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Pulpit in the Pisa Baptistery

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Pulpit in the Pisa Baptistry by Nicola Pisano, 1260

The Pulpit in the Pisa Baptistry was completed by Nicola Pisano and his assistants in 1260, and has long been regarded as a landmark in Italian art, especially for its large relief panels around the platform.

Large raised pulpits, elaborately carved with relief panels, were important monuments in the Italian Duecento, with the best known including those of the baptistery at Pisa (dated 1260), Siena Cathedral Pulpit (1268) also by Nicola Pisano, and the Pulpit of Sant' Andrea, Pistoia, by his son Giovanni Pisano, 1297-1301.

Italian article

Description

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The pulpit is 415cm high, 371 wide at the base, and 259.5 deep.[1] The pulpit has a large platform, a regular pentagon held up by five columns and reached by modern steps in wood. The outer face of low wall around this space has five panels in marble relief, showing scenes from the Life of Christ.[2] Many have suffered considerable damage, with heads and parts of bodies missing; the Napoleonic looting of art is usually blamed for this.

The most famous panel is a Nativity scene, which is combined with an Annunciation, an Adoration of the Shepherds, and a Washing of the Christ Child.[3] The Virgin Mary appears twice, as does the baby Jesus. The Jesus in the bath, as usual seeming rather well-developed for a newborn, has lost his head and an arm, and the ox and ass behind the manger holding the other Jesus are cut off at the bottom of the neck.

There is a clear hieratic progression in the size of the figures, with the "massive, reclining figure of the Virgin" the largest.[4] She is far larger than the trio at the bottom and front of the picture space: Saint Joseph and the two nurses. This hieratic element is much less marked in the other reliefs, though still present.

The series continues with an Adoration of the Magi, a Presentation of Jesus at the Temple, Crucifixion of Jesus, and finally a Last Judgment.[5]

Ground level

Below this there is a zone where six relatively small relief figures, "almost in the round",[6] fill the spaces between the capitals of the columns and "an archivolt formed of trilobe arches with pierced cusps" under the panels.[7] Their subjects are often taken to be the "Christian Virtues", but there has been a good deal of discussion over this. The most famous is the nude male representing "Fortitude", who is clearly based on classical images of Hercules, but might represent Daniel.[8] These figures are joined by arched elements with figures in the spandrels of the Four Evangelists, with miniature attributes, and Old Testament kings and prophets.[9]

Notes

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  1. ^ V&A
  2. ^ White, 76
  3. ^ White, 77
  4. ^ White, 76, 619, note 7
  5. ^ White, 76
  6. ^ White, 77
  7. ^ V&A
  8. ^ White, 76, 619, note 7
  9. ^ White, 76

References

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  • Hartt, Frederick, History of Italian Renaissance Art, (2nd edn.)1987, Thames & Hudson (US Harry N Abrams), ISBN 0500235104
  • White, John. Art and Architecture in Italy, 1250 to 1400, London, Penguin Books, 1966, 3rd edn 1993 (now Yale History of Art series). ISBN 0300055854
  • "V&A" - Page for their replica in the Victoria and Albert Museum
Relief Wind Stuart and Revett, 1762 Description, 1762 Direction (from) Attribute
Notus "Notus the south wind; is sultry and very wet" South Upturned amphora
Libs Libs, the south-west wind; blows directly across the Saronic Gulf, full on that shore of Attica which extends from the ... South-west Ship's rudder
Zephyrus Zephyrus, the west wind; in the summer brings very sultry weather, but in the spring is pleasant, warm, and favourable to... West Cloth full of blossoming flowers
Sciron Sciron, the north-west wind; the dryest which blows in Athens This wind is extremely cold in winter, but in the summer ... North-west Upturned vase
Boreas Boreas, the north wind; is cold, fierce and stormy North Cloth and seashell
Kaikias Kaikias or Caecias, the north-east wind, is cloudy, wet and cold; snow, and at some seasons hail and tempest accompany ... North-east Shield containing hail
Apeliotes Apeliotes, the east wind; brings a gradual gentle rain, and is a great friend to Vegetation East Cloth full of fruits and cereal crops
Eurus Eurus, the south east wind; which at Athens is sultry and gloomy, and brings much rain South-east Cloak
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  • Non-participation of female students on Wikipedia influenced by school, peers and lack of community awareness: Another poster[13] - Jinyoung Kim: Wikipedians From Mars: Female Students’ Perceptions Toward Wikipedia. ASIST 2013, November 1–6, 2013, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. PDF
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