User:JohnnyLi24/Witch's milk

Article Draft

Article body

The pathophysiology of galactorrhea and hyperprolactinemia references can be found using the following links: [1] [2] [3][4][5][6]

Pathophysiology

The hormone prolactin is responsible for lactation and breast development in the human body and also helps maintain homeostasis. Prolactin synthesis has varying origins within a human body including the central nervous system (CNS), the immune system, uterus, and mammary glands. Its production can also be stimulated by thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH), estrogen, and dopamine antagonists.

The pituitary gland, however, holds the primary role of synthesizing and secreting prolactin. It is in the anterior region, more specifically, of the pituitary gland that a generally increasing number of lactotrophs (stimulated within the physiology of pregnancy) synthesizes prolactin for secretion. The stimulation of lactotroph proliferation is caused by rising estrogen levels within a pregnant individual. The hypothalamus, connecting to the pituitary gland via the infundibular stalk, will be the primary regulator of this production. Prolactin levels are expected to be low in males and non-lactating females in which case breastmilk can not be developed. However, if these levels become too high, a phenomenon known as galactorrhea can develop in non-breastfeeding males and females.

The primary functions of prolactin include breast milk production and mammary gland development. Prolactin stimulates the alveoli within the mammary glands for the production of milk, composed of lactose, casein, and lipids.

A tumor originating in the pituitary gland is one cause of galactorrhea. This pituitary tumor (prolactinoma) results in an overproduction of prolactin, or hyperprolactinemia. This type of cause could be classified as organic hyperprolactinemia.

Another disorder linked to galactorrhea is increased production of TRH, also known as primary hypothyroidism. Or changes in estrogen levels attributed to metabolism alterations, for example, resulting in thyrotoxicosis can lead to galactorrhea. This type of cause could be classified as functional hyperprolactinemia. When estrogen levels rise in the placental-fetal circulation, breast enlargemenent in breastfed infants occurs temporarily but potential to worsen exists as well.

References

Folklore (Eilee)

https://www.midlandshistoricalreview.com/close-to-goodness-close-to-sin-cultural-meanings-of-milk-in-england-between-1500-and-1650/

https://www.consultant360.com/articles/galactorrhea-newborn-witch-s-milk#:~:text=The%20term%20%E2%80%9Cwitch's%20milk%E2%80%9D%20comes,nourishment%20for%20witches'%20familiar%20spirits.&text=Galactorrhea%20is%20the%20result%20of,on%20the%20baby%20before%20birth.&text=The%20mother's%20hormones%20can%20persist%20in%20the%20neonate's%20body%20for%20weeks

https://www.contemporarypediatrics.com/view/galactorrhea-newborn-witchs-milk

https://kashmirreader.com/2020/05/12/no-witchcraft-in-witchs-milk/

https://www.babycenter.in/x1033318/my-babys-breasts-seem-enlarged-and-have-a-milky-discharge-is-it-safe-to-squeeze-the-fluid-out

https://bioone.org/journals/anthropozoologica/volume-47/issue-2/az2012n2a7/Cows-milk-and-religion--the-use-of-dairy-produce/10.5252/az2012n2a7.full

https://archive.org/details/eversinceadameve00pott/page/144/mode/2up

https://jguaa2.journals.ekb.eg/article_4793.html

https://www.commonwealthfund.org/publications/fund-reports/2006/oct/improving-quality-and-achieving-equity-role-cultural-competence

Irena:

1.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507829/

2. https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2004/0801/p543.html

3. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-81-322-1686-5_29

4. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.3109/09513590.2015.1017810#d1e245

5. https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2001/0501/p1763.html

6. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-90684-9_5

Vy:

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0031393916300312

https://journals.lww.com/clinicalobgyn/citation/1973/09000/pituitary_prolactin_in_pregnancy_and_normal_and.5.aspx

https://www.bjcasereports.com.br/index.php/bjcr/article/view/galactorrhea_in_infant_induced/galactorrhea_in_infant_induced

https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2022/1200/galactorrhea.pdf

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36356839/

https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2001/0501/p1763.html

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537115/

Johnny:

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4422278/

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00467-006-0263-7

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7200227/

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1627340/

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4089122/

https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/JPEM.2005.18.4.417/html