User:Khaschekluender/haschekluenderDraft
History
[edit] The tramp trade first took off in England around the mid 19th century. The dependability and timeliness of steam ships was found more cost effective than sail. Coal was needed for the ships boilers, and the demand created a business for the movement of large amounts of best Welsh coal [1] to different seaports in England. Within a few years tramp ships were used as the workhorses of trade, transporting coal and finished products from English cities to the rest of the world.
The size of Tramp Ships stayed relatively constant from 1900 to 1940 at about 7000 to 10,000 deadweight tons (dwt.). During World War II, the United States created the Liberty Ship; a single design that could be used to carry just about anything, which weighed in at 10,500 dwt.[2] The U.S. produced 2708 Liberty Ships and they were used on every international trade route.[3] [4] After World War II, economies of scale took over and the size of tramp ships exploded to keep up with a booming supply and demand cycle. During this time the bulk carrier became the tramp of choice for many owners and operators. The bulk carrier was designed to carry coal, grain, and ore, which gave it more flexibility and could service more ports than some of its ancestors, which only carried a single commodity.
Today the tramp trade includes all types of vessels from bulk carriers, to tankers. Each can be used for a specific market, or ships can be combined like the oil, bulk, ore carriers to accommodate many different markets depending where the ship is located and the supply and demand of the area. Tramp ships often carry with them their own gear (booms, cranes, derricks) in case the next port lacks the proper equipment for loading or discharging cargo. [5]
Tramp Charters
[edit] The tramp ship is a contract carrier. Unlike a liner, often called a common carrier, which has a fixed schedule and a published tariff, the ideal tramp can carry anything to anywhere, and freight rates are influenced by supply and demand. [6] To generate business, a contract to lease the vessel known as a charter party is drawn up between the ship owner and the charterer. There are three types of charters, voyage, time and demise.
Voyage Charter: Kenneth Schiels states, the voyage charter is the most common charter in tramp shipping.[7] The owner of the tramp is obligated to provide a seaworthy ship while the charterer is obligated to provide a full load of cargo.[8] This type of charter is also the most lucrative, but can be the riskiest due to the availability of new charterers. During a voyage charter a part or all of a vessel is leased to the charterer for a voyage to a port or a set of different ports. There are two types of voyage charter net form and gross form. [9] Under the net form, the cargo a tramp ship carries is loaded, discharged, and trimmed at the charterer’s expense. Under the gross form the expense of cargo loading, discharging and trimming is on the owner. The charterer is only responsible to provide the cargo at a specified port and to accept it at the destination port. Time becomes an issue in the voyage charter if the tramp ship is late in her schedule or loading or discharging are delayed. If a tramp ships is delayed the charterer pays demurrage, which is a penalty, to the ship owner. The number of days a tramp ship is chartered for is called lay days.
Time Charter: In a time charter the owner provides a vessel that is fully manned and equipped. The owner provides the crew, but the crew takes orders from the charterer. The owner is also responsible for insuring the vessel, repairs the vessel may need, engine parts, and food for ships personnel. The charterer is responsible for everything else. The main advantage of the time charter is that it diverts the costs of running a ship to the charterer. [10]
Demise Charter: The demise charter is the least used in the tramp trade because it heavily favors the owner.[11] The ship owner only provides a ship void of any crew, stores, or fuel. It is the Charterer’s responsibility to provide everything the ship will need. The ship owner must provide a seaworthy vessel, but once the charterer accepts the vessel, the responsibility of seaworthiness is the charterer’s. The charterer crews the vessel, but the owner can make recommendations. There are no standardized forms in a demise charter, contracts can vary greatly, and are written up to meet the needs of the charterer.
Brokerage
[edit]Tramp ship owners and tramp ship charterers rely on brokers to find cargos for their ships to carry.[12] A broker understands international trade conditions, the movements of goods, market prices, and the availability of the owner’s ships.
The Baltic Exchange, in London, is the physical headquarters for tramp ship brokerage.[13] The Baltic Exchange works like an organized market, and provides a meeting place for ship owners, brokers, and charterers. It also provides easy access to information on market fluctuations, and commodity prices to all the parties involved. Brokers can use it to quickly match a cargo to a ship or ship to a cargo depending on whom they are working for. A committee of owners, brokers, and charterers are elected to manage the exhange to ensure everyone’s interests are represented.[14]With the speed of today's communications the floor of the Baltic Exchange is not nearly as populated as it once was, but the information and networking the exchange provides is still an asset to the tramp trade.
Tramps Today
[edit]Due to the explosion of liner services, largely due to containerization in the early 1950’s, the tramp trade has been lessened, but by no means forgotten. There is a newer theory in the business of shipping called marketing mix.[15]To increase profits, liner companies are looking at investing into tramp ships to create a buffer when the market is down. For example, Mitsui OSK Lines posses a large fleet with tramp ships and liners. With both types of shipping covered they are able to service a world economy even in a down market.[16]The beauty of tramp ships is they are relied upon at a moments notice to service any type of market. Even in a down economy there will be a market for some type of commodity somewhere and the company with the ships able to exploit that market will do better than the company relying on liner services alone.
Tramp Ship Companies
[edit]United Maritime Group
Seabulk
Further Reading
[edit]Freeeman, N. (1998.) Seaspray and Whisky: Reminiscence of a tramp ship voyage. Pleasantvill N.Y.: The Akadine Press. ISBN 1888173386
References
[edit]- ^ Buckley, J. (2008.) The Business of Shipping. Centreville, MD: Cornell Maritime Press. ISBN 087033580 8
- ^ Buckley, J. (2008.) The Business of Shipping. Centreville, MD: Cornell Maritime Press. ISBN 0870335808
- ^ Gripanios, H. (1959.) Tramp Shipping. London, U.K.: Thomas Nelson and Sons LTD.
- ^ Buckley, J. (2008.) The Business of Shipping. Centreville, MD: Cornell Maritime Press. ISBN 0870335808
- ^ Schields, K. (1994.) Ship Agency: A guide to tramp ship agency. Surrey, UK. Fair Play Publications. ISBN 1 870093 75 5
- ^ Schields, K. (1994.) Ship Agency: A guide to tramp ship agency. Surrey, UK. Fair Play Publications. ISBN 1 870093 75 5
- ^ Schields, K. (1994.) Ship Agency: A guide to tramp ship agency. Surrey, UK. Fair Play Publications. ISBN 1 870093 75 5
- ^ Buckley, J. (2008.) The Business of Shipping. Centreville, MD: Cornell Maritime Press. ISBN 0870335808
- ^ Buckley, J. (2008.) The Business of Shipping. Centreville, MD: Cornell Maritime Press. ISBN 0 87033 580 8
- ^ Buckley, J. (2008.) The Business of Shipping. Centreville, MD: Cornell Maritime Press. ISBN 0 87033 580 8
- ^ Buckley, J. (2008.) The Business of Shipping. Centreville, MD: Cornell Maritime Press. ISBN 0 87033 580 8
- ^ Buckley, J. (2008.) The Business of Shipping. Centreville, MD: Cornell Maritime Press. ISBN 0870335808
- ^ Buckley, J. (2008.) The Business of Shipping. Centreville, MD: Cornell Maritime Press. ISBN 0870335808
- ^ Gripanios, H. (1959.) Tramp Shipping. London, U.K.: Thomas Nelson and Sons LTD.
- ^ Plomaritou, E. (2008). A proposed application of the marketing mix concept to tramp & liner shipping companies. Journal of Contemporary Management Issues, 13(1) 59-71.
- ^ Plomaritou, E. (2008). A proposed application of the marketing mix concept to tramp & liner shipping companies. Journal of Contemporary Management Issues, 13(1) 59-71.