User:Jennahughson/Forensic dentistry
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Organizations
[edit]In Canada, The Royal College of Dentists has not recognized forensic odontology therefore there is no organization for Canada, however, there are three well-developed and trained groups for forensic dentistry. These groups include British Columbia, Ontario, and Quebec[1]. British Columbia has a team called BC Forensic Odontology Response Team (BC_FORT) which is led by six dentists[2]. They focus on disaster-victim identification work. Ontario has a team of ten forensic dentists called the Province of Ontario Dental Identification Team (PODIT)[1]. Quebec has a team that is run out of McGill University and they offer a well-established forensic dentistry online course that focuses on human bite-mark evidence[3]. These teams are kept small in order to maintain a relationship between forensic dentists and casework.
Training
[edit]Canada
[edit]For undergraduate studies, dental school candidates in Canada are required to complete a BA or at least three years of study in a BA program before completing a dental degree. BA Programs often involve science or biomedical but can include much more, as long as students have completed the basic prerequisites needed.[1]
There are no graduate study programs for forensic odontology specifically in Canada. Some universities have offered some involvement in forensic science disciples during clinical dental specialty projects, however, they will not graduate with credibility in the forensic odontology discipline.
Dental degrees given by universities in Canada include DDS (doctor of dental science) and DMD (doctor of dental medicine).[4]
There is no professional certification process for forensic odontologists in Canada currently. It is possible for Canadians to certify for the ABFO, a section of the American Academy of Forensic Science.[5] This process also includes an examination as well as the candidates must complete a career checklist of accomplishments which will be reviewed. This checklist may include fellowships, working with recognized medicolegal death investigation agencies, completing a minimum level of casework and research, and providing testimony in court cases.[1] The ABFO and the AAFS often hold scientific sessions which offer workshops including identification, civil litigation, age determination, and bite-mark analysis. These are beneficial in helping prospective forensic practitioners move towards board-eligible status.[1]
Identification methods
[edit]Radiograph comparison
[edit]The comparison of antemortem and post-mortem radiographic records can be done to attain a positive identification of an individual. Teeth are used since they are a very durable and resistant to extreme conditions. The radiographs can present dental restorations as well as unique morphology for each individual.[6] Dental patterns are unique due to the variety of treatments as well as growth for each individual, which creates a benefit in using them for human identification[7]
Post-mortem radiographs can be taken at the scene or in a laboratory, the antemortem records are collected from dentists existing files and are used for comparison with the radiographs taken from the deceased unknown individual[8].
It is important that dentists keep all radiographs stored properly since the original dental records will be used during this comparison.
The antemortem and post-mortem radiographs will both be analyzed and transcribed onto Victim Identification forms and loaded into a computer database in order to compare many different antemortem records to the post-mortem in order to obtain a match[9].
Radiograph comparison is often a method used in mass fatalities for example natural disasters but It can be used in any case.
DNA Extraction
[edit]Teeth contain a great source of DNA since they are very chemically and physically resistant to extreme conditions[10]. This method is especially useful in cases where other DNA sources are not accessible, for example in burned victims. Teeth can be used to create a DNA profile in order to identify unknown deceased individuals. Dentin and enamel provide a resistant and protective surface that houses the dental pulp which is located under the enamel and dentin layers in the center of the tooth, which contains the nerves and blood supply as well[11]. Within the pulp is where genomic and mitochondrial DNA can be extracted[12]. It should be noted that the teeth should not be completely destroyed using DNA analysis alone, it should be compared with other techniques as well before damaging techniques are used.
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d e "Forensic Science in Canada - PDF Free Download". docplayer.net. Retrieved 2022-03-29.
- ^ "BC-FORT - British Columbia Forensic Odontology Response Team". www.bcfort.dentistry.ubc.ca. Retrieved 2022-04-04.
- ^ "Course Information". McGill CDE. Retrieved 2022-04-04.
- ^ "List of Dental Schools in Canada". Master Student. 2021-02-20. Retrieved 2022-03-29.
- ^ "ABFO :: American Board of Forensic Odontology |". Retrieved 2022-03-29.
- ^ Kahana, T; Hiss, J (1997-03-01). "Identification of human remains: forensic radiology". Journal of Clinical Forensic Medicine. 4 (1): 7–15. doi:10.1016/S1353-1131(97)90002-X. ISSN 1353-1131.
- ^ Jeddy, Nadeem; Ravi, Shivani; Radhika, T. (2017). "Current trends in forensic odontology". Journal of Forensic Dental Sciences. 9 (3): 115–119. doi:10.4103/jfo.jfds_85_16. ISSN 0975-1475. PMC 5887632. PMID 29657486.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Viner, Mark D.; Robson, John (2017-03-01). "Post-Mortem Forensic Dental Radiography - a review of current techniques and future developments". Journal of Forensic Radiology and Imaging. Special Issue: Papers from the joint ISFRI & IAFR Conference 2016. 8: 22–37. doi:10.1016/j.jofri.2017.03.007. ISSN 2212-4780.
- ^ Jain, Anil K.; Chen, Hong (2004-07-01). "Matching of dental X-ray images for human identification". Pattern Recognition. 37 (7): 1519–1532. doi:10.1016/j.patcog.2003.12.016. ISSN 0031-3203.
- ^ Manjunath, B. C.; Chandrashekar, B. R.; Mahesh, Melkundi; Vatchala Rani, R. M. (2011-07-01). "DNA Profiling and forensic dentistry – A review of the recent concepts and trends". Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine. 18 (5): 191–197. doi:10.1016/j.jflm.2011.02.005. ISSN 1752-928X.
- ^ Manjunath, B. C.; Chandrashekar, B. R.; Mahesh, Melkundi; Vatchala Rani, R. M. (2011-07-01). "DNA Profiling and forensic dentistry – A review of the recent concepts and trends". Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine. 18 (5): 191–197. doi:10.1016/j.jflm.2011.02.005. ISSN 1752-928X.
- ^ Sakari, S. Leena; Jimson, Sudha; Masthan, K. M. K.; Jacobina, Jenita (2015-4). "Role of DNA profiling in forensic odontology". Journal of Pharmacy & Bioallied Sciences. 7 (Suppl 1): S138–S141. doi:10.4103/0975-7406.155863. ISSN 0976-4879. PMC 4439652. PMID 26015692.
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