User:JinCheng9595/sandbox
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| Species: | C. tropicalis
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| Candida tropicalis (Castellani) Berkhout (1923)
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Candida tropicalis is a species of yeast in the genus Candida. It is a common pathogen in neutropenic hosts, in whom it may spread through the bloodstream to peripheral organs.[1] For invasive disease, treatments include amphotericin B, echinocandins, or extended-spectrum triazole antifungals.[2] In this capacity, C. tropicalis may interact synergistically with Escherichia coli and Serratia marcescens to contribute to Crohn's disease symptoms.[3]
Growth and morphology
[edit]Candida tropicalis is a cream- coloured, dull, wrinkled, globular yeast. It has a spherical or somewhat spherical blastoconidia with no capsule. Long branching blastoconidia have pseudohyphae appearance with an oval-shaped budding off. Physical structure of C. tropicalis are not distinguishable with other Candida species under microscope examination, but the absence of terminal chlamydospores is a signature characteristic morphology of the strain[4][5]. Candida tropicalis undergoes a parasexual cycle in which the ploidy of the organism is altered without producing a gamete thought the process of meiosis. two diploidy fungus cell mate to form the tetraploidy form, and the loss of chromosomal material allow the cell to go back to diploidy form. The ploidy of the fungus can switch between diploidy and tetraploidy where tetraploidy exist in a less rich environment and have lower fitness compare to diploidy.[6]
Physiology
[edit]General fuel for C. Tropicalis can be Glucose; Galactose; Maltose; Trehalose; D-Xylose; Soluble Starch; Succinic acid; D-Mannitol; L-Arabinose (weak); D-Glucitol.[5] Phenol can be an alternative carbon source. When under starvation stress, phenol are hydrolyzed from water form with excess oxygen. Coloured metabolites will be produced, inhibition to cellular respiration occurs and cell growth decrease. The starvation stress induced an increase of the endogenous respiration rate at the expense of phenol oxidation.[7]
Habitat and ecology
[edit]Candida Tropicalis has a worldwide distribution. However it is most common in the tropical and sub-tropical areas[4]. Based on the common geographic region it is found, Candida Tropicalis can often be obtained from seawater and sea sediments; it can also be found on mangrove plants and marine algae and shrimp as well. Various fruit, faeces and soil are good media to culture the oraganis, this indicates that the organism are able to colonize in the gut system.[5]
Epidemiology
[edit]Candida Tropicalis as one of the more common Candida effect human health in tropical countries.[8] It is an optimistic pathogen which attacks the skin and digestive tracts of human hosts worldwide.[9] Instead of prone to invading the tissue, it is more blood invasive.[4] Usually patients who has leukemia or going through bone marrow transplant (cancer patient in general) are more easily to be infected.[10]
Candidas Albican and Candida Tropicalis are two closely related species. They are two species of pathogenic yeast; both of them are responsible for infections for immunocompromised or immunocompetent individuals. Such infection is termed Candidiasis. In the past, majority of the infections are caused by C. Albican strand, however in recent years, C. Tropicalis has become more dominant in infecting humans among the Candidas non- Albicans group, it may be even more invasive than C. Albican. Candidas Tropicalis can usually be treated with azole, amphotericin B, echinocandin and fluconazole.The reason for the rapid globally increase is due to its resistance to an antifungal medication fluconazole.[11]
Due to the similarities among different strands of Candidas, few methods are adapted to diagnose between them. Different species can be identified based on their site of infections; microscopic examination, staining or biochemical tests such as rapid API 20 microtube system are used.[12]
Industrial uses
[edit]Candida Tropicalis is one of the microbe that can be used to produce a type of biofuel among many others such as Candida lipolytica and Rhodotorula mucilaginosa cells Candida Tropicalis act as a lipid accumulation media for the process of plant lipid production. Candida Tropicalis in particular, can produce biodiesel from olive plants. Concentration of nitrogen and carbon, pH value, and many other factors determine the optimum condition for biofuel synthesis.[13][14]
References
[edit]- ^ Mastromarino, Paola; Vitali, Beatrice; Mosca, Luciana (2013). "Bacterial vaginosis: a review on clinical trials with probiotics" (PDF). New Microbiologica. 36: 229–238. PMID 23912864.
- ^ Chai LY, Denning DW, Warn P (2010). "Candida tropicalis in human disease". Crit. Rev. Microbiol. 36 (4): 282–98. doi:10.3109/1040841X.2010.489506. PMID 20883082.
- ^ Hoarau, G; Gower-Rousseau, C; Hager, C (2016). "Bacteriome and Mycobiome Interactions Underscore Microbial Dysbiosis in Familial Crohn's Disease". mBio. 7: 1–11. doi:10.1128/mBio.01250-16. PMC 5030358. PMID 27651359.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|lay-date=ignored (help); Unknown parameter|lay-source=ignored (help); Unknown parameter|lay-summary=ignored (help) - ^ a b c "Life". www.life-worldwide.org. Retrieved 2015-11-17.
- ^ a b c "Mycology Online". www.mycology.adelaide.edu.au. Retrieved 2015-11-17.
{{cite web}}: Text "Candida tropicalis" ignored (help) - ^ Seervai, Riyad N. H.; Jones, Stephen K.; Hirakawa, Matthew P.; Porman, Allison M.; Bennett, Richard J. (2013-12-01). "Parasexuality and Ploidy Change in Candida tropicalis". Eukaryotic Cell. 12 (12): 1629–1640. doi:10.1128/EC.00128-13. ISSN 1535-9778. PMC 3889571. PMID 24123269.
- ^ Komarkova, Eliska; Paca, Jan; Klapkova, Eva; Stiborova, Marie; Soccol, Carlos R.; Sobotka, Miroslav. "Physiological changes of Candida tropicalis population degrading phenol in fed batch reactor". Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology. 46 (4): 537–543. doi:10.1590/S1516-89132003000400007. ISSN 1516-8913.
- ^ Chai, Louis Yi Ann; Denning, David W.; Warn, Peter (2010-11-01). "Candida tropicalis in human disease". Critical Reviews in Microbiology. 36 (4): 282–298. doi:10.3109/1040841X.2010.489506. ISSN 1549-7828. PMID 20883082.
- ^ Desnos-Ollivier, Marie; Bretagne, Stéphane; Bernède, Claire; Robert, Vincent; Raoux, Dorothée; Chachaty, Elisabeth; Forget, Elisabeth; Lacroix, Claire; Dromer, Françoise (2008-04-01). "Clonal Population of Flucytosine-Resistant Candida tropicalis from Blood Cultures, Paris, France". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 14 (4): 557–565. doi:10.3201/eid1404.071083. ISSN 1080-6040. PMC 2570934. PMID 18394272.
- ^ Kontoyiannis, Dimitrios P.; Vaziri, Irfan; Hanna, Hend A.; Boktour, Maha; Thornby, Jack; Hachem, Ray; Bodey, Gerald P.; Raad, Issam I. (2001-11-15). "Risk Factors for Candida tropicalis Fungemia in Patients with Cancer". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 33 (10): 1676–1681. doi:10.1086/323812. ISSN 1058-4838. PMID 11568858.
- ^ "Treatment of candidemia and invasive candidiasis in adults". www.uptodate.com. Retrieved 2015-11-17.
- ^ Kothavade, Rajendra J.; Kura, M. M.; Valand, Arvind G.; Panthaki, M. H. (2010-08-01). "Candida tropicalis: its prevalence, pathogenicity and increasing resistance to fluconazole". doi:10.1099/jmm.0.013227-0#tab2.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ Karatay, Sevgi Ertuğrul; Dönmez, Gönül (2010-10-01). "Improving the lipid accumulation properties of the yeast cells for biodiesel production using molasses". Bioresource Technology. 101 (20): 7988–7990. doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2010.05.054. ISSN 1873-2976. PMID 20542422.
- ^ Reviews, Cram101 Textbook (2013-01-01). e-Study Guide for: Bailey & Scott's Diagnostic Microbiology by Betty A. Forbes, ISBN 9780323030656. Cram101 Textbook Reviews. ISBN 9781478446972.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)