User:Jimhoward72/sandbox

Ashkenazi Jews
(יהודי אשכנז *Y'hude Ashk'naz* in Biblical Hebrew; *Y'hudey Ashknoz* in Ashkenazi Hebrew)
	Representatives of Yiddish; ; Representatives of German; ; Representatives of other languages; Anne Frank Moses Isserles • Vilna Gaon • Sholem Aleichem; Heinrich Heine • Sigmund Freud • Theodor Herzl; Gustav Mahler • Albert Einstein • Emmy Noether; Lise Meitner • Franz Kafka • Karl Marx; Golda Meir • Leonard Bernstein • Anne Frank
Regions with significant populations
United States of America	5–6 million
State of Israel	2.8–4 million
Languages
	Historical: Yiddish, German

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ܩܛܝܣܦܘܢ

**Origin of zhuyin symbols**
Consonants
Zhuyin	Origin	IPA	Pinyin	WG	Example
ㄅ	From 勹, the ancient form and current top portion of 包 bāo	p	b	p	八 (ㄅㄚ, bā)
ㄆ	From 攵, the combining form of 攴 pū	pʰ	p	p'	杷 (ㄆㄚˊ, pá)
ㄇ	From 冂, the archaic character and current radical 冖 mì	m	m	m	馬 (ㄇㄚˇ, mǎ)
ㄈ	From 匚 fāng	f	f	f	法 (ㄈㄚˇ, fǎ)
ㄉ	From the archaic form of 刀 dāo. Compare the bamboo form .	t	d	t	地 (ㄉㄧˋ, dì)
ㄊ	From the upside-down 子 seen at the top of 充	tʰ	t	t'	提 (ㄊㄧˊ, tí)
ㄋ	From /𠄎, ancient form of 乃 nǎi	n	n	n	你 (ㄋㄧˇ, nǐ)
ㄌ	From the archaic form of 力 lì	l	l	l	利 (ㄌㄧˋ, lì)
ㄍ	From the obsolete character 巜 guì/kuài" 'river'	k	g	k	告 (ㄍㄠˋ, gào)
ㄎ	From the archaic character 丂 kǎo	kʰ	k	k'	考 (ㄎㄠˇ, kǎo)
ㄏ	From the archaic character and current radical 厂 hàn	x	h	h	好 (ㄏㄠˇ, hǎo)
ㄐ	From the archaic character 丩 jiū	tɕ	j	ch	叫 (ㄐㄧㄠˋ, jiào)
ㄑ	From the archaic character ㄑ quǎn, graphic root of the character 巛 chuān (modern 川)	tɕʰ	q	ch'	巧 (ㄑㄧㄠˇ, qiǎo)
ㄒ	From 丅, an ancient form of 下 xià.	ɕ	x	hs	小 (ㄒㄧㄠˇ, xiǎo)
ㄓ	From /㞢, archaic form of 之 zhī.	ʈʂ	zh	ch	主 (ㄓㄨˇ, zhǔ)
ㄔ	From the character and radical 彳 chì	ʈʂʰ	ch	ch'	出 (ㄔㄨ, chū)
ㄕ	From the character 尸 shī	ʂ	sh	sh	束 (ㄕㄨˋ, shù)
ㄖ	Modified from the seal script form of 日 rì	ʐ	r	j	入 (ㄖㄨˋ, rù)
ㄗ	From the archaic character and current radical 卩 jié, dialectically zié	ts	z	ts	在 (ㄗㄞˋ, zài)
ㄘ	Variant of 七 qī, dialectically ciī. Compare semi-cursive form and seal-script .	tsʰ	c	ts'	才 (ㄘㄞˊ, cái)
ㄙ	From the archaic character 厶 sī, which was later replaced by its compound 私 sī.	s	s	s	塞 (ㄙㄞ, sāi)
Rhymes & Medials
Zhuyin	Origin	IPA	Pinyin	WG	Example
ㄚ	From 丫 yā	a	a	a	大 (ㄉㄚˋ, dà)
ㄛ	From the obsolete character 𠀀 hē, inhalation, the reverse of 丂 kǎo, which is preserved as a phonetic in the compound 可 kě.^[1]	ɔ	o	o	多 (ㄉㄨㄛ, duō)
ㄜ	Derived from its allophone in Standard Chinese, ㄛ o	ɤ	e	o/ê	得 (ㄉㄜˊ, dé)
ㄝ	From 也 yě. Compare the Warring States bamboo form	ɛ	ê	eh	爹 (ㄉㄧㄝ, diē)
ㄞ	From 𠀅 hài, bronze form of 亥.	aɪ	ai	ai	晒 (ㄕㄞˋ, shài)
ㄟ	From 乁 yí, an obsolete character meaning 移 yí "to move".	eɪ	ei	ei	誰 (ㄕㄟˊ, shéi)
ㄠ	From 幺 yāo	ɑʊ	ao	ao	少 (ㄕㄠˇ, shǎo)
ㄡ	From 又 yòu	oʊ	ou	ou	收 (ㄕㄡ, shōu)
ㄢ	From the obsolete character ㄢ hàn "to bloom", preserved as a phonetic in the compound 犯 fàn	an	an	an	山 (ㄕㄢ, shān)
ㄣ	From 乚 yǐn	ən	en	ên	申 (ㄕㄣ, shēn)
ㄤ	From 尢 wāng	ɑŋ	ang	ang	上 (ㄕㄤˋ, shàng)
ㄥ	From 厶, an obsolete form of 厷 gōng	ɤŋ	eng	êng	生 (ㄕㄥ, shēng)
ㄦ	From 儿, the bottom portion of 兒 ér used as a cursive form	əɻ	er	êrh	而 (ㄦˊ, ér)
ㄧ	From 一 yī	i	i/y	i	逆 (ㄋㄧˋ, nì)
ㄨ	From 㐅, ancient form of 五 wǔ.	u	u/w	u/w	努 (ㄋㄨˇ, nǔ)
ㄩ	From the ancient character 凵 qū, which remains as a radical	y	ü/yu/u	ü/yü	女 (ㄋㄩˇ, nǚ)
ㄭ	Perhaps 市, in addition to ㄓ. It is the minimal vowel of ㄓ, ㄔ, ㄕ, ㄖ, ㄗ, ㄘ, ㄙ.	ɨ	-i	ih/û	資 (ㄗ, zī)

比較

**注音比較**
聲母
注音	字源	國際音標	漢語拼音	威妥瑪拼音	例子（注音，漢語拼音)
ㄅ	包，說文解字：「勹，裹也，像人曲行，有所包裹」取其聲	p	b	p	八 (ㄅㄚ, bā)
ㄆ	扑，說文解字：「攵，小擊也。即手執竿輕敲」取其聲	pʰ	p	p'	杷 (ㄆㄚˊ, pá)
ㄇ	冪，遮蔽覆蓋之意，取其聲	m	m	m	馬 (ㄇㄚˇ, mǎ)
ㄈ	匚，說文解字：「匚，受物之器。」，古代盛器，取其聲	f	f	f	法 (ㄈㄚˇ, fǎ)
ㄉ	刀字異體，取其聲	t	d	t	地 (ㄉㄧˋ, dì)
ㄊ	同突（凸），取其聲	tʰ	t	t'	提 (ㄊㄧˊ, tí)
ㄋ	乃字變體，取其聲	n	n	n	你 (ㄋㄧˇ, nǐ)
ㄌ	力字變體，取其聲	l	l	l	利 (ㄌㄧˋ, lì)
ㄍ	澮，說文解字：「巜，水流澮澮也。」田間水道，取其聲	k	g	k	告 (ㄍㄠˋ, gào)
ㄎ	考，說文：「丂，氣欲舒出，𠃑上礙於一也。」取其聲	kʰ	k	k'	考 (ㄎㄠˇ, kǎo)
ㄏ	-{厂}-（非「-{廠}-」之簡化），部首名，說文：「山石之厓巖，人可居」	x	h	h	好 (ㄏㄠˇ, hǎo)
ㄐ	糾，說文：「丩，相糾繚也。」取其聲	ʨ	j	ch	叫 (ㄐㄧㄠˋ, jiào)
ㄑ	ㄑ，田間水道，取其聲	ʨʰ	q	ch'	巧 (ㄑㄧㄠˇ, qiǎo)
ㄒ	下之古字，取其聲	ɕ	x	hs	小 (ㄒㄧㄠˇ, xiǎo)
ㄓ	「之」的古字，取其聲	ʈʂ	zhi /zh	chih /ch	主 (ㄓㄨˇ, zhǔ)
ㄔ	正字通：「左步為彳，右步為亍，合彳亍為行。」取其聲	ʈʂʰ	chi /ch	ch'ih /ch'	出 (ㄔㄨ, chū)
ㄕ	-{尸}-之古字，取其聲	ʂ	shi /sh	shih /sh	束 (ㄕㄨˋ, shù)
ㄖ	日之象形古字	ɻ	ri /r	jih /j	入 (ㄖㄨˋ, rù)
ㄗ	節之古字，取其聲（讀尖音）	ʦ	zi /z	tzû /ts	在 (ㄗㄞˋ, zài)
ㄘ	七之古字，取其聲（讀尖音）	ʦʰ	ci /c	tz'û /ts'	才 (ㄘㄞˊ, cái)
ㄙ	私之古字，取其聲	s	si /s	ssû /s	塞 (ㄙㄞ, sāi)
韻尾
注音	字源	國際音標	漢語拼音	威妥瑪拼音	例子（注音，漢語拼音)
ㄚ	中古漢字，指上端分出的东西，取其韻	ä	a	a	大 (ㄉㄚˋ, dà)
ㄛ	近似呵，取其韻	ǫ /ɔ	o	o	多 (ㄉㄨㄛ, duō)
ㄜ	「ㄛ」之轉化，由「ㄛ」添筆而成，為後來新加	ɤ	e	e	得 (ㄉㄜˊ, dé)
ㄝ	也之變體	ɛ	ê	eh	爹 (ㄉㄧㄝ, diē)
ㄞ	亥之變體，取其韻	aɪ	ai	ai	晒 (ㄕㄞˋ, shài)
ㄟ	說文：「同戾也，从反丿，讀與弗同」取其韻	eɪ	ei	ei	誰 (ㄕㄟˊ, shéi)
ㄠ	說文：「幺，小也」，取其韻	ɑʊ	ao	ao	少 (ㄕㄠˇ, shǎo)
ㄡ	今字又，右手之象形古字，取其韻	oʊ	ou	ou	收 (ㄕㄡ, shōu)
ㄢ	說文：「ㄢ，艸木之華未發圅然。」	an	an	an	山 (ㄕㄢ, shān)
ㄣ	今字隱	ən	en	en	申 (ㄕㄣ, shēn)
ㄤ	本字尪，音wāng，骨胳弯曲不正	ɑŋ	ang	ang	上 (ㄕㄤˋ, shàng)
ㄥ	同肱，音gōng，上臂也，	ɤŋ	eng	eng	生 (ㄕㄥ, shēng)
ㄦ	兒，孩童	əɻ	er	erh	而 (ㄦˊ, ér)
ㄧ	源自「一」字	i	yi /i	i	逆 (ㄋㄧˋ, nì)
	－	in	yin /in	in	音 (ㄧㄣ, yīn)
	－	iŋ	ying /ing	ing	英 (ㄧㄥ, yīng)
ㄨ	「五」之古字	u	wu /u	wu /u	努 (ㄋㄨˇ, nǔ)
	－	uən	wen /un	wen /un	文 (ㄨㄣˊ, wén)
	－	uɤŋ/ʊŋ	weng /ong	weng /ung	翁 (ㄨㄥ, wēng)
ㄩ	說文：「凵（音qū）盧，飯器，以柳爲之。象形。」。	y	yu /u/ ü	yü /ü	女 (ㄋㄩˇ, nǚ)
	－	yn	yun /un	yün /ün	韻 (ㄩㄣˋ, yùn)
	－	yʊŋ	yong /iong	yung /iung	永 (ㄩㄥˇ, yǒng)

Hiragana base characters
	a	i	u	e	o
∅	あ	い	う	え	お
K	か	き	く	け	こ
S	さ	し	す	せ	そ
T	た	ち	つ	て	と
N	な	に	ぬ	ね	の
H	は	ひ	ふ	へ	ほ
M	ま	み	む	め	も
Y	や		ゆ		よ
R	ら	り	る	れ	ろ
W	わ	ゐ		ゑ	を
	ん (n)
Functional marks and diacritics
っ	ゝ		゛	゜