User:Joannairene/sandbox
Bibliography
[edit]Auliya, M., Van Dijk, P., Moll, E., & Meylan, P. (2007). Amyda cartilaginea, 092. Retrieved from http://www.iucn-tftsg.org/amyda-cartilaginea-092/
Ernst, C. H. (1996). Turtles of the World. Retrieved from http://wbd.etibioinformatics.nl/bis/turtles.php?selected=beschrijving&menuentry=soorten&id=210
Jensen, K. A., & Das, I. (2008). Dietary Observations on the Asian Softshell Turtle (Amyda cartilaginea) from Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo. Chelonian Conservation and Biology, 7(1), 136-141. doi:10.2744/ccb-0659.1
Jensen, Karen A. (2006) Ecology and use of Asian soft-shell turtle (Amyda cartilaginea) with notes on other species. Masters thesis, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, (UNIMAS
Kaplan, M. (n.d.). Softshell Turtles. Retrieved November 06, 2016, from http://www.anapsid.org/softshell.html
Koch, A., Ives, I., & Evy, A. (2008, October). On the occurrence of the Asiatic Softshell Turtle, Amyda cartilaginea (Boddaert, 1770), on Sulawesi, Indonesia. http://www.sith.itb.ac.id/profile/djoko/Koch_etal_2008_Amyda_cartilaginea.pdf
Pecor, B. K. (2003). Trionychidae. Retrieved from http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Trionychidae/
Platt, S. G., Sovannara, H., Kheng, L., Holloway, R., Stuart, B. L., & Rainwater, T. R. (2008). Biodiversity, Exploitation, and Conservation of Turtles in the Tonle Sap Biosphere Reserve, Cambodia, with Notes on Reproductive Ecology of Malayemys subtrijuga. Chelonian Conservation and Biology, 7(2), 195-204. doi:10.2744/ccb-0703.1
Robinson, J. E., Griffiths, R. A., John, F. A., & Roberts, D. L. (2015, January 21). Dynamics of the global trade in live reptiles: Shifting trends in production and consequences for sustainability. Biological Conservation, 184, 42-50. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2014.12.019
Stuart, B., & Platt, S. (2004). Recent Records of Turtles and Tortoises from Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam. Asiatic Herpetological Research. Retrieved from http://asianturtlenetwork.org/library/reports_papers/papers/recent_records_of_turtles.pdf
Vaught, B. J. (2015). Amyda cartilaginea (Black-rayed Soft-shelled Turtle, Asiatic Softshell Turtle). http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Amyda_cartilaginea/
Outline
[edit]1. Season
- A. Thailand
- a. Hot/Dry Season (February to July)
- b. Peak in April
- B. Northern Sumatra
- a. November to January
- C. Malaysia
- a. January to March
- b. Additional research indicates July to September (Dry Season)
- D. Central Java
- a. Throughout the year
- b. January, May, June, August to November)
2. Nesting Environment
- A. Late Afternoon or evening
- a. In Malaysia, nesting occurs at night
- B. Damp, sandy areas
- a. close to the water
- b. mud banks
3. Nesting
- A. Eggs are deposited in holes in the mud banks
- B. Some nesting sites are below organic material between tree buttresses
4. Clutch Size
- A. Dependent on region
- B. Relative to body size
- a. Clutch of 6-10 in smaller females
- b. Clutch of 20-30 in larger ones
5. Egg/Hatchling Size
- A. Eggs vary in size from 24-40cm
- B. Hatchlings vary in size from 32-49cm
6. Incubation Period
- A. Artificially incubated range is 95-102 days
- B. Natural incubation range 135-139 days
Rough Draft
[edit]Females reach sexual maturity at eight to ten years, while males reach sexual maturity at four to five years. Amyda cartilaginea are polygynangrous, meaning each female mates with several different males and males mate with several females.The mating season is during the hot-dry season, which lasts from April to September. This may vary based on the geographic location of the turtles. Copulation happens underwater with the male using its claws to hold the upper shell of the female. Breeding typically occurs three to four times per year.
Amyda cartilagenea are oviparous and build protective nests at night. The gestation period ranges from 18-20 weeks. The mother leaves her eggs after building a safe environment. The nests are built in damp, sandy areas close to the mud banks. Some nesting sites are below organic material between tree buttresses. Each clutch can range from one to 30 eggs. The variation in clutch size is highly dependent on the geographical location and the size of the turtles. The size of the hatchlings range from 32-49.
Joannairene (talk) 04:29, 21 November 2016 (UTC)
Final Draft
[edit]Amyda cartilaginea are polygynangrous, meaning each female mates with several different males and males mate with several females.[1] The mating season is during the hot-dry season, which lasts from April to September. This may vary based on the geographic location of the turtles.[2] Copulation happens underwater with the male using its claws to hold the upper shell of the female. Breeding typically occurs three to four times per year. [3]
Females reach sexual maturity at eight to ten years, while males reach sexual maturity at four to five years.[4] Amyda cartilaginea are oviparous and build protective nests at night. The incubation period ranges from 18-20 weeks.[5] Each clutch can range from one to 30 eggs.[6] The variation in clutch size is highly dependent on the geographical location and the size of the turtles.[7] Hatchling sizes range from 32-49, which is also dependent on the size and location of the amyda cartilaginea. The mother leaves her eggs after building a safe environment. The nests are built in damp, sandy areas close to the mud banks.[8]