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Flag of the Shivwits Band of Paiute Indians

Paiute Origin Story in Folklore

The Paiutes trace their origin story to the tale of Tabuts who was a wise wolf and older brother to Shinangwav, the mischievous coyote. Mankind was created as Tabuts decided to carve many different people out of sticks. When he was finished, he placed the people in a sack, so he could scatter them evenly throughout the whole earth so that all people would have a a fair share of land to live upon. However, the sly Shinangwav had another idea. Legend tells that Shinangwav cut open the sack and the people fell out in small concentrated clusters all over the world. This uneven distribution and disruption brought among the people much contention and fighting between humans. As legend has it, the few remaining people left in the sack were blessed by Tabuts and placed in Earth's choicest land: those people were the Southern Paiutes.

History

Pre European Contact

Typically the Shivwits people are portrayed as hunter-gatherers who sought after berries, roots and pine nuts and hunted game such as rabbits and deer. However, excavations of two proto-historic features near the Santa Clara River provide evidence of Southern Paiute practice of garden cultivation (horticulture) such as wheat grains and maize cob and kernel fragments.

The people in the Shivwits Band of Paiutes camped together in family groupings. They had a nomadic mobile lifestyle and moved around frequently. In the spring and summer they would gather, plant, and hunt food in preparation for winter. After growing season was over in the fall they would gather together to celebrate marriages and have dances. (Other major celebrations include the pine nut harvest at the spring fish spawn.) In the winter they told stories of the Wolf and the Coyote, and recounted the history of their people.

It is likely that the Shivwits Plateau (named after the band) was also once a source of ceramic pottery that contributed to a thriving ceramic trade system that linked regions around southern Nevada and northwestern Arizona. These Shivwits wares were composed of iron rich, dark brown/red ceramic materials, as well as crushed Moapa Gray Ware shards, all of which support the Shivwits production of these Native American ceramics. With near total consistency, these Shivwits wares were most commonly characterized by their style of being very large jars, large enough that it would take one person to transport just one jar. This ceramic trade, however, disappeared under unknown circumstances and only the historical evidence remains in support of it's existence.

Beginning of White Settlement

Spurred by the era of rapid expansion of settlers in the 1850’s in Southern Utah, white settlement of the land marked the end of the Native American sovereignty and traditional lifestyle. By 1858, these settlers, predominantly Mormons, permanently settled on Paiute lands in the 1850s, putting an end to the Shivwits' traditional lifestyle. These settlers colonized many places that the Natives used for foraging, which resulted in many Natives facing problems with starvation. New diseases were also introduced to the Native Americans, whose epidemics ultimately killed 90% of some groups, drastically reducing their population. As a result, many Natives were pressed by the effects of poverty and vulnerability, and often, many women and children would turn to roles of servitude to the new settlers in order to support themselves.

C. R. Savage's famous photograph: Member of the Shivwits Band, in 1875, being baptized by Mormon Missionaries.

The settlement of Mormons also had unique assimilating consequences upon the Shivwits through the intensive proselytizing efforts of the Mormon settlers. C. R. Savage, travelling with Mormon missionaries, captured the mass baptisms of Shivwits on March 19, 1875 through photography, and his photo has since been famously used to represent the expansion of early white Mormon settlers and their positive and negative impact on Indian society. Though uncertain, most reports agree that at least 160 Shivwits were baptized by Mormon missionaries—men, women, and children ages ranging up to 60 years old. Within Savage’s historic photograph, is pictured Chief Qui- Tuss, or “Burning Fire,” standing in the water, preparing to be baptized by Bishop Daniel McArthur. As per custom, the chief, who was around fifty years old, was the first to be baptized as an act of respect to the chief, and to also encourage other tribe members to follow his lead.

Dealings with the Federal Government

In the late 1880’s, a predominant rancher named Anthony W. Ivins began efforts to convince the federal government that the Shivwits Band of Southern Paiutes should be moved to an area along the Santa Clara river. A few years later the first Paiute reservation was established in 1891 on the Santa Clara River West of St. George Utah. The Shivwits Band of Paiute Indians of Utah first received federal recognition on March 3, 1891 as the "Shebit tribe of Indians in Washington County, Utah."

Although the Shivwits Reservation was established in 1891 on the Santa Clara River, it wasn’t formally recognized by the government until 1903. And although in 1916 President Woodrow Wilson issued an order to expand the reservation to 26,880 acres, the land was still too resource poor for the Shivwits to survive, so they were dependent on the federal government. However everything changed in 1954 under the US policy of Indian termination, which was created to encourage self-sufficiency among Native American Tribes and enforce assimilation into American society. Termination had disastrous social and economic consequences on the Tribes. They lost their federal recognition, which meant they also lost their eligibility for federal support. Half of all tribal members died between 1954 and 1980, due to lack of basic health resources and with inadequate income to meet their needs the Paiutes could not afford to pay property taxes and lost about 15,000 acres of former reservation lands. Like most Native American tribes during the termination era, the Shivwits began to suffer from diminishing pride in their cultural heritage.

Following the era of Indian assimilation, the United States Department of the Interior office of Indian Affairs approved a new constitution on March 21, 1940 to alter the governmental workings of the Shivwits Band of Paiute Indians. This constitution was limited in the actual sovereignty and powers it granted the Paiute Indians, as most tribal constitutions issued by the US government during the Indian Termination period were.

Currently, the Shivwits Band have over 28,000 acres in Washington County.

Current Tribal Government

The Paiute Indian Tribe of Utah adopted an Indian-created constitution on June 11, 1991. It passed with a vote of 31 in favor against 14 opposed, and following approval of Ronal Eden, director of the Office of Tribal Services, was officially adopted.

This constitution grants sovereign power to the Paiute tribe and it's respective bands within the territories of all reservation lands, and lays down the function of the tribal government.

As described by the constitution, the government of the Paiutes is run by a council of 6 members, 5 of which consist of one representative from each of the 5 constituent bands. These 5 members are chosen through popular vote in band elections, and become the respective band’s council member. By default, each band has a vice-council member, chosen by getting the second highest vote.

The sixth member is an overall tribal-chairman. An election is subsequently held from among those just elected to be on the council, and are elected by all the members of the tribe eligible to vote. The council member chosen to be chairman vacates their position as council member, and their vice president becomes the new council representative of their respective band. A term for council members, vice-council members, chairman, and vice-chairman is 4 years.

This tribal council is the main governing body of the tribe, and their powers include executive and legislative powers to promulgate and enforce laws. These powers include but aren’t limited to regulating laws, taxes, land and territory, so long as they don't infringe on US federal regulation, nor infringe on individual band rights which generally involve sovereign rights like autonomy and equality.

Today

Near Ivins, UT

The tribe is headquartered in Ivins & the unincorporated community of Shivwits, located in Washington County, Utah. Their office is located at 6060 West 3650 North Ivins, UT 84738. The current band chairperson is Carmen Clark.

Nine miles west of St. George on Highway 91, the Shivwits culture endures on. They live in a self-sufficient community surrounded by red cliffs. Their community includes 40 homes, a health clinic, community center, gas station and a market. Economic development is an ongoing political challenge for the band, and in the dry desert basin water lease agreements play an important role in economic survival. Future plans for the Shivwits reservation include building a gymnasium and cultural center.

A huge concern for the Shivwits today is the rapid development of the surrounding land in Washington County, and its impact on the Paiute nations ancient history. Many artifacts such as petroglyphs and pottery are being disturbed by developers, in order to build more homes and make way for the rapid population growth in Southern Utah.

Every year, The Paiute Restoration Gathering celebrates the reinstatement of federal recognition after the five bands of Utah Paiutes were terminated. Paiutes and their inner-tribal members all gather together at an annual Pow-Wow, where they celebrate their tribal traditions by dancing and singing and performing ceremonies to help educate their youth about who they are and where they’ve come from.

External links

• Native Americans in Post War Utah