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Gate of St Anthony's College, Leuven, with Doċum glóire Dé ⁊ ónóra na hÉireann in Gaelic script along the arch.

"Dochum glóire Dé agus onóra na hÉireann"[n 1] is an Irish-language phrase meaning "for the glory of God and the honour of Ireland".[3] It originated in 1636 with Mícheál Ó Cléirigh's dedication to the Annals of the Kingdom of Ireland.[3][4] After the Gaelic revival was "widely used as a nationalist motto, and attached as the epigram to numerous Irish-Ireland books".[5] In 1936 Padraic Colum called it "the most noble of all dedications".[6] In 1937, Edward Cahill called it "the phrase consecrated by centuries of usage in Irish documents".[7] In 1972, Pádraig Ó Snodaigh said it was "known to every schoolboy".[8] Conor Cruise O'Brien in 1986 said that "Generations of Irish Catholic schoolchildren have inscribed [the Irish words] on their copy-books", and that this was an example of "that assimilation of religion and nationalism" which encouraged "the Pearsean Catholic Nationalist fusionist fundamentalists of the Provisional IRA".[9]

The Four Masters

[edit]

The "Four Masters" were 17th-century Catholic Gaelic scholars: Mícheál Ó Cléirigh; Cú Choigcríche Ó Cléirigh; Fearfeasa Ó Maol Chonaire; Cú Choigríche Ó Duibhgeannáin. At Donegal Abbey in the 1630s they compiled various Irish annals into a single chronicle titled Annals of the Kingdom of Ireland and usually called the Annals of the Four Masters. In 1636, chief editor Mícheál Ó Cléirigh, a Franciscan friar, wrote a dedicatory epistle to Fearghal Ó Gadhra, the project's patron. The context of the relevant phrase is [emphasis added]:[3][10][11][2]

I have calculated on your honour that it seemed to you a cause of pity and regret, grief and sorrow (for the glory of God and the honour of Ireland), how much the race of Gaedhal the son of Niul have gone under a cloud and darkness without a knowledge of the death or obit of saint or virgin, archbishop, bishop, abbot, or other noble dignitary of the Church, of king or prince, lord or chieftain [and] of the synchronism or connexion of the one with the other. I explained to you that I thought I could get the assistance of the chroniclers for whom I had most esteem, for writing a book of annals, in which the aforesaid matters might be put on record; and that, should the writing of them be neglected at present, they would not again be found to be put on record or commemorated to the end and termination of the world.

Joep Leerssen argues that Ó Cléirigh's use is a parenthetical giving Ó Gadhra's motivation for funding the work, rather than Ó Cléirigh's for writing it; that the onóra "honour" in question is that which a file (poet) gave to his patron; and that it was "spurious" for later writers to adopt it as a motto for "nationalistially minded" history.[10] Breandán Ó Buachalla notes similar dedications by earlier writers: Charles Dumoulin in Latin and French, John Bale in English, and many in Irish, including Aodh Mac Cathmhaoil; the Four Master's own 1630 work, The Succession of the Kings and the Genealogies of the Saints of Ireland, had variants by the authors and in the attestation by George Dillon (Seoirse Diolmain), guardian of the convent of Athlone.[12] Cunningham suggests the order of God and Ireland, and the parallel placing of saints and ecclesiastic before kings and civil rulers, indicates a shift in emphasis from the medieval source annals.[13] The planned publication of the completed annals by the Irish College, Louvain never happened, and manuscript copies had limited circulation. It was John O'Donovan's 1840s bilingual scholarly edition that captured the imagination of Irish nationalists.[14] Bernadette Cunningham suggests those quoting the dedicatory phrase "propogat[e] the notion of Irish history, Irish Catholicism, and Irish destiny being intertwined".[15]

Later

[edit]
Inscription on memorial cross to the 16th (Irish) Division at Guillemont in France
1914 Do ċum glóire Dé
agus
Onóra na hÉireann 		1918

Other occurrences include:

  • Inscription over the gate of the Irish College, Louvain.[16]
  • Dedication of various books by the Jesuit Gaelic scholar Edmund Hogan, including Luibhleabhrán (1900),[17] Onomasticon Goedelicum (1910).[15]
  • 1902 motto of the Irish National Society of London, which split from the United Irish League, and was endorsed by the Pope, for supporting state funding of Catholic schools; it helped found Sinn Féin in 1905.[18]
  • Motto of Coláiste na Mumhan in Ballingeary, founded in 1904 as the first Gaeltacht language college.
  • Mícheál Breathnach's dedication (to Seaghán P. Mac Énrí) in his 1906 Irish translation of Charles J. Kickham's Knocknagow.
  • In 1907, Edmund Edward Fournier d'Albe, a French physicist and psychic researcher working in Dublin, published Two New Worlds, speculating on connections between his fields of interest. It had the motto in Gaelic script, explained in its introduction:[19]
    I hope that those who believe that this world of ours is in good hands, that it is not governed by blind chance or inflexible destiny, that it offers infinite possibilities of faith and hope and love, will derive some additional comfort and encouragement from the following pages, even though these proceed from a dry analysis of known facts. May this, together with the circumstances of this book being written in Ireland and largely inspired by Irish thoughts and thinkers, go to justify its Irish motto: "For the Glory of God and the Honour of Ireland".
  • In 1914, socialist James Connolly invoked the phrase to deride the humbug of the Irish Parliamentary Party:[20]
    she was only an Irish working girl fighting an Irish employer, and none of the Irish heroes who, on the platforms of the Liberal Party in England, are fighting for the ‘Glory of God and the Honour of Erin’, had time to waste on such as her.
  • Motto on the coat of arms granted in 1915 by the Ulster King of Arms to the Honan Hostel (beside the Honan Chapel) in Cork[21]
  • Joseph Mary Plunkett, awaiting execution after the 1916 Rising, said to one of the Capuchin friars[n 2] ministering to the condemned men, "Father, I am very happy. I am dying for the glory of God and the honour of Ireland."[24][22][23]
  • Stephen MacKenna's English translation of The Enneads of Plotinus was published in five instalments from 1917 to 1930.[25] Each has the motto as an epigraph,[26] followed by MacKenna's name (and address in the first two, before he left Ireland) all in Irish language and Gaelic type.[25] John Murray notes that MacKenna retained the dedication despite having lost his Catholic faith by 1930.[26] The 1956 single-volume revised edition retains the epigraph.[27]
  • John J. Webb's 1918 Municipal Government in Ireland, Mediæval & Modern published by Talbot Press[28]
  • One of two mottos of a 1919 magazine about Irish Catholic missions in the Far East. (The other was Peregrinari pro Christo "To be a pilgrim for Christ".)[29]
  • Alfred O'Rahilly's 1922 draft for a Constitution of the Irish Free State began with "Chun Glóire Dé agus Onóra na hÉireann".[30]
  • An Irish-language article in An t-Óglách, magazine of the National Army during the Civil War, marked the coming into force of the 1922 Constitution, crediting the army with ensuring this milestone before concluding Leanfaid siad leó ar aghaidh chun glóire Dé agus onóra na hEireann.[31] ("They will carry on for the glory of God and the honour of Ireland.")
  • anti treaty hunger strike pledge signed in Mountjoy: “What I am about to suffer I offer to the glory of God and for the freedom of Ireland.” https://www.irishtimes.com/opinion/2022/11/25/intense-religiosity-of-states-founders-is-overlooked/
  • The most famous speech in Seán O'Casey's 1923 play The Shadow of a Gunman, set during the War of Independence, is delivered by the disillusioned author surrogate Seumus Shields:[32]
    I wish to God it was all over. The country is gone mad. Instead of counting their beads now they're countin' bullets; their Hail Marys and paternosters are burstin' bombs—burstin' bombs an' the rattle of machine-guns; petrol is their holy water; their Mass is a burnin' buildin'; their De Profundis is "The Soldiers' Song," an' their creed is, I believe in the gun almighty, maker of heaven an' earth—an' it's all for "the glory o' God an' the honour o' Ireland."
  • The epigram of James Stephens' Deirdre (1923).[33]
  • Some Anglicised Surnames in Ireland (1923) by Pádraig Mac Giolla Domhnaigh ends with the quote in Irish, credited to Ó Cléirigh.[34]
  • The temporary cenotaph erected on Leinster Lawn by the Cumann na nGaedheal government for the 1923 anniversary of the deaths of Arthur Griffith and Michael Collins had the Gaeic script inscribed on its Celtic cross.[35] The inscription is retained on the base of the obelisk replacement memorial commissioned by the Fine Gael-led government in 1948 and erected in 1950.[36]
  • At the base of the 1924 World War I memorial crosses (the rest of whose inscriptions were in English) erected by the Irish Free State at three sites of Irish action:[37][38]
  • In November 1926, Éamon de Valera's address at the first ardfheis of his Fianna Fáil party ended with the quote.[40]
  • In 1927, Séamus Ó Duilearga's launch editorial of the folklore journal Béaloideas said:[41]
    We urge most earnestly upon those of our readers who may have in their possession collections of [folklore] to communicate with us. We do not hesitate to bring forward a noble—if at times a misapplied—quotation, and we ask them to help us do-chum glóire Dé agus onóra na hÉireann (for the glory of God and the honour of Ireland).
  • the motto of the Capuchin Annual,[42] published 1930–1977 by the Irish province of the Capuchin friars, with a traditionalist pro-nationalist historiography
  • the masthead of The Irish Press, a pro-Fianna Fáil newspaper published 1931–1995[40][43][42]
  • A pastoral letter by John Dignan, Catholic bishop of Clonfert, before the 1932 Eucharistic Congress in Dublin:[44]
    The eyes of the Catholic world will be upon us during the Congress, and it is our bounden duty to make it an outstanding success 'for the glory of God and the honour of Ireland'.
  • On the title page of Edward Cahill's The Framework of a Christian State (1932)[7][45]
  • In the Irish-language opening of the otherwise English-language foreword by Seán McCarthy, then President of the Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA), in An Camán, a joint GAA–Gaelic League publication, marking the GAA's 50th anniversary.[46]
  • Title of a 1935 English-language leaflet promoting the 1879 Knock apparition by the local Catholic parish priest[47]
  • On the poster for The Dawn, a 1936 Irish film about a rebel family from the Fenian Rising to the War of Independence[48]
  • Connaught Rangers mutiny memorial
    Memorial to the 1920 Connaught Rangers mutineers erected (1936? zzz) in Glasnevin Cemetery.
  • In Shadow and Substance, a 1937 play by Paul Vincent Carroll, the sheepish youth Francis and his maiden aunt Jemima are among a deputation to the cynical Canon Skerritt's parochial house to discuss burning an indecent book:[49]
    Jemima. Sure, Canon, I only came because Father Corr told me it was me duty to God and Ireland. (Grasping Francis's arm) Say it in Irish for the Canon, Francis. Go on now! (Father Corr is confused.)
    Francis (rising awkwardly). Do cum gloire De, agus onora na h-Eireann.
    Canon (hand to ear). Didn't catch that, Francis. Cum — cum what?
    Francis (unconscious of cruelty) . Do cum gloire De, agus onora na h-Eireann.
    Canon (scoundrelishly) .Excellent, Francis. Excellent! You may be seated. Any other observation, Miss Cooney?
    Jemima. Sure, I'll just listen now to you, and learn, Canon. Isn't that me duty?
  • As a postscript to the 1937 Constitution of Ireland;[3][50] the only phrase (apart from individual names and titles) left untranslated in the English-language text.[51]
  • 1938 introductory editorial by T. W. Moody and Robin Dudley Edwards for their new journal Irish Historical Studies (latterly associated with "revisionism") included a dedication suggested by Edwards:[4]
    We dedicate this work, as did the historians of old: "Dochum glóire Dé agus onóra na hÉireann"
  • Quoted by de Valera concluding his speech at the inauguration of Douglas Hyde as first President of Ireland.[53]
  • Francis Dominic Murnaghan, an Irish-born U.S.-naturalised mathematician, included the English "To the Glory of God, Honour of Ireland and Fame of America" on books published in the U.S. from 1938; a 1958 Irish publication omits the American addition and includes both English and Irish texts.[54]
  • Title of the 1941 address to Oireachtas na Gaeilge, given by Peadar Ó hAnnracháin.[55]
  • 1944 postage stamp with Mícheál Ó Cléirigh and the motto
    The 1944 tercentenary of the death of Mícheál Ó Cléirigh was marked by commemorative postage stamps showing him beside the inscription; the 1⁄2d and 1s versions became definitive issues until 1968.[56]
  • motto on the coat of arms of the President of Ireland proposed by the Chief Herald of Ireland, Edward MacLysaght, in 1945. (The shield would have the president's personal arms impaled with the national arms.) In the event, presidents have been granted personal arms without reference to those MacLysaght registered on 21 November 1945.[57]
  • Motto ("Do chum glóire Dé a's onóra na hÉireann") in a note by MacLysaght of 15 February 1946 proposing a full achievement for the arms of Ireland (adding crest and supporters, as well as motto, to the shield).[58]
  • the motto in the 1950s handbook of Clann na hÉireann, a British pro-Sinn Féin group[59]
  • Brendan Behan describing an Irishwoman among the sculpture students from the École des Beaux Arts adding ornamentation to the Église Saint-Pierre [fr] in Neuilly-sur-Seine:[60]
    Kathleen Murphy comes away with three pillars, and with hammer upraised poises her slim self to strike a blow, do chum ghlóire Dé agus onóra na hEireann.
  • the title of an article by Robert C. Simington and Patrick McBride and dedicating the Record Tower at Dublin Castle to "the Irish who served with distinction abroad". noted (?zzz lecture attended?) by Seán T. Ó Ceallaigh, then President of Ireland.[61]
  • John E. Fogarty's 1958 address to the Ancient Order of Hibernians was entered in the Congressional Record, ending:[62]
    Let us quietly resolve here and now to take some practical steps [to assist Irish economic development] such as I have suggested. ... In giving effect to them we can well use as our motto the words written by the great Franciscan, Michael O'Cleary, on the dedication page of the Annals of the Four Masters just over 300 years ago: "Do chum Gloire De Agus Onora na h-Eireann"— To the Glory of God and the honor of Ireland. We can well take this motto to ourselves and adapt it as our own so that all our actions may be for the glory of God, to the benefit of Ireland, and the honor of America.
  • The dedication of Breandán Breathnach's 1963 Irish-language collection of Irish music was Do mhéadú glóire Dé agus onóra na hÉireann, i gcuimhne Sheáin Potts[63][64] ["For the greater glory of God and the honour of Ireland, in memory of Seán Potts"]. When Potts died in 2014, his coffin's nameplate bore the motto's usual wording.[65]
  • The English motto is a motif in Thy tears might cease, a novel by Michael Farrell about the Irish revolutionary period completed in 1937 and published in 1963.[66]
  • The crest of Abbey Vocational School in Donegal town includes the phrase.[67] The school was founded in 1971 by merger of Four Masters' High School (Ardscoil na gCeithre Máistir; founded c.1950[68][69]) with Donegal Technical School (founded 1954).[68] The eponymous Abbey was where the Annals of the Four Masters was written. The school's motto (also on the crest[67]) is a different Irish phrase, mol an óige.
    • Was the motto inherited from Ardscoil na gCeithre Máistir? zzz
  • 1972 memoral to the 3rd Tipperary Brigade of the Old IRA at Rosegreen, County Tipperary.[70]
  • During Pope John Paul II's visit to Ireland in 1979 he said Mass at Knock Shrine and his homily included:
    Help [the Virgin Mary] to respond to her historic mission of bringing the light of Christ to the nations, and so making the glory of God be the honour of Ireland.
  • During the 1990 presidential election campaign, a leaflet distributed by "Clann Na bFinini / The Family Group" with a Catholic nationalist viewpoint had the slogan at its foot.[71]
  • Dedication of Dáithí Ó hÓgáin's 1999 book The Sacred Isle: Belief and Religion in Pre-Christian Ireland.[72]
  • 2004 article about An Crann a 1916–1924 periodical; a footnote notes that the motto was used in the 1930s in The Irish Press (Scéala Éireann), The Capuchin Annual, and the Constitution.[42]
  • Plaque erected (c.2005?) at Fort Dunree by "Inishowen Friends of Messines":[73]
    The Inishowen Friends of Messines gratefully commemorate the men and women from Inishowen and all of Ireland who made the supreme sacrifice in World War One and all wars. ...
    10th Irish Division / 36th Ulster Division / 16th Irish Division
    Do chum Gloire De agus Onora na hEireann To the Glory of God and Honour of Ireland
  • 2018 dedication by Thomas Bartlett of the Cambridge History of Ireland, "presumably quoting both the “Four Masters” and the IHS editors"[74]
    As with the Irish historians of old, this history is dedicated: Dochum glóire Dé agus onóra na hÉireann [to the glory of God and the honor of Ireland]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]

Footnote

[edit]
  1. ^ Variants within Irish orthography include:
    • Variants of the Classical Irish dochum: do chum or do-chum [two words]; chum [omitting the particle do]; [do] ċum [with the overdot used in Gaelic type instead of h]; chun [modern Irish equivalent of chum]; ċun [with overdot]
    • Sometimes agus "and" is written ⁊ (Tironian et, equivalent to ampersand) or 7 (digit seven resembles Tironian et).
    • hÉireann is also written h-Éireann [with a hyphen after the h-prothesis]
    Transcriptions of the Classical Irish manuscripts vary:
  2. ^ The Capuchin is variously named as Sebastian [O'Brien][22] or Albert [Bibby].[23] Some versions say these were Plunkett's last words.

Sources

[edit]
  • Coffey, Donal K. (2018). Drafting the Irish Constitution, 1935–1937: Transnational Influences in Interwar Europe. Springer. pp. 42, 53–54. ISBN 9783319762463. Retrieved 28 October 2019.
  • Cunningham, Bernadette (2008). "John O'Donovan's Edition of the Annals of the Four Masters: An Irish Classic?". Editing the Nation's Memory: Textual Scholarship and Nation-Building in Nineteenth-Century Europe. European Studies. Vol. 26. Amsterdam: Brill Rodopi. pp. 129–149. doi:10.1163/9789401206471_010. ISBN 9789401206471. Retrieved 29 October 2019.
  • Cunningham, Bernadette (2010). The Annals of the Four Masters: Irish History, Kingship and Society in the Early Seventeenth Century. Four Courts Press. ISBN 978-1-84682-203-2.
  • De Valera, Éamon (1980). Moynihan, Maurice (ed.). Speeches and statements by Eamon de Valera, 1917-73. Gill and Macmillan. ISBN 9780717109180.
  • Hood, Susan (2002). Royal Roots, Republican Inheritance: The Survival of the Office of Arms. Dublin: Woodfield Press in association with National Library of Ireland. ISBN 9780953429332.
  • Limond, David (2019). "'Dochum glóire Dé agus onóra na hÉireann': Revising History in Ireland". In Berg, Christopher; Christou, Theodore (eds.). The Palgrave Handbook of History and Social Studies Education. New York/London: Palgrave. hdl:2262/86114. Retrieved 29 October 2019.
  • Walsh, Paul (1918). "Appendix II: Translations". Genealogiae regum et sanctorum Hiberniae, by the Four Masters, edited from the manuscript of Míchél O Cléirigh, with appendices and an index by Paul Walsh (in Irish and English). Maynooth: Maynooth Record Society, St. Patrick's College. Retrieved 29 October 2019.

Citations

[edit]
  1. ^ Ó Cléirigh, Mícheál (1826). "Epistola Nuncipatoria". In O'Conor, Charles (ed.). Quatuor Magistrorum Annales Hibernici. Rerum hibernicarum scriptores veteres. (in Irish and Latin). Vol. III. Buckingham: J. Seeley. p. xxiv. Retrieved 30 October 2019.
  2. ^ a b Ó Cléirigh, Mícheál (1856). "Epistle Dedicatory". In O'Donovan, John (ed.). Annals of the kingdom of Ireland (in Irish and English). Vol. I (2nd ed.). Dublin: Hodges, Smith. p. lvi. Retrieved 30 October 2019.
  3. ^ a b c d Ó Cearúil, Micheál; Ó Murchú, Máirtín (1999). Bunreacht na hÉireann: a study of the Irish text (PDF). Dublin: Stationery Office. pp. 688–689. ISBN 0707664004. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 13 November 2013.
  4. ^ a b Limond 2019 p.20; Edwards, R. W. Dudley (1988). "T.W. Moody and the Origins of Irish Historical Studies: A Biographical Memoir". Irish Historical Studies. 26 (101): 1–2: 2. doi:10.1017/S0021121400009408. ISSN 0021-1214. JSTOR 30008500. S2CID 164196632.; Moody, T. W.; Edwards, Robin Dudley (1938). "Preface". Irish Historical Studies. 1 (1): 1–3: 3. doi:10.1017/S0021121400029473. ISSN 0021-1214. JSTOR 30006556?seq=3. S2CID 248997793.
  5. ^ Leerssen 1986 p.zzz
  6. ^ Colum, Padraic (8 May 1936). "A Dublin Scholar". Commonweal. XXIV: 42–43: 43.
  7. ^ a b Kennedy, Finola (1998). "Two Priests, the Family and the Irish Constitution". Studies: An Irish Quarterly Review. 87 (348): 353–364: 355–356. ISSN 0039-3495. JSTOR 30113954.
  8. ^ Shaw, Francis (Summer 1972). "The Canon of Irish History: A Challenge". Studies: An Irish Quarterly Review. 61 (242): 113–153: 140. ISSN 0039-3495. JSTOR 30087966.
  9. ^ O'Brien, Conor Cruise (24 April 1986). "Ireland: The Mirage of Peace". New York Review of Books. ISSN 0028-7504. Retrieved 29 October 2019.; reprinted as O'Brien, Conor Cruise (1988). "Bobby Sands: Mutations of Nationalism". Passion and Cunning and Other Essays. New York: Simon and Schuster. pp. 199–212: 204–205. ISBN 978-0671667245.
  10. ^ a b Leerssen, Joseph Theodoor (1986). "The public assertion of Irish civility". Mere Irish & Fíor-ghael: Studies in the Idea of Irish Nationality, Its Development and Literary Expression Prior to the Nineteenth Century. John Benjamins Publishing. pp. 291–324: 310. ISBN 9789027221988. Retrieved 28 October 2019.
  11. ^ "Irish Historical Studies in the 17th Century; I: The Franciscan College Of St. Anthony Of Padua, Louvain". The Irish Ecclesiastical Record. VII (ns). Dublin: William B. Kelly: 31-43: 32. October 1870. Retrieved 29 October 2019.
  12. ^ Cunningham 2010 p.27; Ó Buachalla, Breandán (1996). Aisling ghéar : na Stíobhartaigh agus an taos léinn, 1603-1788 (in Irish). Dublin: An Clóchomhar. p. 92. ISBN 978-0903758994.; Walsh 1918 pp. 141, 142, 145
  13. ^ Cunningham 2010 p.303
  14. ^ Cunningham 2008
  15. ^ a b Cunningham 2008 p.144
  16. ^ "Packed house in Aachen for launch of Pat's book on Dingle's Count Rice". The Kerryman. 10 August 2019. Retrieved 28 October 2019.
  17. ^ Hogan, Edmund; Mac Erlean, John C. (1900). Luibhleabhrán (in Irish). Dublin: M. H. Gill.
  18. ^ McEvatt, R.M. (1970). "Thomas Martin and the Founding of Sinn Féin". Capuchin Annual: 97–113: 99. Retrieved 28 October 2019.; McGee, Owen (2015). "The Resurrection of Hungary and the birth of Sinn Féin". Arthur Griffith. Irish Academic Press. ISBN 9781785370113. Retrieved 28 October 2019.
  19. ^ Fournier d'Albe, Edmund Edward (1907). Two New Worlds. London: Longmans Green. pp. vii, x. Retrieved 29 October 2019.
  20. ^ Connolly, James (2008) [1914]. Mac Domhnaill, Dara (ed.). Socialism and Nationalism (CELT ed.). University College Cork. p. 353. Retrieved 29 October 2019.
  21. ^ Hood 2002, p.79 and Plate 4 lower right; Wilkinson, Nevile (9 January 1915). "[GO MS 111B] Grants and Confirmations of Arms Vol. L". Catalogue. illustration by Mabel McConnell. Dublin: National Library of Ireland. No.7; Grant to Honan Hostel. Retrieved 30 October 2019.
  22. ^ a b McBrien, Peter (1916). "Poets of the Insurrection; III—Joseph Plunkett". Studies: An Irish Quarterly Review. 5 (20): 536–549: 537. ISSN 0039-3495. JSTOR 25701066?seq=2.
  23. ^ a b McCormack, W. J. (2016). "Actions of this kind or that". Enigmas of Sacrifice: A Critique of Joseph M. Plunkett and the Dublin Insurrection of 1916. MSU Press. ISBN 9781628952513. Retrieved 29 October 2019.; O'Neill, Marie (2000). Grace Gifford Plunkett and Irish freedom. Irish Academic Press. p. 44. Retrieved 1 November 2019.; citing Plunkett, Josephine Mary (1942). "Joseph Mary Plunkett's Last Message". Capuchin Annual: 453. Retrieved 1 November 2019.
  24. ^ Newsinger, John (1978). "'I Bring Not Peace but a Sword': The Religious Motif in the Irish War of Independence". Journal of Contemporary History. 13 (3): 609–628: 618. doi:10.1177/002200947801300310. ISSN 0022-0094. JSTOR 260211. S2CID 159598810.
  25. ^ a b Plotinus. The Enneads. Translated by Mackenna, Stephen. London: Medici Society. Vol.1 1926 [1917], Vol.2 1921, Vol.3 1924, Vol.4 1926, Vol.5 1930
  26. ^ a b Murray, John (1937). "Stephen MacKenna and Plotinus". Studies: An Irish Quarterly Review. 26 (102): 190–206: 191. ISSN 0039-3495. JSTOR 30097402.
  27. ^ Plotinus (1956). Mackenna, Stephen; Page, B. S. (eds.). The Enneads (2nd ed.). London: Faber And Faber. p. v. Retrieved 29 October 2019.
  28. ^ Webb, John Joseph (1918). Municipal government in Ireland, mediæval & modern. Dublin: Talbot Press. Title Page. Retrieved 20 July 2020.
  29. ^ Flanagan, Michael (1 April 2006). True Sons of Erin: Catholic/Nationalist Ideology and the Politics of Adventure in Our Boys 1914–32 (PDF) (Ph.D.). Dublin Institute of Technology. p. 351. doi:10.21427/D7H02M. S2CID 141599686. Retrieved 29 October 2019.
  30. ^ Coffey 2018 pp.42, 54
  31. ^ "Ar Aghaigh" (PDF). An t-Óglách. 4 ns (27): 2. 16 December 1922.
  32. ^ Mercier, Vivian, ed. (1952). 1000 years of Irish prose. New York: Devin-Adair. p. 275. Retrieved 22 March 2020.; Robinson, Lennox (1970) [1938]. The Irish Theatre. Vol. 3. Ardent Media. p. 155. Retrieved 22 March 2020.; Edwards, Philip (1979). Threshold of a Nation: A Study in English and Irish Drama. Cambridge University Press. p. 234. ISBN 978-0-521-27695-5. Retrieved 22 March 2020.; Hurren, Kenneth (8 July 1972). "Review of the Arts; Theatre: O'Casey, Gorki and Ibsen". The Spectator: 20. Retrieved 22 March 2020.
  33. ^ Stephens, James (1970) [1923]. Deirdre. New York: Macmillan. LCCN 23-12751. Retrieved 29 October 2019.
  34. ^ Mac Giolla Domhnaigh, Padraig (1923). Some Anglicised Surnames in Ireland. Gael Co-operative Society.
  35. ^ "Stock Photo - Griffith Collins Cenotaph Leinster Lawn Dublin". Alamy. Retrieved 28 October 2019.; Hill, Judith (1998). Irish Public Sculpture: A History. Four Courts Press. p. 153. ISBN 9781851822744.
  36. ^ Jordan, Anthony (27 June 2008). "Story of most elusive memorial revealed". Irish Examiner. Retrieved 29 October 2019.; Dolan, Anne (2006). Commemorating the Irish Civil War: History and Memory, 1923-2000. Cambridge University Press. p. 51. ISBN 9780521026987. Retrieved 29 October 2019.
  37. ^ Miller, Kenneth J.S. (2 March 2017) [2005]. "Irish Regimental Heritage: Representations of Identity and War in a Climate of Change". In Ashworth, G.J. (ed.). Senses of Place: Senses of Time. London: Routledge. doi:10.4324/9781315243467. ISBN 9781315243467. Retrieved 29 October 2019.
  38. ^ "Memorials – National". www.greatwar.ie. Royal Dublin Fusiliers Association. Retrieved 29 October 2019.
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Further reading

[edit]
  • Vázquez Larrea, Iñaki (December 1998). "Dochum Gloire Dé Agus Onora Na Heireann; por la gloria de Dios y el honor de Irlanda". Bitarte: Revista cuatrimestral de humanidades (in Spanish) (16). San Sebastián: 41–52. ISSN 1133-6110.


Category:National mottos Category:Irish words and phrases Category:National symbols of Ireland Category:Christianity in Ireland

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