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Vitamin D and Cancer Vitamin D supplements have been widely marketed for their claimed anticancer properties Cite error: There are <ref> tags on this page without content in them (see the help page).^[1]. The mechanisms whereby vitamin D reduces risk of cancer incidence and death include regulating multiple signaling pathways involved in proliferation, apoptosis, differentiation, inflammation, invasion, angiogenesis and metastasis, as well as regulating microRNA expression and may affect cancer stem cell biology^[2]. Associations have been shown in observational studies between low vitamin D levels and the risk of development of several types of cancer including bladder^[3], breast (4), colorectal (5), liver (6), and renal (7). Meta-analyses of observational studies found significant reduced risk of cancer incidence related to individual vitamin D intake for colorectal (5), lung (8) and renal (7) cancer. While randomized controlled trials have not confirmed that vitamin D supplements reduce the risk of cancer incidence, a meta-analysis of five RCTs of vitamin D supplementation including 75,241 participants of whom 1107 died from cancer, found a 13% (95% CI, 4 to 21%) reduction in cancer deaths (9).

^ Niedermaier, T; Gredner, T; Kuznia, S; Schottker, B; Mons, B; Brenner, H (2021). "Vitamin D supplementation to the older adult population in Germany has the cost-saving potential of preventing almost 30 000 cancer deaths per year". Mol Oncol. 15 (8): 1886–1994. doi:10.1002/1878-0261.12924. PMID 33540476.
^ Feldman, D; Krishnan, AV; Swami, S; Giovannucci, E; Feldman, BJ (2014). "The role of vitamin D in reducing cancer risk and progression". Nat Rev Cancer. 14 (5): 342–57. doi:10.1038/nrc3691. PMID 24705652.
^ Zhao, Y; Chen, C; Pan, W; Gao, M; He, W; Mao, R (2016). "Comparative efficacy of vitamin D status in reducing the risk of bladder cancer: A systematic review and network meta-analysis". Nutrition. 32 (5): 515–23. PMID 26822497.

[Niedermaier-1] Niedermaier, T; Gredner, T; Kuznia, S; Schottker, B; Mons, B; Brenner, H (2021). "Vitamin D supplementation to the older adult population in Germany has the cost-saving potential of preventing almost 30 000 cancer deaths per year". Mol Oncol. 15 (8): 1886–1994. doi:10.1002/1878-0261.12924. PMID 33540476.

[Feldman-2] Feldman, D; Krishnan, AV; Swami, S; Giovannucci, E; Feldman, BJ (2014). "The role of vitamin D in reducing cancer risk and progression". Nat Rev Cancer. 14 (5): 342–57. doi:10.1038/nrc3691. PMID 24705652.

[Zhao-3] Zhao, Y; Chen, C; Pan, W; Gao, M; He, W; Mao, R (2016). "Comparative efficacy of vitamin D status in reducing the risk of bladder cancer: A systematic review and network meta-analysis". Nutrition. 32 (5): 515–23. PMID 26822497.

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