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Pied Tamarin
Conservation status
Endangered (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Primates
Family:	Callitrichidae
Genus:	Saguinus
Species:	S. bicolor
Binomial name
Saguinus bicolor (Spix, 1823)

Saquinus bicolor or more commonly known as the Pied Tamarian is a native of the Brazilian rainforest. S. bicolor is considered a neotropical endangered primate, a primate residing in Central or South American, mainly within the rainforest or Amazon region. More distinctively, S. bicolor is only found in the vicinity of Manaus, the capital city the Amazonas (Kutschera.). According to Kutschera, S. bicolor will stay within the vicinity of Manaus, due the interspecific competition with the Red-handed Tamarin. It has one of the smallest geographic ranges of all the Amazonian and Neotropical primates. Furthermore, it is also said that because of this interspecific competition, S.bicolor is gradually becoming displaced within its native habitat. The preferred habitat is relatively small. S. bicolor resides within constrained areas of the Brazilian Amazon Rainforest (Dollinger et al. 2008). The Brazilian rainforest is best known for its beautiful, distinctive vegetation. Its canopy layer is where much of the biodiversity occurs. Residing within the Amazon are about 500 different types of mammalian species with more than half of these species being arboreal, as is the pied tamarin. Many of the plants and trees produce luscious fruits and flowers, making the tamarin an excellent frugivore. Being that the luscious fruits and flowers may contain small invertebrates; the tamarin is also known to digest a small amount of insects and other invertebrates (Price et al.). However, the tamarin is constricted to only the vicinity of Manaus, a capital city within the Amazon (Kutschera).

Biology, Ecology, & Geography

Members of S. bicolor tend to live in groups ranging from 2-15 individuals (Dollinger et al 2008). Their group is composed of multiple females and multiple males. However, within these multiple sex groups, the tamarins usually display monogamy. Although, according to Kutschera, some degree of polyandry is seen. Polyandry within the pied tamarins is seen in order to increase infant survival. The male may benefit by allowing another male to mate with a female. This behavior reduces certainty of paternity but provides an additional father to share the responsibilities of rearing the young. Within this complex structure of multiple female, multiple male social groups, their behavior are similar to that of a species displaying eusociality. That is, one dominant female does all the breeding, while the other females’ reproductive activity is behaviorally suppressed. And as in eusocial communities, the entire group of tamarins will cooperate and aid in caring for the young. However, instead of displaying highly involved maternal care, most of the care is given by the father and maternal care is completely restricted to nursing only (Kutschera). The result of the high paternal care is influenced greatly by the extreme energy costs required by the mother to occur during gestation and lactation. Since many species of tamarins sire twins, the energy costs are double. Therefore, in order to increase survival, the father will take over the overall care of the young as well as the carrying aspect (Genty et al.).

S. bicolor will defend home ranges ranging from 10-100 ha (Dollinger et al. 2008). This home range is particularly small for a neotropic primate. As stated previously, this may be due to the gradual displacement by the Red-handed tamarin, a non-endangered neotropic primate. However, the home range depends mostly upon food availability and distribution. Small home range is also directly related to the declining vegetation within the tamarin’s native habitat of Manaus (Costa).

Individuals The Pied Tamarin's body measures 20.8–28.3 cm.; including the tail it measures 33.5–42.0 cm. Males weigh 428 grams (n = 4). Its life expectancy is approximately 10 years in the wild.

Threats to Survival / Conservation Threats

S. bicolor is critically endangered due to a variety of natural and human induced behavior. Habitat loss and degradation may be directly related to hunting and logging (Costa). According to the Institute of Environment in Brazil, human induced habitat loss and fragmentation are the major treats for land mammals, as well as arboreal mammals residing within the rainforest. However, one of the most critical factors of human induced habitat loss is due to the economically expanding city of Manaus. This economic development not only destroys the land aspect of a once freely, vegetated city, but has turned this luscious city into a developed urban area, filled with air and water pollution; due to human population densities increasing.

Its natural predators are small cats, birds of prey, and snakes. In urban setting main predators are domestic and feral cats and dogs. Due to the destruction of their natural habitat the species is at risk. However, the species also occurs in several protected areas.

Conservation Efforts

S. bicolor belongs to multiple conservation effort organizations and programs. Since this tamarin resides within the neotropic region, it is considered a target for the Neotropical Primate Conservation organization (Neotropical Primate Conservation 2008). This organization performs a variety of tasks in order to conserve species in South and Central America; NPC conducts scientific investigations of plants, animals and ecosystems in the neotropical region, rescues, rehabilitates, and reintroduces primates into their natural habitat, and promotes conservation education and public awareness (Costa).

The Brazilian Amazon displays the most biodiversity in the entire world. Furthermore, because of this biodiversity government and nongovernment agencies and organizations have become involved, and not just in the government of Brazil, but agencies all over the world (Costa). For example, established by zoo programs such as World Association of Zoos and Aquariums, WAZW, an international studbook has been written on the pied tamarin. This studbook correlates with the captive breeding done by the University of Bielefeld, in Germany. Captive breeding is occurring in Rio de Janerio, which is assisted by the University of Bielefeld. All those that are captured are registered as the property of the Brazilian government and placed into the International Studbook. This studbook has 117 tamarins within 19 captivity institutes (Baker 2005).

Another government-supported program is the PP-67. The Pilot Program sets out to conserve the Brazilian rainforest through multiple aspects and projects (Rylands et al.). For example, the Ecological Corridors Project looks at sustainable landscape planning through the creation of new projected areas to facilitate gene flow among populations. S. bicolor is also under the control of the Committee for Conservation and Management of Amazonian Primates (Rylands et al.). This Committee places the tamarin within protected areas in Manaus. These protected areas within Manaus include; the campus of Universidade Federal do Amazonas, “buffer zone” around the Gomes international airport and Pelada regional airport, and the state and municipal park in Manaus. There are also protected areas outside the city limits of Manaus, these include; major parks within the Amazon, military training areas, and forest reserve locations (Costa).

Major protected areas outside Manaus include:

• The Rio Negro State Park
• The Sauim-castanheiras Wildlife Refuge (97 ha)
• The Adolfo Ducke Forest Reserve of the Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA) (10,000 ha)
• The Walter Egler Forest Reserve of the Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA) (630 ha)
• The Military training area of the Centro de Instrução de Guerra na Selva (CIGS) (115,000 ha)
• The Tupé Sustainable Development Reserve
• The left margin of Rio Negro Environmemtal Protection Area – Tarumã-Açú/Tarumã-mirim Sector

Major protected areas within Manaus include:

• The campus of Universidade Federal do Amazonas (UFAM) (670 ha)
• The buffer zone around the Eduardo Gomes international airport (800 ha)
• The buffer zone around the Ponte Pelada regional airport (57.6 ha)
• The Sumauma State Park (51 ha)
• The Mindu Municipal Park (26.5 ha)
• The worker's country club SESCI (49.5 ha)
• The worker's country club SESI (100 ha)
• The 1ºBIS/CIGS military zoo and surrounding areas