User:Keanu1277/Non-Protein Nitrogen
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Nitrogen is an element vital to many environmental processes. Nitrogen plays a vital role in the nitrogen cycle, a complex biogeochemical process that involves the transformation of nitrogen between different chemical forms and its movement through various environmental compartments such as the atmosphere, soil, water, and living organisms.[1] In its natural state, nitrogen exists primarily as a gas (N2) in the atmosphere, making up about 78% of the air we breathe. Nitrogen finds extensive usage across various sectors, primarily in the agriculture industry, and transportation. Its versatility stems from its ability to form numerous compounds, each with unique properties and applications.
Nitrogen in Agriculture
[edit]Nitrogen is a fundamental nutrient in agriculture, playing a crucial role in plant growth and development. It is an essential component of proteins, enzymes, chlorophyll, and nucleic acids, all of which are essential for various metabolic processes within plants.[2] When discussing the application of nitrogen in agriculture, it is essential to consider the sources of nitrogen used. Synthetic nitrogen fertilizers, such as ammonium nitrate and urea, are commonly applied to crops to replenish soil nitrogen levels and enhance crop productivity.[3]These fertilizers provide readily available nitrogen for plant uptake, thereby promoting vigorous vegetative growth and improving yields. However, the excessive or inefficient use of nitrogen fertilizers can lead to environmental problems such as nitrogen leaching, runoff, and emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx).[4]Nitrogen leaching occurs when nitrogen compounds, primarily nitrates, move through the soil profile and enter groundwater, potentially contaminating drinking water sources.[5]To mitigate these environmental impacts, various nitrogen management strategies are employed in agriculture. Soil testing is an essential practice that helps farmers assess the nutrient status of their soils and determine appropriate fertilizer application rates. Nutrient management plans based on soil test results help optimize fertilizer use efficiency while minimizing nitrogen losses to the environment.
Nitrogen Effects on Water Quality
[edit]Water quality is greatly influenced by nitrogen, which also has an impact on ecosystems in settings that have been modified by humans. Even though nitrogen is a necessary element for life, too much of it in water can have negative effects on aquatic ecosystems and endanger human health. Agricultural runoff, where fertilizers containing nitrogen compounds can seep into rivers, lakes, and groundwater, is one of the main sources of nitrogen in water. Urban areas also release wastewater and add nitrogen through stormwater runoff. The process of eutrophication, in which an abundance of nutrients encourages the growth of algae and other aquatic plants, can be brought on by elevated nitrogen levels in water.[6]
Non-Protein Nitrogen
[edit]Non-protein nitrogen (or NPN) is a term used in animal nutrition to refer collectively to components such as urea, biuret, and ammonia, which are not proteins but can be converted into proteins by microbes in the ruminant stomach. Due to their lower cost compared to plant and animal proteins, their inclusion in a diet can result in economic gain, but at too high levels cause a depression in growth and possible ammonia toxicity, as microbes convert NPN to ammonia first before using that to make protein.[7] NPN can also be used to artificially raise crude protein values, which are measured based on nitrogen content, as protein is about 16% nitrogen and the only major component of most food that contains nitrogen is protein. The source of NPN is typically a chemical feed additive, or sometimes chicken waste,[8][9] and cattle manure.[10][11] However, excessive intake of NPN can have adverse effects on animal health and productivity, as well as environmental implications.
Non-Protein Nitrogen Agricultural Effects
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In ruminant nutrition, NPN sources such as urea are commonly used as supplements to provide additional nitrogen for microbial protein synthesis in the rumen. Microbes in the rumen can utilize NPN to synthesize microbial protein, which is subsequently digested and absorbed by the animal. This microbial protein serves as a source of amino acids for the animal, supporting growth and productivity,[12] However, excessive consumption of NPN can lead to toxicity issues in ruminants. High levels of ammonia resulting from the breakdown of NPN can disrupt rumen pH balance and microbial activity, leading to conditions such as rumen acidosis and ammonia toxicity.[13]Furthermore, excessive excretion of nitrogen in urine and feces from animals consuming diets high in NPN can contribute to nitrogen pollution in the environment. Nitrogen runoff from agricultural operations can lead to eutrophication of water bodies, harmful algal blooms, and degradation of aquatic ecosystems[14]
- ^ Galloway, J. N.; Dentener, F. J.; Capone, D. G.; Boyer, E. W.; Howarth, R. W.; Seitzinger, S. P.; Asner, G. P.; Cleveland, C. C.; Green, P. A.; Holland, E. A.; Karl, D. M.; Michaels, A. F.; Porter, J. H.; Townsend, A. R.; Vöosmarty, C. J. (2004-09-01). "Nitrogen Cycles: Past, Present, and Future". Biogeochemistry. 70 (2): 153–226. doi:10.1007/s10533-004-0370-0. ISSN 1573-515X.
- ^ Good, Allen G.; Shrawat, Ashok K.; Muench, Douglas G. (2004-12). "Can less yield more? Is reducing nutrient input into the environment compatible with maintaining crop production?". Trends in Plant Science. 9 (12): 597–605. doi:10.1016/j.tplants.2004.10.008.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ "Correction for Ju et al., Reducing environmental risk by improving N management in intensive Chinese agricultural systems". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 106 (19): 8077–8077. 2009-05-12. doi:10.1073/pnas.0902655106. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 2683139.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) - ^ Davidson, EriC. A.; Belk, Elizabeth; Boone, Richard D. (1998-02). "Soil water content and temperature as independent or confounded factors controlling soil respiration in a temperate mixed hardwood forest". Global Change Biology. 4 (2): 217–227. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2486.1998.00128.x. ISSN 1354-1013.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ Good, Allen G.; Shrawat, Ashok K.; Muench, Douglas G. (2004-12). "Can less yield more? Is reducing nutrient input into the environment compatible with maintaining crop production?". Trends in Plant Science. 9 (12): 597–605. doi:10.1016/j.tplants.2004.10.008.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ "Nitrogen and Water | U.S. Geological Survey". www.usgs.gov. Retrieved 2024-03-11.
- ^ Steiner, Zvonimir; Klarić, Ivana; Novoselec, Josip; Klir, Željka; Antunović, Boris; Babić, Ivan; Ronta, Mario (2019). "Research on influence of different non-protein nitrogen (NPN) compounds in beef cattle feeding". Journal of Central European Agriculture. 20 (1): 31–35. doi:10.5513/JCEA01/20.1.2378. ISSN 1332-9049.
- ^ http://jas.fass.org/cgi/reprint/43/1/201.pdf[permanent dead link]
- ^ "Value of Dried Poultry Manure and Urea as Protein Supplements for Sheep Consuming Low Quality Tropical Hay -- Gihad 42 (3): 706 -- Journal of Animal Science". Archived from the original on 2008-10-15. Retrieved 2008-01-15.
- ^ "Nutritional and Economic Value of Animal Excreta -- Smith and Wheeler 48 (1): 144 -- Journal of Animal Science". Archived from the original on 2008-09-06. Retrieved 2008-01-15.
- ^ http://jas.fass.org/cgi/reprint/57/Supplement_2/221.pdf[permanent dead link]
- ^ Broderick, G.A. (2003-04). "Effects of Varying Dietary Protein and Energy Levels on the Production of Lactating Dairy Cows". Journal of Dairy Science. 86 (4): 1370–1381. doi:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(03)73721-7.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ Van Soest, Peter J. (2019-12-31). Nutritional Ecology of the Ruminant. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. doi:10.7591/9781501732355-003. ISBN 978-1-5017-3235-5.
- ^ Glibert, Patricia M.; Harrison, John; Heil, Cynthia; Seitzinger, Sybil (2006-02). "Escalating Worldwide use of Urea – A Global Change Contributing to Coastal Eutrophication". Biogeochemistry. 77 (3): 441–463. doi:10.1007/s10533-005-3070-5. ISSN 0168-2563.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help)