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The history of the taxonomy of cats covers the taxonomy of cats since Linnaeus laid down the basis of modern zoological taxonomy. At present this draft article is a collection of useful lists that can be used by editors in other articles, but in time I hope that it will evolve into proper article.

This page also serves as a reference section, with citations and links to web resources on cat species, including:

Sources and notes

[edit]

Main sources for history of taxonomy:

  • Salles (1992)
  • Werdelin (1996)
  • Werdelin (2010)

From Werdelin (2010):

"Many attempts have been made to investigate the interrelationships of Felidae. These have followed two broad approaches.

  • Some, like Matthew (1910), Kretzoi (1929a, b) and Beaumont (1978) have incorporated both fossil and extant felids in their analyses,
  • while others, such as Pocock (1917a), Herrington (1986), and Salles (1992) have focused exclusively on the living members of the family.
  • A new era in felid phylogenetics was ushered in with the introduction of molecular evidence (Collier and O’Brien 1985; O’Brien et al. 1985a; Johnson et al. 1996),
  • while the first study to use a total evidence approach was that of Mattern and McLennan (2000)."


Suprafamiliar relationships

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Aristotle

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Linneaus

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The 1735 classification of animals
Title page of the 10th edition of Systema Naturae, or with its full title Systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis ("System of nature through the three kingdoms of nature, according to classes, orders, genera and species, with characters, differences, synonyms, places").

The Swedish botanist, zoologist and physician Carl Linnaeus (1707–1778) introduced his infuential system for classifying living organisms in his Systema Naturae, in which he outlined what is now known as Linnaean taxonomy. In the 1735 first edition of Systema Naturae he divided animals in to six classes: Quadrupedia, Aves, Amphibia, PIsces, Insecta, Vermes. The Quadrupedia were divided into five orders: Anthropomorpha, Ferae, Glires, Jumenta, and Pecora. Cats were contained within three of the fifteen genera in Ferae: Leo, Tigris and Felis.

Linnaeus revised this scheme in subsequent editions. In the tenth edition of Systema Naturae (1758) the Quadrupdia were renamed Mammalia and the number of mammalian orders was increase to eight: Primates, Bruta, Ferae, Bestiae, Glires, Pecora, Belluae and Cete. The genera in Ferae were reduced to four: Phoca (seals), Canis (dogs & hyenas), Felis (cats), Viverra. All the cats were now contained in the genus Felis.

Revisions

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Gray: Family Felidae within Carnivora

Living cats

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Cat taxonomy has undergone many revisions since Linnaeus laid down the foundations for zoological taxonomy in his Systema Naturae. Different authorities have favoured lumping and splitting approaches with the cats placed into a few genera or divided into as many as 19 (23?) genera or 27 subgenera.

Linnaeus

[edit]

In his 1735 first edition of Systema Naturae the cats were placed in three genera [1]]

  • Leo
    • Leo leo (lion)
  • Tigris
    • Tigris tigris (tiger)
    • Tigris panthera (leopard)
  • Felis
    • Felis felis (wildcat?)
    • Felis catus (domestic cat)
    • Felis lynx (Eurasian lynx)
Sistema Naturae (1758)
From 10th edition

The the 10th edition of the Systema Naturæ (1758) placed all his six recognised species in Felis:

Felis (cats)

Jardine (1834)

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Jardine (1834) recognised five genera: Leo, Puma, Cynailurus, Lynchus and Felis. His classification is notable for recognising a group for the lynxes (although broader than the modern genus) and the relationship between the puma and jaguarundi. His Felis remained a collection of big, small and medium cats.

  • Leo (the two species of lion)
  • Puma (puma, jaguarundi, pampas cat (one colour phase))
  • Cynailurus (cheetah)
  • Lynchus (Eurasian and Canadian lynxes, caracal, African golden cat, Geoffroy's cat, jungle cat and black-footed cat)
  • Felis (all other species known at time: tiger, leopard, jaguar, snow leopard, ocelot, margay, oncilla, leopard cat, clouded leopard, serval, pampas cat (other color phase), European, African and Asian wild cats)

Severtzov (1857-58)

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The first real attempt to delineate felid relationships was made by Severtzov.[6][7] His classification includes five genera and 27 subgenera. His Lynx is close to the modern one and his separation of the big cats anticipates the division between patherine and feline cats recognised today. His Felis contained 19 subgenera, which were mostly monotypic, but his Catolynx and Oncoides subgenera anticipate the modern Felis sensu stricto and Leopardus. Many of the names of his generic and subgenera names are used today, although not in exactly the same way.

Severtzov’s genera are as follows (based on Werdelin, 2010):

  • Tigris, which includes two subgenera,
    • Leo (lion)
    • Tigris (tiger)
  • Panthera, with the subgenera
    • Jaguarius (jaguar)
    • Panthera (leopard)
    • Uncia (snow leopard, clouded leopard)
    • Puma (puma)
  • Cynailurus, with a single species
    • Cynailurus jubatus (the cheetah).
  • Lynchus, with two subgenera:
    • Lynchus (Eurasian lynx, Canadian lynx, bobcat)
    • Urolynchus (caracal)
  • Felis, with 19 subgenera:
    • Herpailurus (jaguarundi)
    • Oncoides (ocelot, margay, and oncilla)
    • Lynchailurus (pampas cat)
    • Dendrailurus (unidentifiable species; Pocock identifies it as the pampas cat]
    • Oncifelis (Geoffroy’s cat)
    • Noctifelis (kodkod)
    • Pardofilis (marbled cat)
    • Catopuma (Temminck’ s golden cat)
    • Chrysailurus (one variety of the African golden cat)
    • Profelis (another variety of African golden cat)
    • Leptailurus (serval)
    • Otocolobus (manul)
    • Prionailurus (leopard cat)
    • Zibethailurus (fishing cat)
    • Ictailurus (flat-headed cat)
    • Otailurus (a species from Timor that Werdelin (2010) couldn't identify; possibly domestic cat from Timor mentioned by Pocock?)
    • Felis (preoccupied by Linnaeus’ Felis for the domestic cat)
    • Catolynx (domestic cat (including the European wildcat), African wildcat, and jungle cat)

Gray (1867)

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Gray's began his work on cat taxonomy in 1821 and finished it in 1867. Although he published his classification a few years later, Gray was apparently unaware of Severtzov's work, and the two classifications sometimes used conflicting names, which led to much subsequent confusion. Gray's Lynx is the modern one and his Viverrceps anticipates the modern Prionailurus. The pantherines are split between four genera and the other felines into ten others. He named the cat family Felidae in 1832 (?).[online]

Gray (1867) (14 genera)
  • Leo (lion)
  • Tigris (tiger)
  • Leopardus* (leopard, jaguar, African golden cat, puma)
  • Uncia (snow leopard)
  • Neofelis (clouded leopard)
  • Pardalina (unidentified species P. himalayensis; possibly an ocelot wrongly assigned)
  • Catolynx (marbled cat; the genus is synonymous with Severtzov’s Pardofelis and a junior homonym of his Catolynx, which in turn is a junior synonym of Felis sensu stricto as it is based on same type species)
  • Viverriceps (fishing cat, flat-headed cat, rusty-spotted cat, one variety of leopard cat)
  • Pajeros (pampas cat)
  • Felis (ocelot, margay, oncilla, geoffroy’s cat, jaguarundi, serval, Asiatic golden cat, manul, the European, African and Asian wildcats, and the domestic cat)
  • Chaus (jungle cat)
  • Lynchus (Eurasian, Canadian and Iberian lynxes, and the bobcat)
  • Caracal (caracal)
  • Gueparda (cheetah)

*Leopardus: "Gray originally included four species in this genus, griseus, pictus, ellioti, and horsfieldi, but subsequently assigned griseus and pictus to Pardalis, ellioti to Viverriceps, ignored horsfieldi, and applied Leopardus to pardus and onca" (Pocock, 1917).

Matschie (1895) and Trouessart (1904)

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  • Matschie (SB. Ges. Nat. Fr. Berlin, 1895, pp. 198-199) and
  • Trouessart (Cat. Mamm.j Suppl. Pp. 265-2785 1904).

Pocock (1917) described two similar schemes, by Matchue and Trusessart, respectively, although he thought they had little merit.

According to Pocock (1917), Matschie grouped the species as follows :

  • Genus Uncia concolor, tigris, leo.
  • Genus Leopardus pardus (including uncia), onca.
  • Genus Galeopardus viverrina, marmorata, serval, pardalis.
  • Genus Felis microtis, scripta, shawiana, bengalensis, rubiginosa, ornata, nigripes, tigrina, macrura [wiedii], geoffroyi, guigna.
  • Genus Catus catus, manul, caudata, planiceps, chaus, maniculata [ocreata], pajeros, colocolo, etc.
  • Genus Lynx lynx, caracal, etc.
  • Genus Neofelis nebulosa.
  • Genus [Self-coloured Cats] temmincki, aurata, yaguarondi.

According to Pocock (1917), Trouessart followed Matschie in some respects, but used different names in several cases:

  • Genus Felis.
    • Subgenus Uncia leo, tigris, concolor.
    • Subgenus Leopardus pardus, uncia, onca.
    • Subgenus Zibethailurus viverrina, marmorata, nebulosa, serval, pardalis (Matchie's Galeopardus plus the clouded leopard)
    • Subgenus Oncoides microtis, shawiana, scripta, bengalensis, rubiginosa, ornata, wiedii, tigrina, geoffroyi, guigna (Matchie's Felis, minus nigripes)
    • Subgenus Felis catus, manul, planiceps, libyca [ocreata], nigripes, pajeros, colocolo (Matchie's Catus"" plus nigripes, minus chaus and caudata).
    • Subgenus Catopuma temmincki, badia, aurata, yaguarondi.
  • Genus Lynx
    • Subgenus Lynx
    • Subgenus Cervaria
    • Subgenus Caracal

Pocock

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Pocock brought some order to cat taxonomy in his 1917 work,[8] which also divided the Felidae into three subfamilies based on the structure of the hyoid (extent of ossification) and digits (presence of cutaneous lobe protecting retracted claw):

  • Pantherinae (imperfectly ossified hyoid, cutaneous lobe protecting retracted claw),
  • Felinae (ossified hyoid, cutaneous lobe protecting retracted claw),
  • Acinonychinae (ossified hyoid, no cutaneous lobe).

Pococks genera were assigned as follows:

  • Pantherinae (2 genera)
    • Panthera (lion, tiger, leopard, and jaguar)
    • Uncia (the snow leopard)
  • Acinonychinae (single species)
    • Acinonyx jubatus (cheetah)
  • Felinae (14 genera),
    • Felis, divided into "three three categories":
      • medium-sized cats from Europe, southwest Asia, and Africa (wildcats, "e.g. F. silvestris, ocreata, ornata, and caudata, which are grouped closely round the typical form of the genus, F. catus, and the other domesticated breed, F. torquata");
      • larger species ranging from Burma, through India, parts of central Asia to South Africa ("e.g. F. chaus (subspecies furax etc.) and F. shawiana ... These constitute the genus Chaus of Gray"); and
      • the very small South African species Felis nigripes" (the black-footed cat).
    • Lynx, again divided into three groups:
      • one for the Eurasian, Iberian and Canadian lynxes ("The typical lynxes, comprising L. lynx, pardellus, isabellinus, and canadensis, and probably other species or subspecies");
      • one for the bobcat ("The lynxes of temperate America, L. ruffus, fasciatus, etc."); and
      • one for the caracal (Lynx caracal)
    • Trichaelurus
      • Trichaelurus manul (the manul)
    • Puma
      • Puma concolor (puma)
    • Leptailurus
      • Leptailurus serval (serval)
    • Prionailurus
      • Prionailurus bengalensis (leopard cat)
      • Prionailurus rubiginosus (rusty-spotted cat)
      • "Other known forms that certainly, or probably, fall under Prionailurus have been named javensis, sumatranus, herschelii, chinensis, microtis, and scripta."
    • Pardofelis
      • Pardofelis marmorata (marbled cat)
      • Pardofelis badia (Bornean bay cat)
    • Profelis (the first association of the two golden cat species)
      • Profelis aurata (African golden cat)
      • Profelis temmincki (Asiatic golden cat)
    • Zibethailurus
      • Zibethailurus viverrina (fishing cat; Pocock speculates that this could have been included in Prionailurus)
    • Ictailurus
      • Ictailurus planiceps (flat-headed cat)
    • Neofelis
      • Neofelis nebulosa (clouded leopard)
    • Leopardus ("An uncertain number of species or subspecies referable to two groups typified respectively by pardalis and wiedii (macrura)")
      • Leopardus pardalis (ocelot)
      • Leopardus wiedii (margay)
    • Dendrailurus (pampas cat, which Pocock identifies with the type species of Severtzov's Dendrailurus)
      • "two species, if distinct, namely colocolo and pajeros"
    • Herpailurus (the other small South American cats: the jaguarundi, kodkod, Geoffroy’s cat, and oncilla)
      • Herpailurus yaguarondi (jaguarundi or eyra)
      • Herpailurus geoffroyi (Geoffroy’s cat)
      • Herpailurus guigna (kodkod)
      • Herpailurus pardinoides
      • Herpailurus tigrina (oncilla)

See also: [9][10]

Weigel (1956)

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Weigel (1956) after Salles (1992)

Felidae

Acinonyx jubatus

Felis

Felis chaus

Felis lybica

Felis cafra

Felis silvestris

Felis nigripes

Felis bieti

Felis margarita

Otocolobus manul

Lynx

Lynx lynx

Lynx canadensis

Lynx pardina

Lynx rufus

Caracal caracal

Leptailurus serval

Herpailurus yagouaroundi

Puma concolor

Neofelis nebulosa

Panthera

Panthera tigris

Panthera onca

Panthera leo

Panthera pardus

Uncia uncia

Profelis aurata

Profelis temmincki

Badiofelis badia

Pardofelis marmorata

Prionailurus planiceps

Prionailurus viverrina

Prionailurus bengalensis

Prionailurus rubiginosa

Oreailurus jacobita

Lynchailurus colocolo

Oncifelis

Oncifelis geoffroyi

Oncifelis guigna

Oncifelis tigrina

Leopardus

Leopardus pardalis

Leopardus wiedii


Hemmer (1978)

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Hemmer (1978) after Salles (1992)

Felidae

Acinonyx jubatus

Puma concolor

Herpailurus yajouarundi

Catopuma

Catopuma temminicki

Catopuma tristis

Catopuma badia

Profelis aurata'

Pardofelis marmorata

Neofelis nebulosa

Uncia uncia

Panthera tigris

Panthera onca

Panthera pardus

Panthera leo

Leopardus

Leopardus pardalis (ocelot)

Leopardus wierdii (margay)

Oncifelis

Oncifelis tigrina (oncilla)

Oncifelis geoffroyi (Geoffroy’s cat)

Oncifelis guigna (kodkod)

Lyncailurus colocolo

Oreailurus jacobita

Prionailurus

Prionailurus iriomotenis

Prionailurus planicepes

Prionailurus bengalensis

Prionailurus viverrina

Prionailurus rubiginosa

Felis, Lynxes

Caracal caracal

Leptailurus serval

Lynx

Lynx rufus

Lynx parsina

Lynx canadensis

Lynx lynx

Otocolobus manul

Felis bieti

Felis chaus

Felis margarita

Felis nigripes

Felis silvestris

Felis lybica

Felis ornata

and allies

Herrington (1986)

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Herrington (1986) after Salles (1992)

Felidae
Felis and
Felis

Felis nigripes

Felis cafra

Felis margarita

Felis lybica

Felis silvestris

Felis bieti

Felis chaus

Caracal caracal

Prionailurus rubiginosa

Acinonyx jubatus

Otocolobu manul

Puma concolor

Herpailurus yagouarundi

Prionailurus planiceps

Prionailurus viverrina

Prionailurus bengalenis

Mayailurus iriomotensis

other small cats
Profelis and
Profelis

Profelis aurata

Profelis teminicki

Profelis badia

Leopardus

Leopardus pardalis

Leopardus wiedii

Leopardus tigrina

Leopardus guigna

Leopardus geofroyii

Leopardus jacobita

Leopardus colocolo

Leopardus
Lynxes and

Leptailurus serval

Lynx

Lynx pardina

Lynx rufus

Lynx canadensis

Lynx lynx

pantherines

Neofelis nebulosa

Pardofelis marmorata

Uncia uncia

Panthera

Panthera tigris

Panthera onca

Panthera pardus

Panthera leo

(big cats)
pantherines

Molecular revolution

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Collier & O'Brien (1985)

O'Brien (1996)

Johnson et al (2006)

O'Brien & Johnson (2007)

From Werdelin (2010):

"Recently, two of us (Warren E. Johnson and Stephen J. O’Brien) published a phylogeny of Felidae based on a data set of 22,789 base pairs of DNA, including autosomal, Y-linked, X-linked, and mitochondrial gene segments (Johnson et al. 2006b)."

Current scheme

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Species Lists

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There is no definitive number for the number of cat species, with disagreements on which cats should be counted as species rather than subspecies. The following summarizes consensus and the main differences of opinion.

  • 35 cats are traditionally recognised as species, although no list I have seen has only 35.
  • The 36th species is usually the Chinese desert cat or the domestic cat, which both are otherwise classified as a subspecies of wildcat.
  • The wildcat gets categorised as a single species or several, with the domestic cat being an addition complication
    • One species including the wildcats, domestic cat and Chinese desert cat
    • Two species with domestic cat as a separate species
    • Two species with Chinese desert cat as a separate species
    • Three species:
      • European wildcat
      • Felis lybica: African wildcat including South African and Asiatic wildcats and the domestic cat
      • Chinese desert cat
    • Three species:
      • European wildcat
      • Domestic cat
      • Chinese desert cat
    • Four species (the latest assessment by the IUCN Specialist Cat Group):
      • European wildcat
      • Felis lybica: African wildcat including South African and Asiatic wildcats
      • Domestic cat
      • Chinese desert cat
  • The Pampas cat was described as three species by Garcia-Perez (1994) ...
  • The Iriomote cat was described a disitinct species, although is now generally recognised as a subspecies of leopard cat (Leopardus bengalensis).
  • The oncilla was described as at least two species ...
      • A third or possibly fourth species may be justified...

Recent molecular studies propose some splits;

    • Clouded leopards into two species ... (universally accepted)
      • Neofelis nebulosa
      • Neofelis diardi (Sunda clouded leopard)
    • Leopard cats into two species. (recent support)
      • Prionailurus bengalensis (leopard cat including Irimore leopard cat)
      • Prionailurus javanensis (Sunda leopard cat)
    • Tiger into three species ... (generally ignored)


Wozencraft (1993)/ Mammal species of the world (2nd ed.)

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Wozencraft, W.C. 1993. Order Carnivora. Pp. 286-346 in D.E. Wilson and D.M. Reeder, eds. Mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference (Second edition). Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington D.C. and London.[11]


The Wild Cats: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan (eds K. Nowell & P. Jackson). IUCN, Gland, Swizterland, 1996, 383pp.

  • Family Felidae G. Fischer, 1817
    • Subfamily Acinonychinae Pocock, 1917
      • Acinonyx Brookes, 1828
        • Acinonyx jubatus Schreber, 1776 [Cheetah]
    • Subfamily Felinae Fischer, 1817
      • Caracal
        • Caracal caracal (Schreber, 1776) [Caracal]
      • Catopuma Severtzov, 1858
        • Catopuma badia (Gray, 1874) [Bornean bay cat]
        • Catopuma temmincki* (Vigors and Horsfield, 1827) [Asiatic golden cat]
      • Felis
        • Felis bieti Milne-Edwards, 1892 [Chinese mountain (desert) cat]
        • Felis chaus Schreber, 1777 [Jungle cat]
        • Felis margarita Loche, 1858 [Sand cat]
        • Felis nigripes Burchell, 1824 [Black-footed cat]
        • Felis silvestris Schreber, 1775 [Wildcat of Africa and Eurasia]
      • Herpailurus
        • Herpailurus yaguarondi Lacepede, 1809 [Jaguarundi]
      • Leopardus Gray, 1842
        • Leopardus pardalis (Linnaeus, 1758) [Ocelot]
        • Leopardus tigrinus (Schreber, 1775) [Oncilla, Little tiger cat]
        • Leopardus wiedi* (Schinz, 1821) [Margay]
      • Leptailurus Severtzov, 1858
        • Leptailurus serval (Schreber, 1776) [Serval]
      • Lynx Kerr, 1792
        • Lynx canadensis Kerr, 1792 [Canada lynx]
        • Lynx lynx (Linnaeus, 1758) [Eurasian lynx]
        • Lynx pardinus (Temminck, 1824) [Iberian lynx]
        • Lynx rufus (Schreber, 1776) [Bobcat]
      • Oncifelis Severtzov, 1858
        • Oncifelis colocolo (Molina, 1782) [Pampas cat]
        • Oncifelis geoffroyi (d'Orbigny and Gervais, 1844) [Geoffroy’s cat]
        • Oncifelis guigna (Molina, 1782) [Kodkod]
      • Oreailurus Cabrera, 1940
        • Oreailurus jacobitus* (Cornalia, 1865) [Andean mountain cat]
      • Otocolobus Brandt, 1842
        • Otocolobus manul (Pallas, 1776) [Pallas’s cat]
      • Prionaiiurus Severtzov, 1858
        • Prionaiiurus bengalensis (Kerr, 1792) [Leopard cat]
        • Prionaiiurus planiceps (Vigors and Worsfield, 1827) [Flat-headed cat]
        • Prionaiiurus rubiginosus (I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1831) [Rusty-spotted cat]
        • Prionaiiurus viverrinus (Bennett, 1833) [Fishing cat]
      • Profelis Severtzov 1858.
        • Profelis aurata (Temminck, 1827) [African golden cat]
      • Puma Jardine, 1834.
        • Puma concolor (Linnaeus 1771) [Puma, Cougar, or Mountain lion]
    • Subfamily Pantherinae Pocock 1917
      • Neofelis Gray, 1867
        • Neofelis nebulosa (Griffith, 1821) [Clouded leopard]
      • Panthera Oken, 1816.
        • Panthera leo (Linnaeus, 1758) [Lion]
        • Panthera onca (Linnaeus, 1758) [Jaguar]
        • Panthera pardus (Linnaeus, 1758) [Leopard]
        • Panthera tigris (Linnaeus, 1758) [Tiger]
      • Pardofelis Severtzov, 1858
        • Pardofelis marmorata Martin, 1837 [Marbled cat]
      • Uncia Gray 1854
        • Uncia uncia (Schreber, 1758) [Snow leopard]
  • jacobita, wiedii, and temminckii in Wozencraft (1993) amended to jacobitus, wiedi, and temmincki in accordance with the 1985 International Code of Zoological Nomenclature Article 31a mandating that patronymic species names follow the rules of Latin grammar.

Note: Brackets round the name of the authority indicate that the genus has been changed since first publication by that authority.

Wozencraft (2005) in Mammal species of the world (3rd ed.)

[edit]

Wozencraft (2005)[12] in Wilson & Reeder's Mammal species of the world (3rd ed.):[2]

  • Family Felidae [1]
    • Subfamily Pantherinae (6 species)[13]
      • Neofelis [14]
        • Neofelis nebulosa (clouded leopard) [15]
      • Panthera [16]
        • Panthera leo (lion) [17]
        • Panthera onca (jaguar) [18]
        • Panthera pardus (leopard) [19]
        • Panthera tigris (tiger) [20]
      • Uncia [21]
        • Uncia uncia (snow leopard) [22]
    • Subfamily Felinae (34 species)[23]
      • Catopuma [24]
        • Catopuma badia (Bornea bay cat)
        • Catopuma temminckii (Asiatic golden cat)
      • Pardofelis [25]
        • Pardofelis marmorata (marbled cat)
      • Caracal [26]
        • Caracal caracal (caracal)
      • Leptailurus [27]
        • Leptailurus serval (serval)
      • Profelis [28]
        • Profelis aurata (African golden cat)
      • Leopardus [29]
        • Leopardus braccatus (Pantanal Cat)
        • Leopardus colocolo (colocolo)
        • Leopardus geoffroyi (Geoffroy's cat)
        • Leopardus guigna (guigna or kodkod)
        • Leopardus jacobitus (Andean mountain cat)
        • Leopardus pajeros (Pampas cat)
        • Leopardus pardalis (ocelot)
        • Leopardus tigrinus (oncilla)
        • Leopardus wiedii (margay)
      • Lynx [30]
        • Lynx canadensis (Canadian lynx)
        • Lynx lynx (Eurasian lynx)
        • Lynx pardinus (Iberian lynx)
        • Lynx rufus (bobcat)
      • Acinonyx [31]
        • Acinonyx jubatus (cheetah)
      • Puma [32]
        • Puma concolor (puma, cougar, or mountain lion)
        • Puma yagouaroundi (jaguarundi)
      • Prionailurus [33]
        • Prionailurus bengalensis (leopard cat)
        • Prionailurus iriomotensis (Iriomote cat) [subspecies of P. bengalensis]
        • Prionailurus planiceps (flat-headed cat)
        • Prionailurus rubiginosus (rusty-spotted cat)
        • Prionailurus viverrinus (fishing cat)
      • Felis [34]
        • Felis bieti (Chinese mountain cat)
        • Felis catus (domestic cat)
        • Felis chaus (jungle cat)
        • Felis manul (Pallas' cat) [Otocolobus manul]
        • Felis margarita (sand cat)
        • Felis nigripes (black-footed cat)
        • Felis silvestris (wildcat)

References

  1. ^ a b Wozencraft, W. C. (2005). "Family Felidae". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 532. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  2. ^ a b Wilson, Don E.; Reeder, DeeAnn M. (editors) (2005). Mammal Species of the World — A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (Print) (Third ed.). Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press/Bucknell University. pp. 2, 142. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. Retrieved October 21, 2014. {{cite book}}: |first2= has generic name (help)
  3. ^ Cite error: The named reference IUCN was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  4. ^ Cite error: The named reference catsg was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  5. ^ Anthea Gentry; Juliet Clutton-Brock; Colin P. Groves (2004). "The naming of wild animal species and their domestic derivatives". Journal of Archaeological Science. 31: 645–651. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2003.10.006.
  6. ^ Severtzow, M. N. (1858). "Notice sur la classification multisériale des Carnivores, spécialement des Félidés, et les études de zoologie générale qui s'y rattachent". Revue et Magasin de Zoologie Pure et Appliquée. 2e Série, T. X Séptembre 1858: 385–396.
  7. ^ Severtzow, M. N. (1858). Notice sur la classification multisériale des Carnivores, spécialement des Félidés, et les études de zoologie générale qui s'y rattachent. Revue et Magasin de Zoologie Pure et Appliquée 2e Série, T. X Séptembre 1858: 385–396.
  8. ^ R. I. Pocock, F.R.S. (1917). "The Classification of existing Felidae". The Annals and magazine of natural history. Vol. 8th ser. v. 20. pp. 329–350.
  9. ^ Pocock, R. I. (1939). "Genus Prionailurus Severtzow". The fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Mammalia. – Volume 1. London: Taylor and Francis. pp. 265–284.
  10. ^ Pocock, R. I. (1951). Catalogue of the Genus Felis.
  11. ^ Wozencraft, W.C. 1993. Order Carnivora. Pp. 286-346 in D.E. Wilson and D.M. Reeder, eds. Mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference (Second edition). Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington D.C. and London.
  12. ^ Wozencraft, W. C. (2005). "Order Carnivora". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 546. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  13. ^ Wozencraft, W. C. (2005). "Subfamily Pantherinae". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 545. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  14. ^ Wozencraft, W. C. (2005). "Genus Neofelis". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 545. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  15. ^ Wozencraft, W. C. (2005). "Neofelis nebulosa". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 546. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  16. ^ Wozencraft, W. C. (2005). "Genus Panthera". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 546. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  17. ^ Wozencraft, W. C. (2005). "Panthera leo". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 546. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  18. ^ Wozencraft, W. C. (2005). "Panthera onca". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 546. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  19. ^ Wozencraft, W. C. (2005). "Panthera pardus". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 547. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  20. ^ Wozencraft, W. C. (2005). "Panthera tigris". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 548. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  21. ^ Wozencraft, W. C. (2005). "Genus Uncia". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 548. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  22. ^ Wozencraft, W. C. (2005). "Uncia uncia". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 548. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  23. ^ Wozencraft, W. C. (2005). "Subfamily Felinae". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 532. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  24. ^ Wozencraft, W. C. (2005). "Genus Catopuma". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 533. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  25. ^ Wozencraft, W. C. (2005). "Genus Pardofelis". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 542. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  26. ^ Wozencraft, W. C. (2005). "Genus Caracal". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 533. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  27. ^ Wozencraft, W. C. (2005). "Genus Leptailurus". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 540. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  28. ^ Wozencraft, W. C. (2005). "Genus Profelis". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 544. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  29. ^ Wozencraft, W. C. (2005). "Genus Leopardus". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 537. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  30. ^ Wozencraft, W. C. (2005). "Genus Lynx". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 541. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  31. ^ Wozencraft, W. C. (2005). "Genus Acinonyx". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 532. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  32. ^ Wozencraft, W. C. (2005). "Genus Puma". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 544. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  33. ^ Wozencraft, W. C. (2005). "Genus Prionailurus". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 542. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  34. ^ Wozencraft, W. C. (2005). "Genus Felis". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 534. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.

IUCN Red List

[edit]

38 species specified by the IUCN red list.[1] The same 38 species are used in Luke Hunters Wild Cats of the World (2015).[2]

References

  1. ^ "Family Felidae". IUCN Red List. IUCN. Retrieved April 27, 2017.
  2. ^ Hunter, Luke (2015). Wild Cats of the World. Bloomsbury Natural History. p. 240. ISBN 9781472912190.
  3. ^ "Panthera leo". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T15951A107265605. 2016. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T15951A107265605.en. Retrieved 26 April 2017. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  4. ^ "Panthera onca". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008: e.T15953A5327466. 2008. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T15953A5327466.en. Retrieved 26 April 2017. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  5. ^ "Panthera pardus". (errata version published in 2016) The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T15954A102421779. 2016. Retrieved 26 April 2017. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  6. ^ "Panthera tigris". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T15955A50659951. 2015. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T15955A50659951.en. Retrieved 26 April 2017. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  7. ^ "Panthera uncia". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008: e.T22732A9381126. 2008. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T22732A9381126.en. Retrieved 26 April 2017. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  8. ^ "Neofelis diardi". (errata version published in 2016) The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T136603A97212874. 2015. Retrieved 26 April 2017. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  9. ^ "Neofelis nebulosa". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T14519A97215090. 2016. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T14519A97215090.en. Retrieved 26 April 2017. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  10. ^ "Catopuma badia". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T4037A50650716. 2016. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T4037A50650716.en. Retrieved 26 April 2017. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  11. ^ "Catopuma temminckii". (errata version published in 2016) The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T4038A97165437. 2015. Retrieved 26 April 2017. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  12. ^ "Pardofelis marmorata". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T16218A97164299. 2016. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T16218A97164299.en. Retrieved 26 April 2017. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  13. ^ "Caracal aurata". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T18306A50663128. 2015. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T18306A50663128.en. Retrieved 26 April 2017. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  14. ^ "Caracal caracal" [errata version published in 2016]. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T3847A102424310. 2016. Retrieved 26 April 2017. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  15. ^ "Leptailurus serval". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T11638A50654625. 2015. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T11638A50654625.en. Retrieved 26 April 2017. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  16. ^ "Leopardus colocolo". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T15309A97204446. 2016. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T15309A97204446.en. Retrieved 26 April 2017. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  17. ^ "Leopardus geoffroyi". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T15310A50657011. 2015. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T15310A50657011.en. Retrieved 26 April 2017. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  18. ^ "Leopardus guigna". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T15311A50657245. 2015. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T15311A50657245.en. Retrieved 26 April 2017. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  19. ^ "Leopardus guttulus". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T54010476A54010576. 2016. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T54010476A54010576.en. Retrieved 26 April 2017. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  20. ^ "Leopardus jacobita". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T15452A50657407. 2016. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T15452A50657407.en. Retrieved 26 April 2017. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  21. ^ "Leopardus pardalis". (errata version published in 2016) The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T11509A97212355. 2015. Retrieved 26 April 2017. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  22. ^ "Leopardus tigrinus". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T54012637A50653881. 2016. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T54012637A50653881.en. Retrieved 26 April 2017. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  23. ^ "Leopardus wiedii". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T11511A50654216. 2015. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T11511A50654216.en. Retrieved 26 April 2017. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  24. ^ "Lynx canadensis". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T12518A101138963. 2016. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T12518A101138963.en. Retrieved 26 April 2017. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  25. ^ "Lynx lynx". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T12519A50655266. 2015. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T12519A50655266.en. Retrieved 26 April 2017. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  26. ^ "Lynx pardinus". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T12520A50655794. 2015. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T12520A50655794.en. Retrieved 26 April 2017. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  27. ^ "Lynx rufus". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T12521A50655874. 2016. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T12521A50655874.en. Retrieved 26 April 2017. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  28. ^ "Puma concolor". (errata version published in 2016) The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T18868A97216466. 2015. Retrieved 26 April 2017. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  29. ^ "Herpailurus yagouaroundi". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T9948A50653167. 2015. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T9948A50653167.en. Retrieved 26 April 2017. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  30. ^ "Acinonyx jubatus". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T219A50649567. 2015. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T219A50649567.en. Retrieved 26 April 2017. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  31. ^ "Prionailurus bengalensis". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T18146A50661611. 2015. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T18146A50661611.en. Retrieved 26 April 2017. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  32. ^ "Prionailurus bengalensis iriomotensis" [errata version published in 2016)]. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T18151A97215980. 2015. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T18151A50663049.en. Retrieved 25 July 2017. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  33. ^ "Prionailurus planiceps". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T18148A50662095. 2015. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T18148A50662095.en. Retrieved 26 April 2017. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  34. ^ "Prionailurus rubiginosus". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T18149A50662471. 2016. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T18149A50662471.en. Retrieved 26 April 2017. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  35. ^ "Prionailurus viverrinus". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T18150A50662615. 2016. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T18150A50662615.en. Retrieved 26 April 2017. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  36. ^ "Otocolobus manul". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T15640A87840229. 2016. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T15640A87840229.en. Retrieved 26 April 2017. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  37. ^ "Felis bieti". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T8539A50651398. 2015. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T8539A50651398.en. Retrieved 26 April 2017. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  38. ^ "Felis chaus". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T8540A50651463. 2016. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T8540A50651463.en. Retrieved 26 April 2017. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  39. ^ "Felis margarita". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T8541A50651884. 2016. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T8541A50651884.en. Retrieved 26 April 2017. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  40. ^ "Felis nigripes". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T8542A50652196. 2016. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T8542A50652196.en. Retrieved 26 April 2017. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  41. ^ "Felis silvestris". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T60354712A50652361. 2015. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T60354712A50652361.en. Retrieved 26 April 2017. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)

IUCN Cat Specialist Group

[edit]

Links to the 'IUCN Cat Specialist Group[1][2] species assessment pages for the 38 felid species specified by the IUCN red list.[3] The pages contain a general description of the cat species and its subspecies, an account of its habitat, ecology and behaviour, and an assessment of its current distribution, status as a threaten species and conservation efforts.

References

  1. ^ "IUCN Cat Specialist Group". www.catsg.org. Retrieved 29 April 2017.
  2. ^ "A revised taxonomy of the Felidae. The final report of the Cat Classification Task Force of the IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Group" (PDF). Cat News. Special Issue 11: 80 pp. 2017. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  3. ^ Cite error: The named reference IUCN was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  4. ^ "African lion". www.catsg.org. Retrieved 29 April 2017. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  5. ^ "Asiatic lion". www.catsg.org. Retrieved 29 April 2017. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  6. ^ "Jaguar". www.catsg.org. Retrieved 29 April 2017. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  7. ^ "Leopard (Africa)". www.catsg.org. Retrieved 29 April 2017. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  8. ^ "Leopard (Asia)". www.catsg.org. Retrieved 29 April 2017. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  9. ^ "Indian leopard (Panthera pardus fusca)". www.catsg.org. Retrieved 17 November 2019. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  10. ^ "Perisan leopard (Panthera pardus tulliana)". www.catsg.org. Retrieved 17 November 2019. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  11. ^ "Arabian leopard (Panthera pardus nimr)". www.catsg.org. Retrieved 17 November 2019. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  12. ^ "Javan leopard (Panthera pardus melas)". www.catsg.org. Retrieved 17 November 2019. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  13. ^ "Sri Lankan leopard (Panthera pardus kotiya)". www.catsg.org. Retrieved 17 November 2019. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  14. ^ "Amur leopard (Panthera pardus orientalis)". www.catsg.org. Retrieved 17 November 2019. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  15. ^ "Tiger". www.catsg.org. Retrieved 29 April 2017. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  16. ^ "Bengal tiger (P. t. tigris)". www.catsg.org. Retrieved 17 November 2019. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  17. ^ "Northern Indochinese tiger (P. t. corbetti)". www.catsg.org. Retrieved 17 November 2019. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  18. ^ "South China tiger (P. t. amoyensis)". www.catsg.org. Retrieved 17 November 2019. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  19. ^ "Amur tiger (P. t. altaica)". www.catsg.org. Retrieved 17 November 2019. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  20. ^ "Sumatran tiger (P. t. sumatrae)". www.catsg.org. Retrieved 17 November 2019. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  21. ^ "Caspian tiger (P. t. virgata)". www.catsg.org. Retrieved 17 November 2019. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  22. ^ "Javan tiger (P. t. sondaica)". www.catsg.org. Retrieved 17 November 2019. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  23. ^ "Bali tiger (P. t. balica)". www.catsg.org. Retrieved 17 November 2019. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  24. ^ "Malayan tiger (P. t. jacksoni)". www.catsg.org. Retrieved 17 November 2019. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  25. ^ "Snow leopard". www.catsg.org. Retrieved 29 April 2017. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  26. ^ "Sunda clouded leopard". www.catsg.org. Retrieved 29 April 2017. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  27. ^ "Mainland clouded leopard". www.catsg.org. Retrieved 29 April 2017. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  28. ^ "Borneo bay cat". www.catsg.org. Retrieved 29 April 2017. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  29. ^ "Asiatic golden cat". www.catsg.org. Retrieved 29 April 2017. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  30. ^ "Marbled cat". www.catsg.org. Retrieved 29 April 2017. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  31. ^ "African golden cat". www.catsg.org. Retrieved 29 April 2017. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  32. ^ "Caracal (Africa)". www.catsg.org. Retrieved 29 April 2017. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  33. ^ "Caracal (Asia)". www.catsg.org. Retrieved 29 April 2017. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  34. ^ "Serval". www.catsg.org. Retrieved 29 April 2017. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  35. ^ "Pampas cat". www.catsg.org. Retrieved 29 April 2017. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  36. ^ "Geoffroy's cat". www.catsg.org. Retrieved 29 April 2017. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  37. ^ "Guiña". www.catsg.org. Retrieved 29 April 2017. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  38. ^ "Southern tiger cat". www.catsg.org. Retrieved 29 April 2017. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  39. ^ "Andean". www.catsg.org. Retrieved 29 April 2017. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  40. ^ "Ocelot". www.catsg.org. Retrieved 29 April 2017. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  41. ^ "Northern tiger cat". www.catsg.org. Retrieved 29 April 2017. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  42. ^ "Margay". www.catsg.org. Retrieved 29 April 2017. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  43. ^ "Canada lynx". www.catsg.org. Retrieved 29 April 2017. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  44. ^ "Eurasian lynx". www.catsg.org. Retrieved 29 April 2017. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  45. ^ "Iberian lynx". www.catsg.org. Retrieved 29 April 2017. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  46. ^ "Bobcat". www.catsg.org. Retrieved 29 April 2017. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  47. ^ "Puma". www.catsg.org. Retrieved 29 April 2017. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  48. ^ "Jaguarundi". www.catsg.org. Retrieved 29 April 2017. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  49. ^ "Cheetah (Africa)". www.catsg.org. Retrieved 29 April 2017. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  50. ^ "Asiatic cheetah". www.catsg.org. Retrieved 29 April 2017. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  51. ^ "Leopard cat". www.catsg.org. Retrieved 29 April 2017. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  52. ^ "Flat-headed cat". www.catsg.org. Retrieved 29 April 2017. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  53. ^ "Rusty-spotted cat". www.catsg.org. Retrieved 29 April 2017. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  54. ^ "Fishing cat". www.catsg.org. Retrieved 29 April 2017. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  55. ^ "Pallas's cat". www.catsg.org. Retrieved 29 April 2017. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  56. ^ "Chinese mountain cat". www.catsg.org. Retrieved 29 April 2017. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  57. ^ "Jungle cat". www.catsg.org. Retrieved 29 April 2017. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  58. ^ "Sand cat (Africa)". www.catsg.org. Retrieved 29 April 2017. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  59. ^ "Sand cat (Asia)". www.catsg.org. Retrieved 29 April 2017. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  60. ^ "Black-footed cat". www.catsg.org. Retrieved 29 April 2017. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  61. ^ "European wildcat". www.catsg.org. Retrieved 29 April 2017. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  62. ^ "African wildcat". www.catsg.org. Retrieved 29 April 2017. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  63. ^ "Asiatic wildcat". www.catsg.org. Retrieved 29 April 2017. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)

How many living cats are there?

[edit]

Wildcat

[edit]

One species or five?

  • Felis silvestris (wildcat): all wildcats as one species[citation needed][1][2][3][4][5], with the following subspecies: F. s. silvestric (European wildcat), F. s. lybica (African wildcat), F. s. cafra (Cape wildcat), F. s. ornata (Asiatic wildcat), F. s. bieti (Chinese mountain cat), and F. s. catus (domestic cat).
  • Felis bieti (Chinese mountain cat): generally considered a separate species[1][2][3][4][5], but sometimes included as subspecies of Felis silvestris.[citation needed][6]
  • Felis lybica (African wildcat), including F. s. cafra (Cape wildcat), F. s. ornata (Asiatic wildcat),[citation needed] but generally now included as subspecies of Felis silvestris.[1][2][3][4][5]
  • Felis ornata (Asiatic wildcat),[citation needed] but generally now included as subspecies of Felis silvestris.[1][2][3][4][5]
  • Felis catus (domestic cat): often included as a separate species in the past,[citation needed] but most analyses include the cat in Felis silvestris lybica or Felis lybica, from which it originated.[1][2][3][4][5]

Nowadays there is general consensus for two species: Felis silvestris (wildcat) and Felis bieti (Chinese mountain cat)[1][2][3][4][5]

Clouded leopard

[edit]

South American small spotted cats

[edit]

Pampas cat

[edit]

The colocolo (Leopardus colocolo) is a small spotted and striped cat native to the west Andean slope in central and northern Chile.[7] Until recently, it included the more widespread Pampas cat (L. pajeros) and Pantanal cat (L. braccatus),[8] and some maintain these as subspecies of the colocolo.[9][10] Confusingly, when these are treated as subspecies of the colocolo, the "combined" species is sometimes referred to as the Pampas cat.[11]

[The Pampas cat] has traditionally been included in the colocolo (L. colocolo), but was split primarily based on differences in pelage colour/pattern and cranial measurements.[12] The split is not supported by genetic work,[13][14] leading some authorities to maintain it as a subspecies of the colocolo.[9][10] Confusingly, when the colocolo includes the Pampas cat and Pantanal cat as subspecies, the "combined" species is sometimes referred to as the Pampas cat.[15]

The Pantanal cat (Leopardus braccatus) is a small cat native to tropical South America. It is named after the Pantanal wetlands in central South America, but mainly inhabits grassland, shrubland, savannas and deciduous forests. It has traditionally been treated as a subspecies of the larger colocolo, but was split primarily based on differences in pelage colour/pattern and cranial measurements.[7] This split is not supported by genetic work.[13][14]

It is considered a subspecies of L. colocolo by IUCN assessors.[9] Others regard it as "likely [a] distinct species".[10] The validity of the genetic work has been questioned.[16]

Tiger cat

[edit]

Asian small spotted cats

[edit]

Proposed Sunda division for Leopard cat and marbled cat

[edit]

Iriomote cat

[edit]

From Masuda & (1995):

The Iriomote cat was discovered in 1960, and classified as a new species Mayailurus iriomotensis, based on peculiar cranial characters: the ventral border of paroccipital process separated from the auditory bulla; the oval disc on basisphenoid and basioccipital region; the postero-external corner of the third upper premolar evenly rounded without cingulum cusp [12]. In addition, this wildcat has a shorter tail, longer body, and shorter legs than the southern Asian leopard cat Felis (or Prionailurus) bengalensis Kerr, 1792 [16]. The Iriomote cat is brown and covered with dark spots, while the typical leopard cat is yellowish with many black spots [16]. Although subsequent taxonomists [7, 21, 26] disagreed to recognizing the new genus Mayailurus, they considered the Iriomote cat as a valid species Felis (or Prionailurus) iriomotensis. By contrast, Glass and Todd [5] reported that the Iriomote cat's key characters showed by Imaizumi [12] are polymorphic in the leopard cat, and Wozencraft [34] considered the Iriomote cat as a synonym of the leopard cat. To clarify the taxonomic problem, we previously examined molecular phylogeny of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences on the Iriomote cat and other feline species, and revealed that this cat is most closely related to the leopard cat in the family Felidae [24]. Suzuki et al. [33] reported no difference in restriction sites of nuclear ribosomal DNA between the Iriomote cat and the leopard cat. The close relationship between these two wildcats revealed by molecular analyses was in agreement with the similarity showed by karyological analysis [35].

[12] Imaizumi, Y. 1967. A new genus and species of cat from Iriomote, Ryukyu Islands. J Mamm Soc Japan 3:75–108. [24] Masuda, R., M. C. Yoshida, F. Shinyashiki, and G. Bando. 1994. Molecular phylogenetic status of the Iriomote cat Felis iriomotensis, inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequence analysis. Zool Sci 11:597–604. [33] Suzuki, H., T. Hosoda, S. Sakurai, K. Tsuchiya, I. Munechika, and V. P. Korablev. 1994. Phylogenetic relationship between the Iriomote cat and the leopard cat, Felis bengalensis, based on the ribosomal DNA. Jpn J Genet 69:397–406. [35] Wurster-Hill, D. H., T. Doi, M. Izawa, and Y. Ono. 1987. Banded chromosome study of the Iriomote cat. J Hered 78:105–107

Extinct cats and relatives

[edit]

From Werdelin (2010):

"Though previously included in the Felidae (Matthew 1910; Piveteau 1961), the former, Nimravidae, is now known to be diphyletic.

  • Its Paleogene (65.5–23.0 million years ago [Ma]; Gradstein et al. 2004) members form a basal clade within either Feliformia or Carnivora as a whole (Neff 1983; Hunt 1987; Morlo et al. 2004),
  • while its Neogene (23.0 Ma—recent) members are placed in a separate family, Barbourofelidae, with affinities to Felidae (see below). "


Cats on wikipedia

[edit]
Picture Common Name Binomial Name Subspecies and other pages Distribution Map Habitat Home Behavior Diet Breeding Season Gestation /Incubation Litter /Clutch Weaning Sexual Maturity Lifespan IUCN Status
African Golden Cat Profelis aurata C. a. aurata
C. a. celidogaster
central Africa tropical rainforest, cloud forest, bamboo forests, high moorland habitats solitary; normally crepuscular or nocturnal mostly rodents; birds, small monkeys, small ungulates around 75 days 1-2 6-8 weeks males, 18 months; females, 11 months up to 12 years in capitivity near threatened
Andean Mountain Cat Leopardus jacobita no subspecies eastern South America montane and mountain mostly mountain viscachas possibly July and August, but could also extend through to December 1-2 endangered
Asian Golden Cat Catopuma temminckii C. t. temminckii
C. t. moormensis
southeastern Asia, Sumatra, and Malaysia dry deciduous, subtropical evergreen, tropical rainforests, grasslands territorial and solitary ungulates, birds, hares, rodents, reptiles 78-80 days 1-3 between 18 and 24 months up to 20 years in captivity near threatened
Bay Cat Catopuma badia no subspecies Borneo dense tropical, swamp, and dipterocarp forest endangered
Black-footed Cat Felis nigripes no subspecies southern Africa open savanna, grassland, and Karoo semi-desert with shrub and tree cover rests in dense cover and abandoned burrows solitary and strictly nocturnal rodents, small birds, bustards, cape hare 63 to 68 days 1-4; usually 2 2 months after 8 to 12 months for females 10 years in captivity vulnerable
Bobcat Lynx rufus L. r. rufus
L. r. fascatius
southern Canada, northern Mexico, widespread throughout the United States deciduous and coniferous woodlands, swamps, desert lands, rugged mountain areas typically 6 or 8 years; longest: 16 years in wild and 32 years in captivity least concern
Canada Lynx Lynx canadensis no subspecies almost all of Alaska and Canada; northwestern United States forest up to 14 years in captivity least concern
Caracal Caracal caracal C. c. caracal
C. c. nubicus
C. c. schmitzi
north, central, and south Africa; Arabia, and southwestern Asia semi-desert, savanna, scrubland, moist woodland, forests up to 16 years in captivity least concern
Cheetah Acinonyx jubatus A. j. jubatus
A. j. hecki
A. j. soemmeringii
A. j. venaticus
central Africa; widespread throughout southern Africa grasslands, savannas, dense vegetated areas, mountainous terrain, semi-desert, prairie, thick brush up to 12 years in wild; up to 20 years in captivity vulnerable
Chinese Mountain Cat Felis bieti no subspecies north China; limited to the Tibetan Plateau's eastern edge grassland, alpine meadow, alpine scrubland, coniferous forest vulnerable
Clouded Leopard Neofelis nebulosa no subspecies south Asia dry tropical forest, mixed-evergreen forest average 11 years in captivity vulnerable
Cougar Puma concolor P. c. concolor
P. c. couguar
widespread throughout South America, and North America of mostly western states virtually every habitat type in the wild, probably averages 8 to 10 years; up to 20 years in captivity least concern
Eurasian Lynx Lynx lynx L. l. lynx
L. l. balcanicus
L. l. carpathicus
L. l. dinniki
L. l. isabellinus
L. l. wrangeli
almost all of Russia (mostly Siberia), central Asia, small portion in Europe forest up to 21 years in captivity least concern
Fishing Cat Prionailurus viverrinus P. v. viverrinus
P. v. rhizophoreus
south Asia, Java, Vietnam, and Peninsular Malaysia wetlands, swampy and marshy areas up to 10 years in captivity endangered
Flat-headed Cat Prionailurus planiceps no subspecies southern Asia and Sumatra lowland tropical rainforests; near freshwater; primary and secondary forest up to 14 years in captivity endangered
Geoffroy's Cat Leopardus geoffroyi no susbpecies widespread throughout southern South America woodland, scrubland, grassland, marshy areas up to 14 years in captivity near threatened
Iberian Lynx Lynx pardinus no subspecies now restricted to small parts of southern Spain; (2003 map on table) now restricted to mountainous areas; few in lowland forest or dense maquis shrubland maximum 13 years in the wild critically endangered
Jaguar Panthera onca no extant subspecies
European jaguar
widespread throughout South America, Mexico, and Central America rain forest; seasonally flooded wetlands; dry grassland; dense forest in the wild, estimated 12-15 years; in captivity, up to 23 years near threatened
Jaguarundi Puma yagouaroundi no subspecies widspread throughout South America and Central America; and southern Mexico and Texas lowland brush areas; dry thorn forest; wet grassland; occasionally dense tropical areas up to 10 years in captivity least concern
Jungle Cat Felis chaus F. c. chaus
F. c. affinis
F. c. fulvidina
western and southern Asia, Sri Lanka, and Egypt savannas, tropical dry forests, reedbeds median 10-12 years in captivity; up to 20 years in wild least concern
Kodkod Leopardus guigna L. g. guigna
L. g. tigrillo
eastern Chile and Argentina temperate rainforest, moist and coniferous forests, sclerophyllous scrub may live up to 11 years vulnerable
Leopard Panthera pardus widspread throughout southern Africa and southern Asia, and a little bit of Indonesia temperate and riverene forests, woodlands, grasslands, savanna, and rainforests up to 21 years in captivity near threatened
Leopard Cat Prionailurus bengalensis P. b. bengalensis (includes Iriomote cat and Visayan leopard cat)
P. b. euptilurus
widespread through southern and southeast Asia tropical evergreen rainforests and subtropical deciduous and coniferous forests in the Himalayas up to 13 years in captivity least concern
Sunda Leopard Cat Prionailurus javanensis P. j. javanensis
P. j. borneoensis
P. j. heaneyi
P. j. rabori
P. j. sumatranus
widespread in Indonesia tropical evergreen rainforests and subtropical deciduous and coniferous forests in the Himalayas up to 13 years in captivity n/a
Lion Panthera leo P. l. abyssinica

P. l. azandica
P. l. bleyenberghi
P. l. kamptzi
P. l. krugeri
P. l. nubica
P. l. persica
P. l. senegalensis
P. l. somaliensis
P. l. leo
P. l. atrox
P. l. europaea
P. l. melanochaita
P. l. sinhaleyus
P. l. spelaea
P. l. vereshchagini

widespread throughout Africa, southern Asia savanna grassland, savanna and scrub forest 10-14 in wild; 20+ in captivity vulnerable
Marbled Cat Pardofelis marmorata P. m. marmorata
P. m. longicaudata
south Asia, Sumatra, and Borneo deciduous-evergreen tropical forest up to 12 years in captivity vulnerable
Margay Leopardus wiedii L. w. wiedii
L. w. glauculus
L. w. vigens
all through Central America, southern and coasts of Mexico, and widespread throughout north and central South America tropical evergreen and and tropical dry forests and high cloud forest up to 24 years in captivity near threatened
Ocelot Leopardus pardalis L. p. pardalis
L. p. mitis
northern and central South America, Mexico, and Central America forests, mangrove swamps, and savanna up to 20 years in captivity least concern
Oncilla
(northern tiger cat, tigrillo)
Leopardus tigrinus L. t. tigrinus
L. t. oncilla
from Central America to central Brazil montane forest 11-17 years in wild vulnerable
Southern tiger cat Leopardus tigrinus no susbpecies southern Brazil, Paraguay and Argentina montane forest 11-17 years in wild vulnerable
Pallas's Cat Otocolobus manul O. m. manul
O. m. nigripectus
widespread throughout central Asia steppe up to 11 years in captivity near threatened
Pampas Cat
(as single species)
Leopardus colocola L. c. colocola
L. c. braccatus
L. c. munoai
L. c. budini
L. c. garleppi
L. c. pajeros
L. c. wolffsohni
eastern, central, and southern South America grassland, mesophytic and dry forest, scrubland, paramo near threatened
Pampas Cat
(restricted species)
Leopardus pajeros (if species) L. p. pajeros
L. p. budini
L. p. garleppi
eastern, central, and southern South America grassland, mesophytic and dry forest, scrubland, paramo near threatened
Pantanal Cat Leopardus braccatus
(if species)
L. b. braccatus
L. b. munoai
central South America open grassland, dense forest, wetland not evalutated
Colocolo Leopardus colocolo (if species) L. c. colocola
L. c. wolffsohni
easten, central, and southern South America subtropical and xerophytic forest, shrubland, and paramo between 9 and 15 years not recognized
Rusty-spotted Cat Prionailurus rubiginosus P. r. rubiginosus
P. r. koladivius
P. r. phillipsi
widespread throughout India and Sri Lanka mainly mosit and dry deciduous forests; scrub and grassland 12 years in captivity vulnerable
Sand Cat Felis margarita F. m. margarita
F. m. thinobia
north Africa; southwest and central Asia desert up to 13 years in captivity near threatened
Serval Leptailurus serval L. s. serval
L. s. constantina
L. s. lipostictus
across central Africa and middle of south Africa mainly savanna; mountainous areas for melanistics 10 years in wild; up to 20 years in captivity least concern
Snow Leopard Uncia uncia no subspecies central Asia mountains normally 15-18 years; in captivity, up to 21 years endangered
Sunda Clouded Leopard Neofelis diardi N. d. diardi
N. d. borneensis
Borneo and Sumatra lowland rainforest and montane vulnerable
Tiger Panthera tigris P. t. altaica

P. t. amoyensis
P. t. corbetti
P. t. jacksoni
P. t. sumatrae
P. t. tigris
P. t. acutidens
P. t. balica
P. t. sondaica
P. t. soloensis
P. t. trinilensis
P. t. virgata

widespread throughout Asia, Indonesia grassland, savanna, several forests 20-26 years endangered
Wildcat Felis silvestris
(as single species)
European wildcat
African wildcat
Asiatic wildcat
Domestic cat
widespread throughout Africa, Europe, and central and eastern Asia maximum is 21 years, though usually up to 13-14 years least concern
European Wildcat Felis silvestris F. s. silvestris
F. s. caucasica
widespread throughout western, southern central and easternEurope up to the Caucasus Mountains maximum is 21 years, though usually up to 13-14 years least concern
African Wildcat Felis lybica F. l. lybica
F. l. cafra
F. l. ornata
widespread throughout Africa and central and eastern Asia maximum is 21 years, though usually up to 13-14 years least concern
Domestic cat Felis catus List_of_cat_breeds widespread throughout Africa, Europe, and central and eastern Asia maximum is 21 years, though usually up to 13-14 years least concern

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e f Cite error: The named reference Wozencraft-1993 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  2. ^ a b c d e f Cite error: The named reference MSW3_Felidae was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  3. ^ a b c d e f Cite error: The named reference IUCN was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  4. ^ a b c d e f Cite error: The named reference catsg was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  5. ^ a b c d e f Cite error: The named reference Hunter-2015 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  6. ^ Cite error: The named reference Werdelin-2010 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  7. ^ a b Garcia-Perea, R. (1994). The pampas cat group (Genus Lynchailurus Severertzov 1858) (Carnivora: Felidae), A systematic and biogeographic review. American Museum Novitates 3096: 1-35.
  8. ^ Cite error: The named reference msw3 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  9. ^ a b c Lucherini, M.; Eizirik, E.; de Oliveira, T.; Pereira, J.; Williams, R.S.R. (2016). "Leopardus colocolo". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T15309A97204446. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T15309A97204446.en. Retrieved 24 October 2020. Cite error: The named reference "iucn" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  10. ^ a b c Sunquist, M. E., & Sunquist, F. C. (2009). Colocolo (Leopardus colocolo). Pp. 146 in: Wilson, D. E. and Mittermeier, R. A. (eds.) (2009). Handbook of the Mammals of the World. Vol. 1. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. ISBN 978-84-96553-49-1 Cite error: The named reference "HMW" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  11. ^ Novak, R. M., eds. (1999). Walker's Mammals of the World. Vol. 1. 6th edition. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore. ISBN 0-8018-5789-9
  12. ^ Cite error: The named reference Garcia-Perea1994 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  13. ^ a b Johnson, Slattery, Erizirik, Kim, Raymond, Bonacic, Cambre, Crawshaw, Nunes, Seuánez, Moreira, Seymour, Simon, Swanson, & O'Brien (1999). Disparate phylogeographic patterns of molecular genetic variation in four closely related South American small cat species. Molecular Ecology 8: S79–94 Cite error: The named reference "genetics" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  14. ^ a b Macdonald, D., & Loveridge, A. (eds.) (2010). The Biology and Conservation of Wild Felids. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-923445-5. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Cite error: The named reference "felids2010" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  15. ^ Novak, R. M. (1999). Walker's Mammals of the World, Vol. 1, 6th edition. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-5789-9.
  16. ^ Cite error: The named reference Barstow2012 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).