. You only have to link important words once, usually during the first time they appear. If you want to link to pages outside of Wikipedia (for an "external links" section, for example) click on the "External link" tab.

Cite: The citation tool in VisualEditor helps format your citations. You can simply paste a DOI or URL, and the VisualEditor will try to sort out all of the fields you need. Be sure to review it, however, and apply missing fields manually (if you know them). You can also add books, journals, news, and websites manually. That opens up a quick guide for inputting your citations. Finally, you can click the "re-use" tab if you've already added a source and just want to cite it again.

Bullets: To add bullet points or a numbered list, click here.

Insert: This tab lets you add media, images, or tables.

Ω The final tab allows you to add special characters, such as those found in non-English words, scientific notation, and a handful of language extensions.

This is the lead to the article I wish to improve. The article is Cancer in Dogs:

Cancer is the leading cause of death in dogs. It is estimated that 1 in 3 domestic dogs will develop cancer, which is the same incidence of cancer among men. Dogs can develop a variety of cancers and most are very similar to those found in humans. Dogs can develop carcinomas of epithelial cells and organs, sarcomas of connective tissues and bones, and lymphomas or leukemias of the circulatory system. Certain breeds are known to be at high-risk for specific cancers as a result of selective breeding. Veterinary oncology is the medical study of cancer in animals. Veterinarians that specialize in cancer diagnosis and treatment are called veterinary oncologists.

Causes

Cancer is a complex, multifactorial disease. Carcinogenesis is linked with DNA mutations, chromosomal translocations, dysfunctional proteins, and aberrant cell cycle regulators. Cancer alters the DNA of cells and the mutated genetic material is passed on to daughter cells, resulting in neoplasms. The mutated DNA effects genes involved with the cell cycle, classified as either oncogenes or tumor supressor genes. Oncogenes are responsible for cell proliferation and differentiation. Oncogenes responsible for cell growth are overexpressed in cancerous cells. Tumor supressor genes prevent cells with erroneous cell cycles from replicating. Cancer cells ignore cell cycle regulators that control cell growth, division, and death.

However, it is known that inherited, epigenetic and environmental factors can contribute to the development of cancer in dogs.

The selective breeding techniques used with domestic dogs causes certain breeds to be at high risk for specific cancers. Selection for specific phenotypes in dog breeding causes long-range linkage disequilibrium in their DNA. Certain areas of alleles have the tendency to separate less frequently than normal random segregation, which leads to long ranges of repeated DNA sequences. These repeated sequences caused by decreased genetic diversity within breeds, can lead to a high prevalence of certain diseases and especially cancer in breeds.