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Spider silk is spun by silkworms for the first time, offering a green alternative to synthetic fibers

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Introduction

Scientists in China have synthesized spider silk from genetically[1] modified silkworms[2], producing fibers[3] six times tougher than the Kevlar used in bulletproof vests. The study, published September 20 in the journal Matter, is the first to successfully produce full-length spider silk[4] proteins using silkworms. The findings demonstrate a technique that could be used to manufacture an environmentally friendly alternative to synthetic commercial fibers[5] [6]such as nylon[7]. "Silkworm silk is presently the only animal silk fiber commercialized on a large scale, with well-established rearing techniques," said Mi. "Consequently, employing genetically modified silkworms to produce spider silk fiber enables low-cost, large-scale commercialization." Scientists have eyed spider silk as an enticingly sustainable alternative to synthetic fibers, which can release harmful microplastics into the environment and are often produced from fossil fuels that generate greenhouse gases[8] emissions[9]. But turning to nature for alternatives isn't without challenges.


Previously developed processes for spinning artificial spider silk have struggled to apply a surface layer of glycoproteins[10] and lipids to the silk to help it withstand humidity[11] and exposure to sunlight[12]—an anti-aging "skin layer"[13] that spiders apply to their webs.

Genetically modified silkworms offer a solution to this problem, says Mi, since silkworms coat their fibers with a similar protective layer.

"Spider silk stands as a strategic resource in urgent need of exploration," said Junpeng Mi, a Ph.D. candidate at the College ofBiological Science[14] and Medical Engineering at Donghua University and the first author of the study.

"The exceptionally high mechanical performance of the fibers produced in this study holds significant promise in this field. This type of fiber can be utilized as surgical sutures, addressing a global demand exceeding 300 million procedures annually."

The spider silk fibers could also be used to create more comfortable garments[15] and innovative types of bulletproof vestssays Mi, and they may have applications in smart material[16]s, the military, aerospace technology, and biomedical engineering.

To spin spider silk from silkworms, Mi and his team introduced spider silk protein genes into the DNA of silkworms so that it would be expressed in their glands using a combination of CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing technology and hundreds of thousands of microinjections[17] into fertilized silkworms[18] eggs.


The microinjections[19] posed "one of the most significant challenges" in the study, said Mi, but when he saw the silkworms' eyes glowing red under the fluorescence microscope—a sign that the gene editing had been successful—he was overjoyed.

The researchers also needed to perform "localization" modifications on the transgenic spider[20] silk proteins[21] so that they would interact properly with proteins in the silkworm glands[22], ensuring that the fiber would be spun properly. To guide the modifications, the team developed a "minimal basic structure model" of silkworm silk.

"This concept of 'localization,' introduced in this thesis, along with the proposed minimal structural model, represents a significant departure from previous research," says Mi. "We are confident that large-scale commercialization is on the horizon."

In the future, Mi plans to use insights into the toughness and strength of spider silk fibers developed in the current study to develop genetically modified silkworms that produce spider silk fibers from both natural and engineered amino acids.

"The introduction of over one hundred engineered amino acids holds boundless potential for engineered spider silk fibers," says Mi.


REFERENCES

https://phys.org/news/2023-09-spider-silk-spun-silkworms-green.html

  1. ^ Thomas, Alison (2013-05-30), "Quantitative Genetics", Thrive in Genetics, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-969462-4, retrieved 2023-09-21
  2. ^ Boehrer, Bruce (2023-01-06), "SILKWORM", Lesser Living Creatures of the Renaissance, Penn State University Press, pp. 20–34, ISBN 978-0-271-09459-5, retrieved 2023-09-21
  3. ^ "Fibres". Fibres. 2019-10-17. doi:10.5040/9781784605766.00000004.
  4. ^ "Ultrathin Spider Silk Films: Insights into Spider Silk Assembly on Surfaces". dx.doi.org. Retrieved 2023-09-21.
  5. ^ Textiles. Fibres and yarns. Determination of commercial mass of consignments, BSI British Standards, retrieved 2023-09-21
  6. ^ "Fibres". Fibres. 2019-10-17. doi:10.5040/9781784605766.00000004.
  7. ^ Bennett, Carl; Mathias, Lon J. (2005). "Synthesis and characterization of polyamides containing octadecanedioic acid: Nylon-2,18, nylon-3,18, nylon-4,18, nylon-6,18, nylon-8,18, nylon-9,18, and nylon-12,18". Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry. 43 (5): 936–945. doi:10.1002/pola.20550. ISSN 0887-624X.
  8. ^ "1.15. Greenhouse gas emissions". dx.doi.org. Retrieved 2023-09-21.
  9. ^ Mądziel, Maksymilian (2023-09-18). "Future Cities Carbon Emission Models: Hybrid Vehicle Emission Modelling for Low-Emission Zones". dx.doi.org. Retrieved 2023-09-21.
  10. ^ "Glycoprotein". AccessScience. Retrieved 2023-09-21.
  11. ^ Humidity, BSI British Standards, retrieved 2023-09-21
  12. ^ "Sunlight in Perspective: Pleasure, Sunlight and the Socio-sensual Environment", Rise and Shine : Sunlight, Technology and Health, Bloomsbury Academic, ISBN 978-1-84520-130-2, retrieved 2023-09-21
  13. ^ "Designable Skin-like Triboelectric Nanogenerators Using Layer-by-Layer Self-Assembled Polymeric Nanocomposites". dx.doi.org. Retrieved 2023-09-21.
  14. ^ Journal of Biological Sciences. PubPub.
  15. ^ "Torso garments", Pressure Garments, Elsevier, pp. 53–68, 1995, retrieved 2023-09-21
  16. ^ "1. Smart Material Applications", Smart Material Systems, Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, pp. 1–41, 2005-01, retrieved 2023-09-21 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  17. ^ JÉGOU (2002-01-05). "Microinjections = macroproblems: the viewpoint of a reproductive biologist". International Journal of Andrology. 21 (5): 253–255. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2605.1998.00118.x. ISSN 0105-6263.
  18. ^ Boehrer, Bruce (2023-01-06), "SILKWORM", Lesser Living Creatures of the Renaissance, Penn State University Press, pp. 20–34, ISBN 978-0-271-09459-5, retrieved 2023-09-21
  19. ^ Young, Wen-Bin (2007-09). "Analysis of filling distance in cylindrical microfeatures for microinjection molding". Applied Mathematical Modelling. 31 (9): 1798–1806. doi:10.1016/j.apm.2006.06.003. ISSN 0307-904X. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  20. ^ "Weitere transgene Tiermodelle und ihre Anwendung", Transgene Tiere, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 171–189, ISBN 978-3-540-28267-9, retrieved 2023-09-21
  21. ^ Pritchard, Eleanor M.; Hu, Xiao; Finley, Violet; Kuo, Catherine K.; Kaplan, David L. (2013-01-24). "Effect of Silk Protein Processing on Drug Delivery from Silk Films". Macromolecular Bioscience. 13 (3): 311–320. doi:10.1002/mabi.201200323. ISSN 1616-5187.
  22. ^ "Direct Observation of Native Silk Fibroin Conformation in Silk Gland of Bombyx mori Silkworm". dx.doi.org. Retrieved 2023-09-21.
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