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Before finally settling on Starship in 2018, SpaceX successively presented a number of reusable super-heavy lift vehicle proposals.[1]

Starting with a 2012 announcement of plans to develop a rocket with substantially greater capabilities than SpaceX's existing Falcon 9, the company created a succession of preliminary designs for such a vehicle under various names (Mars Colonial Transporter, Interplanetary Transport System, BFR). Some were substantially different from the current design; the largest one, the Interplanetary Transport System or ITS, massed 10,500 t (23,100,000 lb) fully fueled, had a liftoff thrust of 128 meganewtons (29,000,000 lbf) and could carry 300 tonnes (660,000 lb) to low Earth orbit while being completely reused. For comparison, the Saturn V had a liftoff thrust of 36 MN (8,000,000 lbf).[2][3] It also was made of carbon composite.[2][4] Despite this, they all shared some common features such as being fully reusable and being very large.

Early heavy-lift concepts

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Diameter of Falcon 9 v1.0 (2010), Falcon 9 v1.1 (2013), and Mars Colonial Transporter (2014) with human to scale

In November 2005,[5] before SpaceX launched the Falcon 1, its first rocket,[6] CEO Elon Musk first referenced a long-term and high-capacity rocket concept named BFR. The BFR would be able to launch 100 t (220,000 lb) to low Earth orbit and equipped with Merlin 2 engines. The Merlin 2 is in direct lineage to the Merlin engines used in the Falcon 9 and comparable to the F-1 engines used in the Saturn V.[5]

In July 2010,[7] after the final launch of Falcon 1 a year prior,[8] SpaceX presented launch vehicle and Mars space tug concepts at a conference. The launch vehicle concepts were called Falcon X, Falcon X Heavy, and Falcon XX; the largest of all is the Falcon XX with a 140 t (310,000 lb) capacity to low Earth orbit. To deliver such payload, the rocket was going to be as tall as the Saturn V and use six powerful Merlin 2 engines.[7] Around 2012,[9] the company first mentioned the Mars Colonial Transporter rocket concept in public. It was going to be able to carry 100 people or 100 t (220,000 lb) of cargo to Mars and powered by methane-fueled Raptor engines.[10]

Mars Colonial Transporter

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In October 2012, Musk made the first public articulation of plans to develop a fully reusable rocket system with substantially greater capabilities than SpaceX's existing Falcon 9.[11] This new launch vehicle was intended to be part of the company's Mars system architecture, then known as the Mars Colonial Transporter/Mass Cargo Transport (MCT).[12][better source needed] According to SpaceX, the MCT system would include reusable rocket engines, launch vehicles and space capsules that would enable transportation of humans to Mars and back to Earth.[13] SpaceX COO Gwynne Shotwell gave a potential payload range between 150-200 tonnes to low Earth orbit for the planned rocket.[11] According to SpaceX, the MCT was to be "going to be much bigger [than Falcon 9]".[12][14] In February 2014, the planned principal payload for the MCT was announced to be a large interplanetary spacecraft, designed to carry up to 100 tonnes (220,000 lb) of passengers and cargo.[15] According to SpaceX engine development head Tom Mueller, SpaceX could use nine Raptor engines on a single spacecraft.[16] The preliminary rocket design was to be at least 10 meters (33 ft) in diameter and was expected to have up to three cores totaling at least 27 booster engines.[13]

Interplanetary Transport System

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White sleek rocket in flight
SpaceX illustration of the 2016 Interplanetary Transport System

In 2016, Musk changed the name of the Mars Colonial Transporter system to the Interplanetary Transport System (ITS), as he intended for the system to be capable of traveling beyond Mars.[17] That same year he provided more details about the space mission architecture, launch vehicle, spacecraft, and Raptor engines. The first test firing of a Raptor engine on a test stand took place in September 2016.[18][19] In October 2016, Musk indicated that the initial tank test article, made out of carbon-fiber pre-preg, and built with no sealing liner, had performed well in cryogenic fluid testing. A pressure test at about 2/3 of the design burst pressure was completed in November 2016.[20] In July 2017, Musk indicated that the architecture design had evolved since 2016 in order to support commercial transport via Earth-orbit and cislunar launches.[21]

The ITS stack was to be composed of two stages, both powered by Raptor engines. A first stage booster, and a second stage that was to be either an "Interplanetary Spaceship" for crewed transport or an "ITS tanker" for orbital refueling. By that point, Raptor was a rocket engine in a full flow staged combustion cycle, with liquid methane fuel and liquid oxygen oxidizer.[22] Both propellants enter the combustion chamber completely in the gas phase.[13] A bleed-off of the high-pressure gas would provide autogenous pressurization of the propellant tanks, eliminating the Falcon 9's problematic high-pressure helium pressurization system.[23][24][18]

The overall launch vehicle height, (first and second stages), was to be 122 m (400 ft).[25] Both stages were to have been constructed of carbon fiber, including the cryogenic propellant tanks, a major change for SpaceX from the Falcon 9's aluminum-lithium alloy tank and structure material. Both stages were to be fully reusable and were to land vertically.[23][24] Gross liftoff mass was to be 10,500 t (23,100,000 lb) at a lift-off thrust of 128 meganewtons (29,000,000 lbf). ITS was planned to be able to carry a payload to low Earth orbit of 550 tonnes (1,210,000 lb) in expendable-mode and 300 tonnes (660,000 lb) in reusable mode.[26]

2016 artist's concept of the ITS booster returning to the launch pad

The ITS booster was to be a 12 m-diameter (39 ft), 77.5 m-high (254 ft), reusable first stage powered by 42 engines, each producing 3,024 kilonewtons (680,000 lbf) of thrust. Total booster thrust would have been about 128 MN (29,000,000 lbf) at liftoff, increasing to 138 MN (31,000,000 lbf) in a vacuum,[27]several times the 36 MN (8,000,000 lbf) thrust of the Saturn V.[23] It weighed 275 tonnes (606,000 lb) when empty and 67,000 tonnes (148,000,000 lb) when completely filled with propellant. It would have used grid fins to help guide the booster through the atmosphere for a precise landing.[27] The engine configuration included 21 engines in an outer ring and 14 in an inner ring. The center cluster of seven engines was to be gimbaled for directional control, although some directional control was to be performed via differential thrust on the fixed engines. Thrust on each engine was aimed to vary between 20 and 100 percent of rated thrust.[24]

On 26 September 2016, a day before the 67th International Astronautical Congress, the Raptor engine fired for the first time.[28] At the event, Musk announced SpaceX was developing a new rocket using Raptor engines called the Interplanetary Transport System. It would have two stages, a reusable booster and spacecraft. The stages' tanks were to be made from carbon composite, storing liquid methane and liquid oxygen. Despite the rocket's 300 t (660,000 lb) launch capacity to low Earth orbit, it was expected to have a low launch price. The spacecraft featured three variants: crew, cargo, and tanker; the tanker variant is used to transfer propellant to spacecraft in orbit.[29] The concept, especially the technological feats required to make such a system possible and the funds needed, garnered a large amount of skepticism.[30]

The main propellants, in gaseous phase, were to also power the reaction control thrusters. These thrusters are intended to control booster orientation in space and improve accuracy during landing.[24]

The design goal was to achieve a separation velocity of about 8,650 km/h (5,370 mph) while retaining about 7% of the initial propellant to achieve a vertical landing at the launch pad.[24][31]The design called for grid fins to guide the booster during atmospheric reentry.[24] The booster return flights were expected to encounter loads lower than the Falcon 9, principally because the ITS would have both a lower mass ratio and a lower density.[32] The booster was to be designed for 20 g nominal loads, and possibly as high as 30–40 g.[32]

In contrast to the landing approach used on SpaceX's Falcon 9—either a large, flat concrete pad or downrange floating landing platform, the ITS booster was to be designed to land on the launch mount itself, for immediate refueling and relaunch.[24]

2016 artist concept of the ITS Interplanetary Spaceship, in orbit near the rings of Saturn

The ITS second stage was planned to be used for long-duration spaceflight, instead of solely being used for reaching orbit. The two proposed variants aimed to be reusable.[23] Its maximum width was to be 17 m (56 ft), with three sea level optimised Raptor engines and six with greater efficiency in the vacuum of space. Total engine thrust in a vacuum was to be about 31 MN (7,000,000 lbf).[33]

  • The Interplanetary Spaceship, a large passenger-carrying spacecraft design proposed in September 2016. The ship would have operated as a second-stage and interplanetary transport vehicle for cargo and passengers. It aimed to transport up to 450 tonnes (990,000 lb) per trip to Mars following refueling in Earth orbit.[23] Its three sea-level Raptor engines were designed to be used for maneuvering, descent, landing, and initial ascent from the Mars surface.[23] It would have had a maximum capacity of 1,950 tonnes (4,300,000 lb) of propellant, and a dry mass of 150 tonnes (330,000 lb).[33]
  • The ITS tanker, a second stage propellant tanker variant design. It aimed to transport up to 380 tonnes (840,000 lb) of propellants to low Earth orbit to refuel Interplanetary Spaceships. After refueling operations, it was to land and be prepared for another flight.[26] It had a maximum capacity of 2,500 tonnes (5,500,000 lb) of propellant and had a dry mass of 90 tonnes (200,000 lb). [33]

Big Falcon Rocket

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2018 artist's conception of the redesigned BFR/Starship at stage separation

In September 2017, at the 68th annual meeting of the International Astronautical Congress, Musk announced a new launch vehicle calling it the BFR, again changing the name, though stating that the name was temporary.[34] The acronym was alternatively stated as standing for Big Falcon Rocket or Big Fucking Rocket, a tongue-in-cheek reference to the BFG from the Doom video game series.[15] Musk foresaw the first two cargo missions to Mars as early as 2022,[35] with the goal to "confirm water resources and identify hazards" while deploying "power, mining, and life support infrastructure" for future flights. This would be followed by four ships in 2024, two crewed BFR spaceships plus two cargo-only ships carrying equipment and supplies for a propellant plant.[34]

The design balanced objectives such as payload mass, landing capabilities, and reliability. The initial design showed the ship with six Raptor engines (two sea-level, four vacuum) down from nine in the previous ITS design.[34]

By September 2017, Raptors had been test-fired for a combined total of 20 minutes across 42 test cycles. The longest test was 100 seconds, limited by the size of the propellant tanks. The test engine operated at 20 MPa (200 bar; 2,900 psi). The flight engine aimed for 25 MPa (250 bar; 3,600 psi), on the way to 30 MPa (300 bar; 4,400 psi) in later iterations.[34] In November 2017, Shotwell indicated that about half of all development work on BFR was focused on the engine.[36]

SpaceX looked for manufacturing sites in California, Texas, Louisiana,[37] and Florida.[38] By September 2017, SpaceX had started building launch vehicle components: "The tooling for the main tanks has been ordered, the facility is being built, we will start construction of the first ship [in the second quarter of 2018.]"[34]

By early 2018, the first carbon composite prototype ship was under construction, and SpaceX had begun building a new production facility at the Port of Los Angeles.[39]

In March, SpaceX announced that it would manufacture its launch vehicle and spaceship at a new facility on Seaside Drive at the port.[40][41][42] By May, about 40 SpaceX employees were working on the BFR.[37] SpaceX planned to transport the launch vehicle by barge, through the Panama Canal, to Cape Canaveral for launch.[37] Since then, the company has pivoted and terminated the agreements to do this.

In August 2018, the head of the US Air Force Air Mobility Command expressed interest in the ability of the BFR to move up to 150 t (330,000 lb) of cargo anywhere in the world in under 30 minutes, for "less than the cost of a C-5".[43][44]

The BFR was designed to be 106 meters (348 ft) tall, 9 meters (30 ft) in diameter, and made of carbon fiber.[35][45] The upper stage, known as Big Falcon Ship (BFS), included a small delta wing at the rear end with split flaps for pitch and roll control. The delta wing and split flaps were said to expand the flight envelope to allow the ship to land in a variety of atmospheric densities (vacuum, thin, or heavy atmosphere) with a wide range of payloads.[35][34]: 18:05–19:25  The BFS design originally had six Raptor engines, with four vacuum and two sea-level. By late 2017, SpaceX added a third sea-level engine (totaling 7) to allow greater Earth-to-Earth payload landings and still ensure capability if one of the engines fails.[46][a]

Three BFS versions were described: BFS cargo, BFS tanker, and BFS crew. The cargo version was to be used to reach Earth orbit[35] as well as carry cargo to the Moon or Mars. After refueling in an elliptical Earth orbit, BFS was designed to eventually be able to land on the Moon and return to Earth without another refueling.[35][34]: 31:50  The BFR also aimed to carry passengers/cargo in Earth-to-Earth transport, delivering its payload anywhere within 90 minutes.[35]

See also

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References

[edit]
  1. ^ Boyle, Alan (19 November 2018). "Goodbye, BFR … hello, Starship: Elon Musk gives a classic name to his Mars spaceship". GeekWire. Archived from the original on 22 November 2018. Retrieved 22 November 2018. Starship is the spaceship/upper stage & Super Heavy is the rocket booster needed to escape Earth's deep gravity well (not needed for other planets or moons)
  2. ^ a b Bergin, Chris (27 September 2016). "SpaceX reveals ITS Mars game changer via colonization plan". NASASpaceFlight.com. Archived from the original on 28 September 2016. Retrieved 27 September 2016.
  3. ^ "Making Humans a Multiplanetary Species" (PDF). SpaceX. 27 September 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 November 2017. Retrieved 10 November 2018.
  4. ^ Richardson, Derek (27 September 2016). "Elon Musk Shows Off Interplanetary Transport System". Spaceflight Insider. Archived from the original on 1 October 2016. Retrieved 3 October 2016.
  5. ^ a b Foust, Jeff (14 November 2005). "Big plans for SpaceX". The Space Review. Archived from the original on 24 November 2005. Retrieved 16 September 2018.
  6. ^ "SpaceX rocket fails first flight". BBC News. 24 March 2006. Archived from the original on 14 January 2015. Retrieved 7 June 2022.
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  8. ^ Spudis, Paul D. (22 July 2012). "The Tale of Falcon 1". Smithsonian Magazine. Archived from the original on 25 May 2022. Retrieved 21 June 2022.
  9. ^ Coppinger, Rob (23 November 2012). "Huge Mars Colony Eyed by SpaceX Founder Elon Musk". Space.com. Archived from the original on 27 February 2021. Retrieved 16 March 2022.
  10. ^ Boyle, Alan (29 December 2015). "Speculation mounts over Elon Musk's plan for SpaceX's Mars Colonial Transporter". GeekWire. Archived from the original on 17 November 2021. Retrieved 15 March 2022.
  11. ^ a b Rosenberg, Zach (15 October 2012). "SpaceX aims big with massive new rocket". Flight Global. Archived from the original on 3 July 2015. Retrieved 25 September 2016.
  12. ^ a b "Huge Mars Colony Eyed by SpaceX Founder". Discovery News. 13 December 2012. Archived from the original on 15 November 2014. Retrieved 25 September 2016.
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  14. ^ Coppinger, Rod (23 November 2012). "Huge Mars Colony Eyed by SpaceX Founder Elon Musk". Space.com. Archived from the original on 28 June 2013. Retrieved 25 September 2016. an evolution of SpaceX's Falcon 9 booster ... much bigger [than Falcon 9], but I don't think we're quite ready to state the payload. We'll speak about that next year. ... Vertical landing is an extremely important breakthrough — extreme, rapid reusability.
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  19. ^ 2016 StartmeupHK Venture Forum - Elon Musk on Entrepreneurship and Innovation. StartmeupHK Venture Forum--2016. via InvestHK YouTube channel: Invest Hong Kong. 26 January 2016. Archived from the original on 28 January 2016. Retrieved 28 January 2016. (SpaceX discussion at 30:15-31:40) We'll have the next generation rocket and spacecraft, beyond the Falcon and Dragon series ... I'm hoping to describe that architecture later this year at the International Astronautical Congress. which is the big international space event every year. ... first flights to Mars? we're hoping to do that in around 2025 ... nine years from now or thereabouts.
  20. ^ Mosher, Dave (17 November 2016). "The 'trickiest' part of Elon Musk's Mars spaceship -- a giant black orb -- just passed a critical test". Business Insider. Archived from the original on 17 November 2016. Retrieved 18 November 2016.
  21. ^ Elon Musk (19 July 2017). Elon Musk, ISS R&D Conference (video). ISS R&D Conference, Washington DC, USA. Event occurs at 49:48–51:35. Retrieved 13 September 2017 – via YouTube. the updated version of the Mars architecture: Because it has evolved quite a bit since that last talk. ... The key thing that I figured out is how do you pay for it? If we downsize the Mars vehicle, make it capable of doing Earth-orbit activity as well as Mars activity, maybe we can pay for it by using it for Earth-orbit activity. That is one of the key elements in the new architecture. It is similar to what was shown at IAC, but a little bit smaller. Still big, but this one has a shot at being real on the economic front.
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  35. ^ a b c d e f Musk, Elon (1 March 2018). "Making Life Multi-Planetary". New Space. 6 (1): 2–11. Bibcode:2018NewSp...6....2M. doi:10.1089/space.2018.29013.emu.
  36. ^ Henry, Caleb (21 November 2017). "SpaceX aims to follow a banner year with an even faster 2018 launch cadence". SpaceNews. Retrieved 15 January 2018. Shotwell estimated that around 50 percent of the work on BFR is focused on the Raptor engines.
  37. ^ a b c Masunaga, Samantha (19 April 2018). "SpaceX gets approval to develop its BFR rocket and spaceship at Port of Los Angeles". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 21 April 2018. Retrieved 21 April 2018.
  38. ^ Michael DiBernardo (19 April 2018). Port Authority of Los Angeles, Regular Board Meeting (video). LA: The Port of Los Angeles. Event occurs at 35:36. Archived from the original on 22 April 2018. Retrieved 21 April 2018 – via YouTube.
  39. ^ Foust, Jeff (12 March 2018). "Musk reiterates plans for testing BFR". SpaceNews. Retrieved 15 March 2018. Construction of the first prototype spaceship is in progress. 'We're actually building that ship right now,' he said. 'I think we'll probably be able to do short flights, short sort of up-and-down flights, probably sometime in the first half of next year.'
  40. ^ Berger, Eric (19 March 2018). "SpaceX indicates it will manufacture the BFR rocket in Los Angeles". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on 21 March 2018. Retrieved 21 March 2018.
  41. ^ "Fireside Chat with SpaceX President Gwynne Shotwell". Flickr.com. 11 October 2017. Archived from the original on 5 April 2019. Retrieved 7 March 2018.
  42. ^ Seemangal, Robin (1 February 2018). "SpaceX Gears Up to Finally, Actually Launch the Falcon Heavy". Wired. Archived from the original on 25 February 2018. Retrieved 7 March 2018. SpaceX is actively considering expanding its San Pedro, California facility to begin manufacturing its interplanetary spacecraft. This would allow SpaceX to easily shift personnel from headquarters in Hawthorne.
  43. ^ Insinnia, Valerie (2 August 2018). "One possible job for SpaceX's BFR rocket? Taking the Air Force's cargo in and out of space". DefenseNews. Retrieved 9 June 2019.
  44. ^ Air Mobility Command Chief Looks Toward Supplying Forces From Space Archived 9 June 2019 at the Wayback Machine, US Department of Defense, 2 August 2018.
  45. ^ Foust, Jeff (29 September 2017). "Musk unveils revised version of giant interplanetary launch system". SpaceNews. Retrieved 1 October 2017.
  46. ^ Foust, Jeff (15 October 2017). "Musk offers more technical details on BFR system". SpaceNews. Retrieved 27 May 2019. [Musk] added that, since the presentation last month, SpaceX has revised the design of the BFR spaceship to add a "medium area ratio" Raptor engine to its original complement of two engines with sea-level nozzles and four with vacuum nozzles. That additional engine helps enable that engine-out capability ... and will "allow landings with higher payload mass for the Earth to Earth transport function."


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