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Annotated Bibliography

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Harvey, P. D., Mcgurk, S. R., Mahncke, H., & Wykes, T. (2018). Controversies in computerized cognitive training. Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging, 3(11), 907-915. doi:10.1016/j.bpsc.2018.06.008 [1]

Summary:

This article is a response to two popular reviews, which are critical of computerized cognitive training (CCT). Those reviews found that CCT was incapable of counteracting dementia and reversing deterioration of mental capabilities due to age. Those articles were correct about those facts, which at the time were overblown by companies marketing CCT software. However, they also ignored the positive outcomes of reviewed and replicated studies, which show successful results when CCT is combined with cognitive remediation (CR) techniques (seek to better operational abilities through specialized training). Harvey et al. argue that when researchers settle on a specific definition of CCT and definitions of success, then many studies show specific cognitive improvements in both schizophrenic participants and healthy aging participants.

Studies where participants have some form of in-person assistance with their computer programs show transfer of the cognitive and memory skills practiced in those studies, including in followups 3-10 years later. Larger sample sizes show more positive results. Studies show positive results when compared to both active and passive control groups. Participants with more intense symptoms of schizophrenia or cognitive decline due to aging show fewer gains, [showing] the authors’ point that CCT is not a corrective measure.

The review takes the stance that negative news gets more press than positive news even if not encapsulating the entire story. It uses the example of a very popular study completed by a Brittish TV show, “Bang Goes the Theory.” This show executed an online study that barely fit the CCT definition (was online and involved computers) and participants were required to take a pretest, at least 2 sessions of training, and a post test to be considered in the findings. The study’s results were negative for cognitive improvement whereupon it was cited 800 times after publishing. When a more comprehensive study was published by the same group 5 years later with positive results it only was cited 42 times.

I find it useful to discuss a standardization of definitions of CCT. There were numerous reviews I found on the subject of cognitive training with or without computers, which concluded that more studies with rigorous definitions and control groups needed to be undertaken before results could be categorized. I am skeptical, however, of these positive findings because one contributor was an employee of a CCT developing company.


Tzuang, M., Owusu, J. T., Spira, A. P., Albert, M. S., & Rebok, G. W. (2017). Cognitive training for ethnic minority older adults in the United States: A review. The Gerontologist, 58(5). doi:10.1093/geront/gnw260 [2]

Summary:

This article brings up an overlooked aspect of assessing the efficacy of Cognitive Training through clinical trials. Most trials involving healthy aging Americans to date have not recorded the races of their participants. The vast majority that have recorded ethnicities have been conducted since 2005. Of those that have, most do not include a proportionate number of participants to either the current demographic of aging adults, or future demographics which suggest a growing ratio of African American, Hispanic, and Asian people to Caucasian individuals. Since the percentage of aging people is also growing related to that of younger Americans, any trials that study methods that can extend an aging population’s ability to live independently need to include participants of color.

This article notes successful tactics from the three studies that gained and retained higher percentages of non-Caucasian participants than national averages for the purpose of replication by future studies. These studies invested time in finding community leaders to engage their community to participate. They also asked for these leaders’ input in advance of beginning the study so that engagement approaches could be adapted more successfully. They hired staff from similar demographics to participants so that someone could code switch between participants and research team. Materials were tailored to reflect life experiences and current knowledge of participants and were translated into other languages in some cases. The review suggests that these methods require more funding so they should be included in the budget in advance.

This is a useful citation for this project because it may help narrow a content gap that this page suffers from.

Possible References: Organized by Category

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"Need more tests"

2. Cognitive training as a component of treatment of alcohol use disorder: A review.

Nixon SJ, Lewis B.

Neuropsychology. 2019 Sep;33(6):822-841. doi: 10.1037/neu0000575. PMID: 31448949 Free PMC article. Review.

3. Auditory and Cognitive Training for Cognition in Adults With Hearing Loss: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Lawrence BJ, Jayakody DMP, Henshaw H, Ferguson MA, Eikelboom RH, Loftus AM, Friedland PL.

Trends Hear. 2018 Jan-Dec;22:2331216518792096. doi: 10.1177/2331216518792096. PMID: 30092719 Free PMC article.

6. Aging brain: the effect of combined cognitive and physical training on cognition as compared to cognitive and physical training alone - a systematic review.

Joubert C, Chainay H.

Clin Interv Aging. 2018 Jul 20;13:1267-1301. doi: 10.2147/CIA.S165399. eCollection 2018. PMID: 30057444 Free PMC article. Review.

8. Computerised cognitive training for preventing dementia in people with mild cognitive impairment.

Gates NJ, Vernooij RW, Di Nisio M, Karim S, March E, Martínez G, Rutjes AW.

Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Mar 13;3(3):CD012279. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD012279.pub2. PMID: 30864747 Free PMC article.

13. Computerised cognitive training for maintaining cognitive function in cognitively healthy people in late life.

Gates NJ, Rutjes AW, Di Nisio M, Karim S, Chong LY, March E, Martínez G, Vernooij RW.

Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Mar 13;3(3):CD012277. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD012277.pub2. PMID: 30864187 Free PMC article. Updated.

9. Evaluating Weaknesses of "Perceptual-Cognitive Training" and "Brain Training" Methods in Sport: An Ecological Dynamics Critique.

Renshaw I, Davids K, Araújo D, Lucas A, Roberts WM, Newcombe DJ, Franks B.

Front Psychol. 2019 Jan 21;9:2468. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02468. eCollection 2018. PMID: 30719015 Free PMC article. Review.

15. Training Cognitive Functions Using Mobile Apps in Breast Cancer Patients: Systematic Review.

Vergani L, Marton G, Pizzoli SFM, Monzani D, Mazzocco K, Pravettoni G.

JMIR Mhealth Uhealth. 2019 Mar 19;7(3):e10855. doi: 10.2196/10855. PMID: 30888326 Free PMC article.

24. Cognitive training as a potential treatment for overweight and obesity: A critical review of the evidence.

Jones A, Hardman CA, Lawrence N, Field M.

Appetite. 2018 May 1;124:50-67. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2017.05.032. Epub 2017 May 22. PMID: 28546010 Review.

"Specifically need more of these types of tests"

26. Cognitive Interventions in Parkinson's Disease: Where We Want to Go within 20 Years.

Kalbe E, Aarsland D, Folkerts AK.

J Parkinsons Dis. 2018;8(s1):S107-S113. doi: 10.3233/JPD-181473. PMID: 30584158 Free PMC article. Review.

"Results positive for general cognitive training but need more consistent tests/descriptions"

4. Technology-based cognitive training and rehabilitation interventions for individuals with mild cognitive impairment: a systematic review.

Ge S, Zhu Z, Wu B, McConnell ES.

BMC Geriatr. 2018 Sep 15;18(1):213. doi: 10.1186/s12877-018-0893-1. PMID: 30219036 Free PMC article.

21. Cognition and addiction
.

Verdejo-Garcia A, Garcia-Fernandez G, Dom G.

Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2019 Sep;21(3):281-290. doi: 10.31887/DCNS.2019.21.3/gdom. PMID: 31749652 Free PMC article. Review.

"Need more tests, but seems less effective than pharmaceuticals"

20. Treatment for Bipolar Disorder in Adults: A Systematic Review [Internet].

Butler M, Urosevic S, Desai P, Sponheim SR, Popp J, Nelson VA, Thao V, Sunderlin B.

Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US); 2018 Aug. Report No.: 18-EHC012-EF. PMID: 30329241 Free Books & Documents. Review.

"Looking at fMRI scans of post-training brains to see differences (which do occur)"

5. Neurophysiologic and Cognitive Changes Arising from Cognitive Training Interventions in Persons with Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Systematic Review.

Miotto EC, Batista AX, Simon SS, Hampstead BM.

Neural Plast. 2018 Dec 2;2018:7301530. doi: 10.1155/2018/7301530. eCollection 2018. PMID: 30766600 Free PMC article.

"Positive Results for certain types of people"

27. Is Cognitive Training Effective for Improving Executive Functions in Preschoolers? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Scionti N, Cavallero M, Zogmaister C, Marzocchi GM.

Front Psychol. 2020 Jan 10;10:2812. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02812. eCollection 2019. PMID: 31998168 Free PMC article.

"Positive Results"

7. Comparison of multiple interventions for older adults with Alzheimer disease or mild cognitive impairment: A PRISMA-compliant network meta-analysis.

Liang JH, Xu Y, Lin L, Jia RX, Zhang HB, Hang L.

Medicine (Baltimore). 2018 May;97(20):e10744. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000010744. PMID: 29768349 Free PMC article.

18. Video Games for Well-Being: A Systematic Review on the Application of Computer Games for Cognitive and Emotional Training in the Adult Population.

Pallavicini F, Ferrari A, Mantovani F.

Front Psychol. 2018 Nov 7;9:2127. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02127. eCollection 2018. PMID: 30464753 Free PMC article.

23. Cognitive Training for Post-Acute Traumatic Brain Injury: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Hallock H, Collins D, Lampit A, Deol K, Fleming J, Valenzuela M.

Front Hum Neurosci. 2016 Oct 27;10:537. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2016.00537. eCollection 2016. PMID: 27833541 Free PMC article.

I'd have to read the whole article to nail it down

22. A Literature Overview of Virtual Reality (VR) in Treatment of Psychiatric Disorders: Recent Advances and Limitations.

Park MJ, Kim DJ, Lee U, Na EJ, Jeon HJ.

Front Psychiatry. 2019 Jul 19;10:505. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00505. eCollection 2019. PMID: 31379623 Free PMC article. Review.