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Louth flood
Flood marker at Bridge Street
Flood marker at Bridge Street
Date29 May 1920
LocationLouth, Lincolnshire
Causeheavy rainfall
Deaths23

The Louth flood of 29 May 1920, or Louth "cloud-burst" severe flash flooding of the Lincolnshire market town of Louth which resulted in 23 fatalities in 20 minutes. described as one of the most significant flood disasters in Britain and Ireland during the 20th century.[1]

Meteorological and hydrological development

[edit]
Met Office daily weather report 29 May 1920 synoptic map

The last week of May 1920 saw generally hot weather across the UK, with numerous thunderstorms developing particularly in England.[2] The three days before the 29 May had been wet across the Louth area, Which left fields waterlogged and the ground saturated.[3]

on 28 May From Cranwell a water­ spout was observed on the coast a few miles distant from Louth, suggesting local atmospheric instability.[4]

Early on the 29 May a depression, which originated over France, moved northward over the western channel towards south wales. and gave rise to very heavy rain in the North of England[5][2] The circulation around this low brought warm air from the continent, where temperatures exceeded 30 C in central France, moved from the south warm and muggy night before in southern England southerly warm air met with cooler airmass from the north sea [6] 20 °F (−7 °C) contrast in temps between air brought up from continent and cold winds off north sea. warm air reached lincolnshire early afternoon.[6] warm damp air forced up leading to heavy rain across midland, convectional ascent, storm over Linsolnshire wolds was the most severe, measuring 60 miles north to south.[6]


contributing factor triggered by convergence of air from sea breeze.[7]


low passed over to Scandinavia.[4]

temps reaching upper 20's on 25th with thunderstoms about SE England, local thunderstorms again in Wales and SE on 26th isolatefd thunderstorms on 27 further north in Yorkshire.[4]

Forecast

[edit]

forecast thunder storms for the afternoon, to the abilities of the met.[8]

cloudburst occurred in the Lincolnshire Wolds above the town.[9] 29 May saw rolling thunder and numerous lightning flashes.[3] 4.15 in the afternoon the town was quiet, but at Scamblesby a cloudburst. water down the chalk valley(s) of the Lud through Elkingtons, Hallington, Withcall and Raithby (Raithby cum Maltby).[3]


moved northward and gave rise to very heavy rain in the North of England, more especially in Lancashire and Lincolnshire, in which counties there were floods which caused loss of life and serious damage to property.[5][2]

see nobbs


Rainfall

[edit]
location Rainfall totals[4]
Warren Farm Hallington 6.07 inches (154 mm) before overflowing[10]
Elkington Hall 4.69 inches (119 mm)
Hallington 4.10 inches (104 mm) 2hrs before overflowing
Horncastle 3.95 inches (100 mm)
Grainsby Hall 3.40 inches (86 mm)
Louth 1.42 inches (36 mm)
Horncastle 3.95 inches (100 mm)
British Rainfall 1920 rainfall for 29 May 1920[4]

The storm broke at about 2.00 p.m. on Saturday 29 May, lasted for about 3 hours.[10]A considerable area of the Wolds to the west of Louth saw over 100mm of rain.[6] 119.1 mm fell on 29 May at South Elkington a kilometre or so north west of the town.[11] 35mm at Spurn Head 34 at cranwell -https://eu.preservica.com/Render/render/pdf?typeFile=e5ac3d62-407a-4820-b875-003a4abb32fa&tenant=METOFFICE daily weather report More than 2 inches fell as far west as Lincoln.[4] extreme intense rainfall confined to Lincolnshire Wolds.[4] In Louth itself only 1.42 inches of rainfall fell, however to the west over the wolds at Elkington 4-69 in. was measured, of which 4-59 in. fell in 3 hours.[4] .About 2 miles south of this 4-10 in. fell in 2 hours at Hallington, but the gauge overflowed at this point so that the precise amount of the fall was lost. There is reason to think that it was at least as great as at Elkington. Ten miles farther south, at Horncastle, 3-95 in. fell in 3 hours.[4] further west over the top of the wolds rainfall amounts could have been more.[4]

120 mm plus in under 3 hours. not unprecedented.[6]

[4]

At the eastern end of the rain belt, in Lincolnshire, the storms were more widespread, and locally even more intense. They culminated on the wolds to the west of Louth and southward to Horncastle. In this region no fewer than five " very rare " records were obtained, the most remarkable being that of 4-59 in. in 3 hours at Elkington Hall. At Hallington the gauge unfortunately overflowed at 4-10 in., but this amount fell in 2 hours. Ten miles to the south Horncastle had 3-95 in. in 3 hours Further details of the great disaster to the town of Louth, in which 22 lives were lost and damage to the extent of £100,000 was done.[4]

Crosthwaite (1921) reports an empty milk can left out in the storm which caught 6.07 in (154 mm) at Warren Farm in Hallington parish, but which also overflowed so that the likely rainfall was not measured.[10]

Eye-witnesses spoke of a great twisting cloud that pierced by lightning fell in a mass,[12] which may identify the storm as a Supercell, or possible tornadic actvity.[citation needed] accompanied by funnel shaped clouds but did not reach the ground.[6]

Flooding

[edit]
Environment Agency flood footprint of the Louth flood 1920

Water to west of Louth predominantly channeled along the Lud and channeled through the gorge at Hubbards Hills before entering the town of Louth early analysis pointed to sudden rise in water here as a result of failure of one or more debris dams.Cite error: A <ref> tag is missing the closing </ref> (see the help page).[10] though this has been questioned in reanalysis, which found little evidence to support formation of a dam over 2m at the location proposed.[10] analysis of other flash flood events in the UK have also found that upstream damming is not necesary for rapid rises in water level in catchments.[13] even in 1921 British Rainfall The mere volume of water flowing down the streams which converge on the outskirts of the town would probably have been sufficient to account for the extremely serious nature of the damage inflicted...it is probable that the stream was temporarily blocked with debris brought down by the earlier rains, and that the devastating flood which poured through the town was the result of the sudden breaking down of this obstacle.[4]


Passengers on a train stranded at Withcall, saw the torrent hurtle by, the water as high as the loco's footplate. At Hallington a farmhouse was demolished, Raithby bridge collapsed and now lay ahead the narrow gorge at the head of Hubbard's Hills.[3]

900 tons of water and debris tore through lower Louth, with particular damage close to the river on Broadbank and Eve Street, James Street and Ramsgate.

surge only subsided when it entered the Louth Navigation

Newnham investigating for the debris dam in a mile above Louth at Little Welton formed at 3 pm and broke at 4pm holding back a large amount of water.[6]

[14]

Thunderstorm 1 pm to 5 pm, 120mm water fell to wolds west of Louth, not unprecedented amount, storm occurred in the north east quadrant of a marked barometric depression centred over wales two warm currents from the south east and south west from highly heated regions met a cold current from the north sea Cite error: A <ref> tag is missing the closing </ref> (see the help page). and reported as being 200 yards wide. A flood occurred in the town on 29 May 1920, causing 23 deaths. One woman climbed a chimney to survive, another was the only survivor from a row of twelve terrace houses, which were destroyed by the flood waters.[9] Three stone plaques exist in the town to show how high the water level reached. They are on Bridge Street, James Street and Eastgate.

8 million tonnes of water washed through Louth, all six bridges in the town were destroyed, the fire station was demolished, fifty houses collapsed, another 700 houses were damaged, nearly 1,000 people were made homeless.[15]

sweeping away bridges, houses, and walls in a few minutes.[9]

[16]

http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&d=OAM19200729.2.9 20 million tons of water.[12] flood was characterised by extremely rapid rise in level. In one small tributary, (Hubbards hills valley) the water level was reported to have risen by 4.6 m in 15 min.[10]

1000 people made homeless.[17]

Recent investigation found The overall conclusion is that the storm rainfall was badly underestimated and that the peak discharge was marginally underestimated.[10] One terrace of 12 dwellings was completely destroyed, leaving only one survivor from the whole of the 12 homes.[18]

rapidity of the flooding in the town contributed to the disaster waters rising as much as 6ft in 10 minutes and up to 15 ft in the town, in a torrent 200 years wide.[4]

disaster almost entirely due to the towns geographic position at constrained bottleneck rivers coming off the wolds onto the broad flat Lincolnshire Marsh.[4]

Debris dam

[edit]

Several authors (Newnham 1921;Robinson 2000) favoured a build-up of flood water behind a dam just outside Louth.[10]

Aftermath

[edit]
Memorial to the flood victims in Louth.

Amongst the dead were 3 children under 5 from the Berry family several bridges destroyed[4] 50 homes destroyed with a further 250 rebuilt.[19] Damage in the town 100,000 (equivalent to £5,073,622 in 2023).[4]

George V and Queen Mary led the nation's mourners, people from every walk of life, who came to Louth's assistance. Money was sent, the War Office brought huts, Daily Mail readers sent £16,000, the Prime Minister, Lloyd George, leant his weight.[3]

three years later, a memorial was built to the memory of the dead.[3]

Louth by-election, 1920 held just 5 days after the flood.

Flood marker on the old mill on Bridge street removed or covered over in 2015.[20]

damage from flood ultimately aided in the closure of the Louth Navigation canal


LOUTH, Wednesday. Ten thousand people, principally Louth residents., with two or three thousand from Grimsby and -the countryside, took part in ...https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/search/results?basicsearch=louth%20flood%201920&exactsearch=false&retrievecountrycounts=false&page=1

History of flooding in Louth

[edit]

The river Lud at Louth is known to be a "rapid response" catchment, draining an area of 52km2.[21][10] Louth has a low flood frequency, and the behaviour of chalk catchments is not well known, which has hindered assessment of the risk to the town.[10] As a catchment on chalk the Lud is more likely to be affected by high intensity short summer storms, rather than prolonged winter flooding.[10]

It has been claimed that Lud had not previously known to flood,[10] though records exist for a flood on 10 January 1857.[10] The river in the town has been known to have deadly flooding before in 1351 and in 1571.[3] The Estimated return period of the 1857 flood is 1 in 300 years, and 1920 flood a return period of 5000 years.[10]

Other, less devastating and non-fatal floods occurred on 25 June and 20 July during the 2007.

Recent investigation found The overall conclusion is that the storm rainfall was badly underestimated and that the peak discharge was marginally underestimated.When the revised discharge is put into the context of measured flow at Louth it is seen that similar events can and will occur in the future.[10] The river course through the town still faces several obstructions, such as low bridges.[10] water held back in the town as an inefficient flood water detention reservoir.[10] though railway in town closed in 1980, in places embankments removed (to north of Monks Dyke crossing.http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/3180393


Flood alleviation

[edit]

Louth continues to have a low standard of protection.[21] proposed to build two reservoirs to hold water before it reaches the town.[21] Work began on the construction of two reservoirs to hold water before it enters the town in August 2015.[22]

low bridges

2007 flood

[edit]

2007 United Kingdom floods 60 homes evacuated.[23] a nine-year-old boy rescued by passers-by from the swollen River Lud in Louth.[24]

Debris dam, Horncastle also severe,

Flood relief scheme

[edit]
2016 construction of southern dam near Hubbards hills, with Louth in background

Work on a £6.5 million flood relief scheme with 2 flood storage reservoirs to the west of town on tributaries to the river Lud began in July 2015, which could store 85 olympic swimming pools of water in the event of a flood.[25][26] reduce flood risk in louth from 1 in 20 to one in 150 probability to benefit 355 properties in the town.[27]

2016 flood dam construction http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/4823461 (and links therein) 2 sites http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/4823367

This follows a £1.2 million scheme by Anglian Water within the town in 2014-15 to enlarge sewers and build a new storm overflow to alleviate flooding in the area of Ramsgate, Eastgate and the Riverhead.[28]

85*250,000=21,250,000 l of storage (Olympic-size_swimming_pool) cf. with estimates of water in 1929 of 8[15]-20[12] million tons of water passing through the town (8000000 Tonnes (metric ton[assumed]) into Liters:For substance with density: 1000 kg/m3 8,000,000,000 l).

[edit]

http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/features/featureflood-risk-assessment/ return period calc

Further reading

[edit]

Crosthwaite, P. M. (1921). ‘The Louth flood of 1920’, Transactions Institution Water Engineers, 26,204-217.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Nobbs, Patrick. The Story of the British and Their Weather: From Frost Fairs to Indian Summers. ISBN 1445644525. Retrieved 23 September 2015.
  2. ^ a b c "The Disaster at Louth". The Meteorological Magazine. 55 (653): 83–86. June 1920. Retrieved 12 April 2018.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g Chapman, Peter (12 October 2013). "When the floods devastated Louth". Grimsby Telegraph. Retrieved 21 July 2015.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q British Rainfall 1920. Met Office. 1921. pp. 64–68. Retrieved 16 May 2019.
  5. ^ a b "Monthly Weather Report, May 1920" (PDF). Met Office. Retrieved 23 July 2015.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g "The Monthly Record". The Geographical Journal,. 58 (5). 1921. Retrieved 31 March 2016.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
  7. ^ Wheeler, Dennis; Mayes, Julian (1997). Regional climates of the British Isles. London [u.a.]: Routledge. ISBN 978-0415139304. {{cite book}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  8. ^ Walker, J.M. (2012). History of the Meteorological Office. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521859851. Retrieved 7 May 2016.
  9. ^ a b c "A CLOUDBURST". The West Australian. Perth: National Library of Australia. 1 June 1920. p. 7. Retrieved 21 July 2015.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Clark, Colin; Arellano, Lisa Vetere (1 March 2004). "The Louth storm and flood after 80 years". Weather. 59 (3): 71–76. doi:10.1256/wea.25.03. Retrieved 21 July 2015.
  11. ^ "Saturday 29 May 1920 (Heavy rain and severe flooding at Louth)" (PDF). Met Office. Retrieved 21 July 2015.
  12. ^ a b c "Louth Disaster". No. Volume XIII, Issue 1402. Papers Past, National Library of New Zealand. King County Chronicle. 5 August 1920. Retrieved 7 May 2016. {{cite news}}: |issue= has extra text (help)
  13. ^ Archer, D.R.; Fowler, H.J. (August 2015). "Characterising flash flood response to intense rainfall and impacts using historical information and gauged data in Britain". Journal of Flood Risk Management: n/a–n/a. doi:10.1111/jfr3.12187. Retrieved 5 April 2016.
  14. ^ Newnham, E. V. (1921). "Meteorology". Science Progress in the Twentieth Century. 16 (61).
  15. ^ "Flood recalls horrific story of 1920 disaster". Louth Leader. 12 July 2007. Retrieved 21 July 2015.
  16. ^ Archer, D.R.; Fowler, H.J. (August 2015). "Characterising flash flood response to intense rainfall and impacts using historical information and gauged data in Britain" (PDF). Journal of Flood Risk Management: n/a–n/a. doi:10.1111/jfr3.12187. Retrieved 23 September 2015.
  17. ^ "Louth Disaster". Trove. Barrier Miner. Trove.nla.gov.au. 1 June 1920. Retrieved 7 May 2016.
  18. ^ Cite error: The named reference Robinson was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  19. ^ Silcocks, James (22 July 2015). "Planning Enforcement to investigate Bridge Street flood marker". Louth Leader. Retrieved 24 August 2015.
  20. ^ a b c "Louth and Horncastle Flood Alleviation Schemes" (PDF). Lincolnshire Council. Retrieved 22 July 2015.
  21. ^ "Work begins on flood alleviation schemes in Louth and Horncastle". Environment Agency. 5 August 2015. Retrieved 24 August 2015.
  22. ^ "Floods force thousands from homes". BBC News. 26 June 2007. Retrieved 12 October 2015.
  23. ^ "Three dead following flood chaos". BBC News. 26 June 2007. Retrieved 12 October 2015.
  24. ^ "Louth Flood alleviation schemes". East Lindsey District Council. April 2016. Retrieved 10 December 2016.
  25. ^ "Louth flood scheme completed on River Lud". BBC News. 29 November 2016. Retrieved 10 December 2016.
  26. ^ "Open Report on behalf of Richard Wills, Executive Director for Environment and Economy" (PDF). Lincolnshire County Council. 1 July 2015. Retrieved 10 December 2016.
  27. ^ "Major project to protect Louth homes from flooding | General news | About us | Anglian Water". Anglian Water. 31 July 2014. Retrieved 10 December 2016.

test

[edit]

In effort to counter Streisand effect the evolution of the super-injunction, which prevents those who apply for the injunction to even be named.[1]

Spar Uk's most powerful member Tates, the stores division of Spar UK's biggest wholesaler AF Blakemore.[2]

Teach first business dress, and The Apprentice appeals to but may not be particularly attractive to students of shortage subjects such as STEM -with eager graduates more interested in boosting their CVs than improving the lives of vulnerable children.-https://www.tes.com/article.aspx?storyCode=6387560 eye contact and smart business dress.-http://graduates.teachfirst.org.uk/application-selection/selection-process/hints-tips critics to portray it as an educational “cult” wielding enormous power over policymakers.-https://www.tes.com/article.aspx?storyCode=6387560

Bene Gesserit social and political force.

In 2013 Monroe was described by The Guardian "as the face of modern poverty".[3] In an article by Left Futures by jilly Luke described Monroe as being "an acceptable face of benefits claimant because she reminds the middle class of themselves.[4]

http://www.leftfutures.org/2013/08/on-jack-monroe-jilly-luke-and-the-perils-of-blogging/ https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=NIu5BwAAQBAJ&pg=PA222&lpg=PA222&dq=jack+monroe+telegraph&source=bl&ots=DjWsLqhqo0&sig=L-Ito0hIpMbjU4sInMm51HjmQW4&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CFYQ6AEwCTgKahUKEwjy-aHRu-3IAhVBChoKHfHODA0#v=onepage&q=jack%20monroe%20telegraph&f=false

Louth

[edit]

domesday population of 600, one of seven market towns listed in Lincolnshire.[5] Fuller street, importance of wool fish shambles

Medieval trade in wine, grain and wool


[6]

  1. ^ Brennand, Mellisa (2015). "The Life and Death of the Super-Injunction" (PDF). North East Law Review. 3. Retrieved 16 April 2016.
  2. ^ "Spar: Tates set for biggest ever". www.thegrocer.co.uk. Retrieved 1 April 2016.
  3. ^ Butler, Patrick (23 July 2013). "Jack Monroe: the face of modern poverty". The Guardian. Retrieved 31 October 2015.
  4. ^ Luke, Jilly (25 August 2015). "Lentils and lager: why we forgive tax evaders but not benefit claimants". http://www.leftfutures.org/. Retrieved 31 October 2015. {{cite news}}: External link in |publisher= (help)
  5. ^ Qube (2008). Louth Conservation Area Appraisal (PDF). Retrieved 26 April 2017.
  6. ^ The storm of 15/16 October 1987. Bracknell, Berks.: The Met Office. 1987. ISBN 0861802322. Retrieved 12 April 2018.
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