User:Kensplanet/Mumbai/Lead
Mumbai
मुंबई | |
---|---|
Metropolitan city | |
Coordinates: 18°58′N 72°49′E / 18.96°N 72.82°E | |
Country | ![]() |
State | Maharashtra |
District | Mumbai City Mumbai Suburban |
Government | |
• Municipal commissioner | Jairaj Phatak |
• Mayor | Shubha Raul |
Area | |
• Metropolitan city | 603.4 km2 (233.0 sq mi) |
Elevation | 14 m (46 ft) |
Population (2008) | |
• Metropolitan city | 13,922,125 |
• Rank | 1st |
• Density | 21,880/km2 (56,700/sq mi) |
• Metro | 20,870,764 |
Languages | |
• Official | Marathi |
Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
PIN | 400 xxx |
Telephone code | 022 |
Vehicle registration | MH 01—03 |
Website | www |
Mumbai (Marathi: मुंबई, Mumbaī, IPA:ⓘ), formerly Bombay, is the capital of the Indian state of Maharashtra. The city proper is the second most populous city in the world with approximately 14 million inhabitants.[1] Along with the neighbouring suburbs of Navi Mumbai and Thane, Mumbai forms the world's 4th largest urban agglomeration with around 19 million people.[2] Mumbai lies on the west coast of India and has a deep natural harbour. Mumbai's port handles around 60% of India's maritime cargo.[3]
In the third century BCE, the Maurya Empire transformed the seven islands of Bombay into a centre of Hindu and Buddhist culture. Then, the islands came under the control of successive indigenous empires before being ceded to Portuguese settlers and subsequently to the British East India Company. They were merged and the city was named Bombay. During the mid-18th century, it emerged as a significant trading town. Economic and educational development characterised the city during the 19th century. It became a strong base for the Indian independence movement during the early 20th century and was the epicentre of the Rowlatt Satyagraha and the Royal Indian Navy Mutiny. When India became independent in 1947, the city was incorporated into Bombay State. In 1960, following the Samyukta Maharashtra movement, a new state of Maharashtra was created with Bombay as the capital. It was renamed Mumbai in 1996.[4]
Mumbai is the commercial and entertainment centre of India, generating 5% of India's GDP,[5] and accounting for 25% of industrial output, 40% of maritime trade, and 70% of capital transactions to India's economy.[6] Mumbai is home to important financial institutions such as the Reserve Bank of India, the Bombay Stock Exchange, the National Stock Exchange of India and the corporate headquarters of many Indian companies and numerous multinational corporations. The city also houses India's Hindi film and television industry, known as Bollywood. Mumbai's business opportunities, as well as its potential to offer a better standard of living, attract migrants from all over India and, in turn, make the city a potpourri of many communities and cultures.
Citations
[edit]- ^ "World: largest cities and towns and statistics of their population (2009)". World Gazetteer. Retrieved 2009-04-28.
- ^ "Population of urban agglomerations with 750,000 inhabitants or more in 2007 (thousands) 1950-2025 (India)". Department of Economic and Social Affairs (United Nations). Retrieved 2009-06-09.
- ^ Manoj, P. (2009-04-12). "Kept out of bidding for JN Port project, Adani Group files plea". Mint. Retrieved 2009-06-09.
{{cite news}}
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(help) - ^ "Bombay: History of a City". British Library. Retrieved 2008-11-08.
- ^ "Mumbai Urban Infrastructure Project". Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority (MMRDA). Retrieved 2008-07-18.
- ^ "Navi Mumbai International Airport" (JPG). City and Industrial Development Corporation (CIDCO). Retrieved 2008-07-18.
References
[edit]- Altbach, Philip G. (1968). Student politics in Bombay. Asia Publishing House.
- Bindloss, Joe; Singh, Sarina; Bainbridge, James; Brown, Lindsay; Elliott, Mark; Butler, Stuart (2007). India (12, illustrated ed.). Lonely Planet. ISBN 9781741043082. Retrieved 2009-05-04.
- Da Cunha, J.Gerson (1993) [1900]. Origin of Bombay. Asian Educational Services. ISBN 8120608151. Retrieved 2008-08-17.
- Dwivedi, Sharada; Mehrotra, Rahul (2001). Bombay: The Cities Within. Eminence Designs.
- Edwardes, Stephen Meredyth (1902). The Rise of Bombay: A Retrospect. Times of India Press.
- Hoiberg, Dale; Ramchandani, Indu (2000). Students' Britannica India. Popular Prakashan. ISBN 9780852297605. Retrieved 2009-04-30.
- Bapat, Jyotsna (2005). Development projects and critical theory of environment. SAGE. ISBN 9780761933571. Retrieved 2008-04-28.
- Ghosh, Amalananda (1990). An Encyclopaedia of Indian Archaeology. Brill. ISBN 9004092641. Retrieved 2008-08-19.
- Prinsep, James; Thomas, Edward; Prinsep, Henry Thoby (1858). "Kings of Gujarat, Capital Pattan". Essays on Indian Antiquities, Historic, Numismatic, and Palæographic, of the Late James Prinsep. Vol. 2. J. Murray. Retrieved 2009-04-26.
- Firishtah, Astarā-bādī; Firishtah, Muhammad; Briggs, John (1829). "Colonial Epitome of the wars of the Portuguese in India, as Connected with the History of the Deccan". History of the Rise of the Mahomedan Power in India. Vol. 3. Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green. Retrieved 2009-04-26.
- Carsten, F. L. (1961). The New Cambridge Modern History (Volume V: The ascendancy of France 1648-88). Vol. V. Cambridge University Press Archive. ISBN 9780521045445. Retrieved 2009-01-07.
- Hughes, William (1863). The geography of British history. Longman, Green, Longman, Roberts, & Green. Retrieved 2009-01-15.
- Bhattacharya, Sanjoy (2006). Expunging Variola: The Control and Eradication of Smallpox in India, 1947-1977. Orient Blackswan. ISBN 9788125030188. Retrieved 2009-01-08.
- Guha, Ramachandra. India after Gandhi. HarperCollins.
- Kelsey, Jane (2008). Serving Whose Interests?: The Political Economy of Trade in Services Agreements. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9780415448215. Retrieved 2009-05-31.
- Krishnamoorthy, Bala (14 February 2008). Environmental Management: Text And Cases. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. ISBN 9788120333291. Retrieved 2008-03-25.
- Green, Jen; Fairclough, Chris (2007). Mumbai (Global Cities). Evans Brothers. ISBN 9780237531256. Retrieved 2008-04-28.
- Patil, R.P. (1957). The mangroves in Salsette Island near Bombay. Calcutta: Proceedings of the Symposium on Mangrove Forest.
- De Bruyn, Pippa; Venkatraman, Niloufer; Bain, Keith (2006). Frommer's India. Frommer's. ISBN 0471794341.
- Wasko, Janet (2003). How Hollywood works. SAGE. ISBN 0761968148.
- Jha, Subhash K. (2005). The Essential Guide to Bollywood. Roli Books. ISBN 8174363785.
- Manorama Yearbook 2003. Malayala Manorama. 2003. ISBN 81-900461-8-7.
- Manorama Yearbook 2006. Kottayam, India: Malayala Manorama. 2006. ISBN 8189004077.
- Singh, K. S. (2004). Maharashtra. Vol. XXX. Popular Prakashan. ISBN 9788179911020. Retrieved 2008-11-08.
{{cite book}}
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suggested) (help) - Sheppard, Samuel T (1917). Bombay Place-Names and Street-Names:An excursion into the by-ways of the history of Bombay City. Bombay, India: The Times Press. ASIN B0006FF5YU.
- Patel, Sujata; Masselos, Jim, eds. (2003). "Bombay and Mumbai: Identities, Politics and Populism". Bombay and Mumbai. The City in Transition. Delhi, India: The Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195677110.
- Barbosa, Duarte (1516). Livro Em Que Dá Relação Do Que Viu E Ouviu No Oriente (in Portuguese). apud Machado, J.P., Dicionário Onomástico Etimológico da Língua Portuguesa.
- Orta, Garcia da (1891) [1565]. Colóquios Dos Simples E Drogas Da Índia (in Portuguese). apud Machado, J.P., Dicionário Onomástico Etimológico da Língua Portuguesa.
- Correia, Gaspar (1858). Lendas da Índia. originally from the 16th century.
- Machado, José Pedro. Dicionário Onomástico Etimológico da Língua Portuguesa. entry "Bombaim", Volume I.
- Mehta, Suketu (2004). Maximum City: Bombay Lost and Found. Delhi, India: Penguin. ISBN 0144001594.
- Mehta, Suketu (2004). Maximum City: Bombay Lost and Found. Alfred A Knopf. ISBN 0-375-40372-8.
- National Crime Records Bureau (2007). "Crimes in Mega Cities" (PDF). Crime in India-2007 (PDF). Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. Retrieved 2009-04-25.
- Chaudhuri, Asha Kuthari (2005). "Introduction: Modern Indian Drama". Mahesh Dattani: An Introduction. Contemporary Indian Writers in English. Foundation Books. ISBN 8175962607. Retrieved 2009-04-26.
- Ganti, Tejaswini (2004). "Introduction". Bollywood: a guidebook to popular Hindi cinema. Routledge. ISBN 0415288541.
- De Bruyn, Pippa; Bain, Keith; Venkatraman, Niloufer; Joshi, Shonar (2008). "Mumbai: City of Dreamers". Frommer's India. Vol. 3. Frommer's. ISBN 9780470169087. Retrieved 2009-04-28.
- Singh, Sarina; Bindloss, Joe; Clammer, Paul; Eberle, Janine (2005). India. Lonely Planet. p. 73. ISBN 1740596943.
- Greater Bombay District Gazetteer. Maharashtra State Gazetteers. Vol. I. Government of Maharashtra. 1986. Retrieved 2008-08-13.
- O'Brien, Derek (2003). The Mumbai Factfile. Penguin Books. ISBN 9780143029472.