User:JMendoza04

Elected or appointed female presidents in latin america

Despite having a well known culture of machismo, Latin America has made huge strides in women's political representation. As of October 2024, 13 women in 11 countries^[1]have served as constitutional president of their country.

Political Spectrum

Most of these women are part of the pink tide movement. Leaders such as Bachelet, Fernandez de Kirchner, Rousseff, Castro, and Sheinbaum Pardo all fall under this movement. The Pink Tide movement is on the left of the spectrum and includes ideologies like

socialism of the 21st century, democratic socialism, Left-wing populism, anti-neoliberalism, and left-wing nationalism. Although the majority of these women leaders are to the left of center, some classify themselves as centrists or conservatives. Bolivia's Jeanine Añez is an example of this. Apon assuming Bolivia's presidency during the 2019 Bolivian political crisis, held up a protestant bible as a symbol of conservatism. Other leaders such as Boluarte have been described as political chameleons.

Assumption of Power

Isabel Martinez de Peron has the distinction of being the first woman in the world to hold the title of president of an any country, though not the first to be head of government. Rather than being elected to the position of president, she assumed the presidency following the death of president Juan Peron, under who she served both as First Lady, and vice president. This is a common situation. Of 13 women, 5 assumed the presidency in the absence of a president. These leaders include Peron, Gueiler, Arteaga, Añez, and Boluarte.

Election

Of 13 individual women, 8 were elected to power at least once, the first being Violeta Chamorro in the 1990 Nicaraguan general election in which she defeated Daniel Ortega. 5 of these elected women fall under the pink tide movement as previously mentioned. Centrists like Laura Chinchilla have also been elected. Bachelet, Fernandez de Kirchner, and Rousseff are the only three to have been to a second term and the former two the only to complete two terms. Although only a few have been elected, many more have ran. A notable candidate is Sandra Torres of

Guatemala who has been the candidate for her National Unity of Hope party in three consecutive elections, and attempted to run in the 2011 Guatemalan general election but was barred from doing so as she was married to the incumbent president, Alvaro Colom; The Constitution of Guatemala bars immediate family members of the incumbent president to run in elections.

Mexico is a notable example of two women running for the presidency. The 2024 Mexican general election delivered an overwhelming majority of the vote to for Governor of Mexico City, Claudia Sheinbaum Pardo against her opponent; business woman and senator Xochitl Galvez.

Male Mentors

Despite electoral success and progress for women's representation in politics, there is an undeniable trend that can be observed in all 5 of the pink tide leaders. It is that they run to succeed an immensely popular and politically successful male president. Often these male mentors have groomed these women for years to take over for them when their terms are over. the most notable examples of this are in Brazil and more recently, Mexico. In 2010, incumbent Brazilian president Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva hand selected his chief of staff Dilma Rousseff to run in the 2010 Brazilian general election as the candidate for Lula's Worker's Party. She won the election and reelection in 2014. In Mexico, incumbent president Andres Manuel Lopez Obrador was succeeded by his long time ally and Governor of Mexico City, Claudia Sheinbaum Pardo. They are not only close politically, some leaders are even married to former presidents. This was the case in Argentina during the 2007 Argentine general election in which incumbent president Nestor Kirchner was succeeded by his wife, Cristina Fernandez de Kirchner. Notably, the previously mentioned Perones were also married making both of Argentina's women presidents also former First Ladies. Current Honduran president, Xiomara Castro is also a former First Lady. She is married to former president Manuel Zelaya who was overthrown in the 2009 Honduran coup d'état.

List of Leaders

This list includes women who were elected by national popular vote, or ascended to their country's presidency. The list does not include women who served as interim or acting head of state such as El Salvador's Claudia Rodriguez de Guevara.^[2]This list has a strict definition of Latin America (Hispanic or Portuguese speaking countries in continental Latin America) This list excludes countries in the Caribbean such as Haiti and French speaking countries on the continent such as French Guiana, or multi cultural and lingual countries like Belize.

Incumbent


Name	Country	Office	Mandate start	Mandate end	Term length	Head of state or government	Executive or non-executive
Isabel Martinez de Perón	Argentina	President	1 July 1974	24 March 1976	1 year, 267 days	Head of state and government	Executive
Lidia Gueiler Tejada	Bolivia	President	16 November 1979	17 July 1980	244 days	Head of state and government	Executive
Violeta Barrios Torres de Chamorro	Nicaragua	President	25 April 1990	1 January 1997	6 years, 260 days	Head of state and government	Executive
Rosalía Arteaga Serrano	Ecuador	President	9 February 1997	11 February 1997	2 days	Head of state and government	Executive
Mireya Moscoso Rodriguez	Panama	President	1 September 1999	1 September 2004	5 years, 0 days	Head of state and government	Executive
Michelle Bachelet	Chile	President	11 March 2006	11 March 2010	4 years	Head of state and government	Executive
Michelle Bachelet	Chile	President	11 March 2014	11 March 2018	4 years	Head of state and government	Executive
Cristina Fernandez de Kirchner	Argentina	President	10 December 2007	10 December 2015	8 years, 0 days	Head of state and government	Executive
Laura Chinchilla Miranda	Costa Rica	President	8 May 2010	8 May 2014	4 years, 0 days	Head of state and government	Executive
Dilma Rousseff	Brazil	President	1 January 2011	31 August 2016	5 years, 243 days	Head of state and government	Executive
Jeanine Añez	Bolivia	President	12 November 2019	8 November 2020	362 days	Head of state and government	Executive
Xiomara Castro de Zelaya	Honduras	President	7 January 2022	Incumbent	2 years, 300 days	Head of state and government	Executive
Dina Boluarte Zegarra	Peru	President	7 December 2022	Incumbent	1 year, 351 days	Head of state and government	Executive
Claudia Sheinbaum Pardo	Mexico	President	1 October 2024	Incumbent	52 days	Head of state and government	Executive