User:Lajmmoore/sandbox
https://research-portal.st-andrews.ac.uk/en/publications/menstruation-in-art-and-visual-culture
https://research-portal.st-andrews.ac.uk/en/publications/cash-flow-the-businesses-of-menstruation
A sanitary bin is a small receptacle for rubbish that is installed in toilet stalls.
Citron Hygiene marketed a sanitary in the UK in 1955.[1]
In the UK, the campaign 'Boys Need Bins' led by Prostate Cancer UK has been drawing attention to the need for sanitary bins to be placed in male toilets.[2][3][4]
In 2010 Women's Hour host Emma Barnett drew attention to the poor design of some women's toilets, which often have very little space for sanitary bins, or the containers are added as an afterthought.[5]
In 2024, the Football Association launched an investigation as to why sanitary bins weren't available in all the women's toilets at the FA Cup Final.[6]
Background
[edit]Disposable menstrual products were an invention in the early twentieth century, but initially there were no specialist waste receptacles to contain them.[7] Some public toilets contained small cremators, which incinerated the waste products, but more often there was no provision.[7] This meant that most people had to flush, hide or carry these products out of the toilets themselves.[7] On early provider of incinerators in the UK was Southalls' Sanitary Requisites, who were advertising the devices in 1916.[8] The largest manufacturer of incinerators in the UK in the mid-twentieth century was Wandsworth Electrical Manufacturing Company; these were given the soubriquet 'bunnie incinerators'.[8] However they were not commons, and women were more likely to have to flush or hide used products.[8]
The issue of hiding menstrual products was noticeable during the Second World War in England, and the Medical Women’s Federation (MWF) established a 'Menstruation Leaflet Committee' to spread information to counter the issue.[7] The MWF suggested the process that is recognisable to many today - that each cubicle contains a paper bag for used menstrual products, and a bin for them to be put in.[7]
In New York, USA, in 1952 George S. James patented a 'sanitary waste disposal bin'.[7] In 1955, Cannon Hygiene were the first waste management company to supply sanitary bins, especially as the number of women in the workforce was growing in post-war Britain.[7] Original Cannon bins were blue in colour, and in 2018 could still be found in some public bathrooms in Scotland.[8] Other companies joined the industry, with PHS and Rentokil offering a 'sanitary unit exchange', where new bins were supplied and the used ones removed, emptied, washed and returned to another location.[7] Anecdotally, PHS became involved in the industry due to the suggestion made by one of the company secretaries to its owners Alfred and George Tack.[7]
In the United Kigndom in the 1970s, there was expansion in the use of menstrual products, but still an absence of disposal options, especially in public places.[7] The Women's Environment Network (WEN) raised this as an issue arguing that the huge amounts of waste created additional landfill, as well as air pollution through incineration, challenges to plumbing and water pollution.[7]
A further innovation in sanitary bins came as a response to research commissioned by Rentokil in the United Kingdom in 1980, which stated that over 70% of used menstrual products also had traces of feces and bacteria. This led to the treatment of sanitary bins with bactericides as part of the re-sanitation process throughout the 1980s.[7]
New legislation in the UK in the 1990s meant that employers had a responsibility to provide safe methods for disposal. This meant that by the mid-1990s sanitary bins were common in toilets.[7]
In the 2010s, there was a trend for more aesthetic sanitary bins in the UK: Canon Hygiene introduced cylindrical wall-mounted bins; Initial introduced brightly coloured bins.[8] Innovations also included bins with a no-touch sensor, where the 'modesty flap' (the lid) opens automatically.[8]
Fabrication
[edit]In the UK most sanitary bins are constructed from Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene, which is a recyclable plastic. They are generally have a capacity of 23 litres and have 460 x 425 x 200mm.[8]
Inclusion
[edit]Some sanitary bins feature Braille on the lids, a feature designed to better enable visually-impaired people using the receptacles.[8]
In art
[edit]Artist Judy Chicago was one the first to engage with sanitary bins as part of her practice; her installation Menstruation Bathroom (part of Womanhouse) featured bins overflowing with menstrual products.[8] In the 2000s, artist and zinester Chella Quint, placed educational zines into the paperbags provided in toilets for used menstrual products.[8]
From JP wikipedia
[edit]Overview
[edit]Sanitary boxes are installed to dispose of used sanitary products such as panty liners , sanitary napkins , and tampons , as flushing them directly into the toilet would clog the pipes (they are insoluble). For the reasons mentioned above, they are often used by women, and are generally installed in women's restrooms and unisex restrooms. They are not often installed in men's restrooms, but there are requests from men who use diapers and incontinence pads, and there is a movement to install them.[9][10]
Recently, some devices have been equipped with infrared sensors that automatically open and close the lid by simply waving a hand. Additionally, products have been developed that automatically compress and laminate used sanitary napkins to seal them.
Anti-terrorism
[edit]Due to increased security measures for the G20 Osaka Summit held in Osaka on June 28-29, 2019, coin lockers and trash cans in stations around Tokyo and Osaka were closed, including sanitary boxes in women's restrooms, according to some railway companies . West Japan Railway Company , East Japan Railway Company , and Tokyo Metro did not target sanitary boxes for removal, but the Tokyo Metropolitan Bureau of Transportation and Seibu Railway , in cooperation with the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, included "blocking and removing trash cans" as part of their anti-terrorism measures, and recognized sanitary boxes as trash cans, and removed them from major stations.[11]
Railway managers and security experts did not anticipate the backlash that would be caused by the removal of the sanitary boxes, and no alternative solutions were considered for what to do with used sanitary products .[12]
References
[edit]- ^ Tim_Butler (2022-09-30). "A History of The UK Sanitary Towel Bin & How These Services Have Changed". Citron Hygiene. Retrieved 2024-12-15.
- ^ Sherratt, Samantha (2024-02-28). "Boys need bins - campaign update". Urostomy Association. Retrieved 2024-12-15.
- ^ "Men's sanitary bins installed in Hampshire council buildings". BBC News. 2024-03-12. Retrieved 2024-12-15.
- ^ idio (2024-04-16). "Inclusive Bathrooms: Hygiene Bins for All". TWC Facilities Washroom & Hygiene services. Retrieved 2024-12-15.
- ^ "Emma Barnett sparks conversation about sanitary bins squeezed into women's toilet cubicles". The Independent. Archived from the original on 2023-03-25. Retrieved 2024-12-15.
- ^ "FA launches cup final investigation over women's toilet without sanitary bin". The Independent. Archived from the original on 2024-06-08. Retrieved 2024-12-15.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m ""Feminine Waste Only!!!" A History of the UK Sanitary Bin in the Twentieth Century – Technology's Stories". www.technologystories.org. Retrieved 2025-01-06.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Røstvik, Camilla Mørk (2021). "'Do Not Flush Feminine Products!' The Environmental History, Biohazards and Norms Contained in the UK Sanitary Bin Industry Since 1960". Environment and History. 27 (4): 549–579. doi:10.3197/096734019X15740974883807.
- ^ "男性トイレにサニタリーボックス設置の動き 前立腺がん患者らにニーズ：中日新聞Web". 中日新聞Web (in Japanese). Retrieved 2024-12-15.
- ^ "男子トイレにサニタリーボックスを設置する目的と意義。自治体の設置状況とは | 株式会社テラモト" (in Japanese). Retrieved 2024-12-15.
- ^ "G20対策で東京の駅トイレからサニタリーボックスがなくなった？ 鉄道各社に対応を聞いた". ねとらぼ (in Japanese). Retrieved 2024-12-15.
- ^ "気軽に語れるようになった「生理」について改めて考えてみる：朝日新聞GLOBE＋". 朝日新聞GLOBE＋ (in Japanese). 2019-10-24. Retrieved 2024-12-15.