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Ambient air quality criteria, or standards, are concentrations of pollutants in the air, and typically refer to outdoor air. The criteria are specified for a variety of reasons including for the protection of human health, buildings, crops, vegetation, ecosystems, as well as for planning and other purposes. There is no internationally accepted definition but usually "standards" have some legal or enforcement aspect, whereas "guidelines" may not be backed by laws. "Criteria/criterion" can be used as a generic term to cover standards and guidelines.

Various organizations have proposed criteria e.g. WHO, EU, US EPA. These criteria are often similar - but not always, even if they are proposed for the same purpose (e.g. the protection of human health).

Specifying the Criteria

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It is important for any numerical standard that the averaging period, unit, and statistical measure are given (e.g. the 98th percentile of hourly means measured over a calendar year in micrograms per cubic metre (µg/m3)). Without these there is no common ground for a given criterion, making it confusing or even meaningless. Criteria can be set in different units (e.g. µg/m3, parts per billion by volume (ppbv), parts per billion by mass (ppb(mass)), parts per million (ppm)) and it is possible to convert between all of these units if you know the molecular mass of the pollutant and the temperature at which you want to convert. Different standard temperatures are used throughout the world and so it is important to state the temperature of conversion (if relevant). Most pollutants have ambient criteria in the parts per billion (ppb) or µg/m3 range. Some have smaller units (e.g. dioxins are often in pico-grams /m3); others have larger units (e.g. carbon monoxide (CO) in mg/m3). Particle pollution (e.g. PM10, PM1.0) is specified in units of mass (e.g. µg/m3) and not in units of volume (ppmv).

In the EU, the pollutants and their criteria are specified in Directive 2008/50/EC.

The Criteria

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Below is a list of available air quality criteria from around the world. There is a lot of cross referencing between organizations (e.g. the International Finance Corp (IFC)) that have their own criteria. Ultimately, many criteria are based on those specified by the World Health Organization (WHO). It is important when complying with ambient air quality criteria to check the direct reference as well. Not all related caveats/controlling parameters of a criterion can be put in the table, hence, specified below are mostly the six criteria air pollutants most monitoring agencies specify. These agencies also list whether certain criteria must be monitored in a specific way to fit with compliance measures.

Pollutant Abbr. Value Units Averaging Period Statistical Measure # exceedences Organisation Status Applicability Notes
Nitrogen dioxide NO2 40 µg/m3 Annual1 Mean None WHO [1] Guideline Global
Nitrogen dioxide NO2 200 µg/m3 1 hour Mean None WHO [1] Guideline Global
Nitrogen dioxide NO2 40 µg/m3 Annual Mean None EU [2] Limit Value EU Member States Calendar Year
Nitrogen dioxide NO2 53* ppb Annual Mean None US EPA[3] Legal United States
Nitrogen dioxide NO2 100 µg/m3 Annual Yrly mean of daily None SCENR [4] Legal Qatar Calendar Year
Nitrogen dioxide NO2 40 µg/m3 Annual Mean None Chinese Ministry of Ecology and Environment[5] Legal China
Nitrogen dioxide NO2 100 µg/m3 Daily Mean New Zealand Ministry for the Environment[6] Guideline New Zealand Calendar Year
Nitrogen dioxide NO2 113 µg/m3 Daily Daily mean of hourly None Japanese Ministry of Environment [7] Legal Japan Quoted as 0.06 ppm
Nitrogen dioxide NO2 150 µg/m3 Daily 99.7%ile 1 day/yr SCENR [4] Legal Qatar Calendar Year
Nitrogen dioxide NO2 80 µg/m3 Daily Mean None Chinese Ministry of Ecology and Environment[5] Legal China
Nitrogen dioxide NO2 100 ppb 1 hour 98% of 1-hour daily maximum concentrations, averaged over 3 years None US EPA[3] Legal United States
Nitrogen dioxide NO2 40 µg/m3 Annual Mean None India Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) [8] Legal India Calendar Year
Nitrogen dioxide NO2 30 µg/m3 Annual Mean None India Central Pollution Control Board(CPCB) [8] Legal India - Ecologically sensitive areas Calendar Year
Nitrogen dioxide NO2 80 µg/m3 24 hour2 Mean None India Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) [8] Legal India Calendar Year
Nitrogen dioxide NO2 200 µg/m3 1 hour 99.79%ile 18 hrs/yr EU [2] Limit value EU Member States Calendar Year
Nitrogen dioxide NO2 200 µg/m3 1 hour Mean 9/yr New Zealand Ministry for the Environment[9] Legal New Zealand Calendar Year
Nitrogen dioxide NO2 400 µg/m3 1 hour 99.7%ile 26 hrs/yr SCENR [4] Legal Qatar Calendar Year
Nitrogen dioxide NO2 200 µg/m3 1 hour Mean None Chinese Ministry of Ecology and Environment[5] Legal China

* The level of the annual NO2 standard is 0.053 ppm. It is shown here in terms of ppb for the purposes of clearer comparison to the 1-hour standard level.

Pollutant Abbr. Value Units Averaging Period Statistical Measure # exceedences Organisation Status Applicability Notes
Sulphur dioxide SO2 75 ppb 1 hour 99% of 1-hour daily maximum concentrations, averaged over 3 years None US EPA[3] Legal United States*
Sulphur dioxide SO2 0.5 ppm 3 hours Mean Once per year US EPA[3] Legal United States
Sulphur dioxide SO2 20 µg/m3 Annual Mean None Chinese Ministry of Ecology and Environment[5] Legal China Category 1 Areas
Sulphur dioxide SO2 60 µg/m3 Annual Mean None Chinese Ministry of Ecology and Environment[5] Legal China Category 2 Areas
Sulphur dioxide SO2 50 µg/m3 Daily Mean None Chinese Ministry of Ecology and Environment[5] Legal China Category 1 Areas
Sulphur dioxide SO2 20 µg/m3 Annual Mean None India Cental Pollution Control Board (CPCB) [8] Legal India - Ecologically sensitive areas
Sulphur dioxide SO2 50 µg/m3 Annual Mean None India Cental Pollution Control Board (CPCB) [8] Legal India
Sulphur dioxide SO2 80 µg/m3 24 hour Mean None India Cental Pollution Control Board (CPCB) [8] Legal India
Sulphur dioxide SO2 150 µg/m3 Daily Mean None Chinese Ministry of Ecology and Environment[5] Legal China Category 2 Areas
Sulphur dioxide SO2 150 µg/m3 1 hour Mean None Chinese Ministry of Ecology and Environment[5] Legal China Category 1 Areas
Sulphur dioxide SO2 500 µg/m3 1 hour Mean None Chinese Ministry of Ecology and Environment[5] Legal China Category 2 Areas
Sulphur dioxide SO2 125 µg/m3 24 hour Any 24 hour period None WHO [1] Interim Target (IT) 1 Global Was the guideline in 2000
Sulphur dioxide SO2 50 µg/m3 24 hour Any 24 hour period None WHO [1] Interim Target (IT) 2 Global Calendar Year (1 Jan - 31 Dec)
Sulphur dioxide SO2 125 µg/m3 24 hour Any 24 hour mean None WHO [1] Interim Target (IT) 1 Global
Sulphur dioxide SO2 50 µg/m3 24 hour Any 24 hour mean None WHO [1] Interim Target (IT) 2 Global
Sulphur dioxide SO2 20 µg/m3 24 hour Any 24 hour mean None WHO [1] Guideline Global
Sulphur dioxide SO2 500 µg/m3 10 minute Any 10 minute mean None WHO [1] Guideline Global
Sulphur dioxide SO2 1300 µg/m3 1 hour 99.99%ile 1 hr/year Ras Laffan Legal Qatar Calendar Year
Sulphur dioxide SO2 350 µg/m3 1 hour Mean 9/yr New Zealand Min.for Environment[9] Legal New Zealand
Sulphur dioxide SO2 570 µg/m3 1 hour Mean None New Zealand Ministry for the Environment[9] Legal New Zealand
Sulphur dioxide SO2 120 µg/m3 24 hour Average New Zealand Ministry for the Environment[10] Guideline New Zealand

* The previous SO2 standards (0.14 ppm 24-hour and 0.03 ppm annual) will additionally remain in effect in certain areas: (1) any area for which it is not yet 1 year since the effective date of designation under the current (2010) standards, and (2)any area for which an implementation plan providing for attainment of the current (2010) standard has not been submitted and approved and which is designated nonattainment under the previous SO2 standards or is not meeting the requirements of a SIP call under the previous SO2 standards (40 CFR 50.4(3)).  A SIP call is an EPA action requiring a state to resubmit all or part of its State Implementation Plan to demonstrate attainment of the required NAAQS.

Abbr. Value Units Averaging Period Statistical Measure # exceedences Organisation Status Applicability Notes
PM10 "Coarse Particulate Matter" 150 µg/m3 24 hour Average over 3 years Once per year US EPA[3] Legal United States
PM10 125 µg/m3 24 hour 99th %ile 3 days/yr WHO [1] Guideline Global
PM10 50 µg/m3 24 hour Mean None WHO [1] Guideline Global
PM10 20 µg/m3 Annual Mean None WHO [1] Guideline Global
PM10 60 µg/m3 Annual Mean None India - Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) [8] Legal India
PM10 10 µg/m3 24 hour Mean None India - Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) [8] Legal India
PM10 50 µg/m3 24 hour Mean 1/yr New Zealand Ministry for the Environment[9] Legal New Zealand
PM10 40 µg/m3 Annual Mean None Chinese Ministry of Ecology and Environment[5] Legal China Category 1 Areas
PM10 70 µg/m3 Annual Mean None Chinese Ministry of Ecology and Environment[5] Legal China Category 2 Areas
PM10 50 µg/m3 24 hour Mean None Chinese Ministry of Ecology and Environment[5] Legal China Category 1 Areas
PM10 150 µg/m3 24 hour Mean None Chinese Ministry of Ecology and Environment[5] Legal China Category 2 Areas
PM2.5 "Fine Particulate Matter" 35 µg/m3 24 hour 98% averaged over 3 years None US EPA[3] Legal United States
PM2.5 25 µg/m3 24 hour Any 24 hr mean None WHO [1] Guideline Global
PM2.5 60 µg/m3 24 hour mean None India Central Pollution Control Band (CPCB) [8] Legal India
PM2.5 40 µg/m3 Annual Mean None India - Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) [8] Legal Global
PM2.5 75 µg/m3 24 hour Any 24 hr mean None WHO [1] Interim target (IT) 1 Global
PM2.5 50 µg/m3 24 hour Any 24 hr mean None WHO [1] Interim target (IT) 2 Global
PM2.5 37.5 µg/m3 24 hour Any 24 hr mean None WHO [1] Interim target (IT) 3 Global
PM2.5 12.0* µg/m3 Annual Annual mean over 3 years None US EPA[3] Legal United States
PM2.5 15 µg/m3 Annual Mean None Chinese Ministry of Ecology and Environment[5] Legal China Category 1 Areas
PM2.5 35 µg/m3 Annual Mean None Chinese Ministry of Ecology and Environment[5] Legal China Category 2 Areas
PM2.5 15.0** µg/m3 Annual Annual mean over 3 years None US EPA[3] Legal United States
PM2.5 10 µg/m3 Annual Mean None WHO [1] Guideline Global
PM2.5 25 µg/m3 24 hour Mean None WHO [1] Guideline Global
PM2.5 25 µg/m3 Annual Mean None WHO [1] Interim target (IT) 2 Global
PM2.5 15 µg/m3 Annual Mean None WHO [1] Interim target (IT) 3 Global
PM2.5 35 µg/m3 24 hour Mean None Chinese Ministry of Ecology and Environment[5] Legal China Category 1 Areas
PM2.5 75 µg/m3 24 hour Mean None Chinese Ministry of Ecology and Environment[5] Legal China Category 2 Areas

* It is primary standards, providing public health protection, including protecting the health of "sensitive" populations such as asthmatics, children, and the elderly.

** It is secondary standards, providing public welfare protection, including protection against decreased visibility and damage to animals, crops, vegetation, and buildings.

Pollutant Abbr. Value Units Averaging Period Statistical Measure # exceedences Organisation Status Applicability Notes
Ozone O3 0.07 ppm 8 hours Annual 4th highest daily maximum 8-hour concentration, averaged over 3 years 3/yr US EPA[3] Legal United States*
Ozone O3 100 µg/m3 8 hours Any 8 hour mean None WHO [1] Guideline Global
Ozone O3 100 µg/m3 8 hours Mean None India Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB)[8] Guideline India
Ozone O3 180 µg/m3 1 hour Mean None India Central Pollution Control Band (CPCB) [8] Legal India
Ozone O3 160 µg/m3 8 hours Any 8 hour mean None WHO [1] Interim target Global
Ozone O3 100 µg/m3 8 hours Daily maximum 8-hour averaged concentration None Chinese Ministry of Ecology and Environment[5] Legal China Category 1 Areas
Ozone O3 160 µg/m3 8 hours Daily maximum 8-hour averaged concentration None Chinese Ministry of Ecology and Environment[5] Legal China Category 2 Areas
Ozone O3 160 µg/m3 1 hour Mean None Chinese Ministry of Ecology and Environment[5] Legal China Category 1 Areas
Ozone O3 200 µg/m3 1 hour Mean None Chinese Ministry of Ecology and Environment[5] Legal China Category 2 Areas
Ozone O3 235 µg/m3 1 hour 99.9% 8 hrs/yr SCENR [4] Legal Qatar Calendar Year
Ozone O3 120 µg/m3 8 hours 99.8% 2x8hrs/yr SCENR [4] Legal Qatar Calendar Year
Ozone O3 150 µg/m3 1 hour Mean None New Zealand Ministry for the Environment[9] Legal New Zealand

* Final rule signed October 1, 2015, and effective December 28, 2015. The previous (2008) O3 standards additionally remain in effect in some areas. Revocation of the previous (2008) O3 standards and transitioning to the current (2015) standards will be addressed in the implementation rule for the current standards.

Pollutant Abbr. Value Units Averaging Period Statistical Measure # exceedences Organisation Status Applicability Notes
Carbon monoxide CO 35 ppm 1 hour Mean 1/yr US EPA[3] Legal United States
Carbon monoxide CO 40000 µg/m3 1 hour Maximum None SCENR [4] Legal Qatar Calendar Year
Carbon monoxide CO 04 mg/m3 1 hour Maximum None India Central Pollution Control Band (CPCB) [8] Legal India
Carbon monoxide CO 02 mg/m3 8 hour Maximum None India Central Pollution Control Band (CPCB) [8] Legal India
Carbon monoxide CO 10 mg/m3 1 hour Mean None Chinese Ministry of Ecology and Environment[5] Legal China
Carbon monoxide CO 9 ppm 8 hour Mean 1/yr US EPA[3] Legal United States
Carbon monoxide CO 10000 µg/m3 8 hour Maximum None SCENR [4] Legal Qatar Calendar Year
Carbon monoxide CO 10 µg/m3 8 hour Running mean 1/yr New Zealand Ministry for the Environment[9] Legal New Zealand
Carbon monoxide CO 4 mg/m3 24 hour Mean None Chinese Ministry of Ecology and Environment[5] Legal China
Pollutant Abbr. Value Units Averaging Period Statistical Measure # exceedences Organisation Status Applicability Notes
Lead Pb 0.15* µg/m3 3 month Rolling 3 month average None US EPA[3] Legal United States
Lead Pb 0.5 µg/m3 Annual Mean None Chinese Ministry of Ecology and Environment[5] Legal China
Lead Pb 0.5 µg/m3 Annual Mean None India Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) [8] Legal India
Lead Pb 1 µg/m3 24 hours Mean None India Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) [8] Legal India
Lead Pb 1 µg/m3 Season Mean None Chinese Ministry of Ecology and Environment[5] Legal China

* In areas designated nonattainment for the Pb standards prior to the promulgation of the current (2008) standards, and for which implementation plans to attain or maintain the current (2008) standards have not been submitted and approved, the previous standards (1.5 µg/m3 as a calendar quarter average) also remain in effect.

Footnotes

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[1] Annual arithmetic mean of a minimum of 104 measurements in a year at a particular site, such as taken twice weekly as uniform 24-hour samples.

[2] 24/8/1 hourly monitored values, as applicable, shall be complied with 98% of the time, they may exceed the limits but not on two consecutive days of monitoring.

References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Air quality guidelines - global update 2005 www.who.int/phe/health_topics/outdoorair/outdoorair_aqg/en/
  2. ^ a b DIRECTIVE 2008/50/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 21 May 2008 on ambient air quality and cleaner air for Europe http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32008L0050
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l EPA,OAR, US. "NAAQS Table | US EPA". US EPA. Retrieved 2018-11-05.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g Supreme Council for Environment and Natural Resources, Executive Bye-law for the Environment Protection Law Issued via the Decree Law No. 30 for the Year 2002, Annex 3"
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y "GB 3095-2012" (PDF).
  6. ^ "Nitrogen dioxide | Ministry for the Environment". www.mfe.govt.nz. Retrieved 2017-04-05.
  7. ^ Japanese Ministry of Environment, Environmental Quality Standards - Air Quality https://www.env.go.jp/en/air/aq/aq.html
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p India Central Pollution Control Board - Air Quality Standards http://cpcb.nic.in/air-quality-standard/
  9. ^ a b c d e f "Resource Management (National Environmental Standards for Air Quality) Regulations 2004 (SR 2004/309) (as at 17 October 2014) – New Zealand Legislation". www.legislation.govt.nz. Retrieved 2017-04-05.
  10. ^ "Ambient Air Quality Guidelines" (PDF). New Zealand Ministry for the Environment. 2002.
  11. ^ http:///