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The Uralic peoples or the Finno-Ugric and Samoyedic peoples are the nations who speak Uralic languages. The three largest ethnic groups that speak Uralic languages are the Hungarians, Finns and Estonians, in the nation states of Hungary, Finland, and Estonia, respectively. The Indigenous Sámi people live in the Sápmi area, which consists of the northern parts of the Fennoscandian Peninsula. Some other Finno-Ugric peoples in the titular autonomous republics within Russia. These are the Mordvins in the federal Mordovian Republic, the Karelians in Republic of Karelia, Komi in Komi Republic, Udmurts in Udmurt Republic, and Mari in Mari El Republic. The Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug was set up for the Khanty and Mansi of Russia. The Komi-Permyaks live in the Komi-Permyak Okrug. There are also other Uralic minorities.

  • language
  • early history
  • modern history: kinship here, political consequences
  • projections
  • genetics (or lack of)
  • cultures, religions

Some of the Uralic peoples associate less strongly with the kinship ideology. In particular, the Saami have instead emphasised their connection with the other Arctic peoples, and there have been some movements in Hundary which have denied even the existence of the linguistic connection.

Peoples

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Geographic distribution

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Finno-Ugric languages

Ethnic groups with extinct languages

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International Finno-Ugric societies

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In the Finno-Ugric countries of Finland, Estonia and Hungary that find themselves surrounded by speakers of unrelated tongues, language origins and language history have long been relevant to national identity. In 1992, the 1st World Congress of Finno-Ugric Peoples was organized in Syktyvkar in the Komi Republic in Russia, the 2nd World Congress in 1996 in Budapest in Hungary, the 3rd Congress in 2000 in Helsinki in Finland, the 4th Congress in 2004 in Tallinn in Estonia, the 5th Congress in 2008 in Khanty-Mansiysk in Russia, the 6th Congress in 2012 in Siófok in Hungary,[1][2][3][4], the 7th Congress in 2016 in Lahti in Finland,[5] and the 8th Congress in 2021 in Tartu in Estonia.[6] The members of the Finno-Ugric Peoples' Consultative Committee include: the Erzyas, Estonians, Finns, Hungarians, Ingrian Finns, Ingrians, Karelians, Khants, Komis, Mansis, Maris, Mokshas, Nenetses, Permian Komis, Saamis, Tver Karelians, Udmurts, Vepsians; Observers: Livonians, Setos.[7][8]

In 2007, the 1st Festival of the Finno-Ugric Peoples was hosted by President Vladimir Putin of Russia, and visited by Finnish President, Tarja Halonen, and Hungarian Prime Minister, Ferenc Gyurcsány.[9][10]

Beliefs

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Shamanism has had a historically important influence on the mythologies of northern and central Eurasian peoples, including those speaking languages of the Uralic, Yeniseian, Turkic, Mongolic and Tungusic language families. Among the Finno-Ugric peoples, though also in Indo-European and North American mythology, are found myths about a world tree or axis mundi, capped by the North Star, at the center of the world, which is encircled by a stream, the idea that asterisms were animal spirits, the idea that the land of the dead beneath the earth was also the home of spirits, and the earth-diver: a bird floating on the primary ocean that dives to bring up the land.[11][12]

Population genetics

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The linguistic reconstruction of the Finno-Ugric language family has led to the postulation that the ancient Proto-Finno-Ugric people were ethnically related, and that even the modern Finno-Ugric-speaking peoples are ethnically related.[13] Such hypotheses are based on the assumption that heredity can be traced through linguistic relatedness,[14] although it must be kept in mind that language shift and ethnic admixture, a relatively frequent and common occurrence both in recorded history and most likely also in prehistory, confuses the picture and there is no straightforward relationship, if at all, between linguistic and genetic affiliation. Still, the premise that the speakers of the ancient proto-language were ethnically homogeneous is generally accepted.[15]

Modern genetic studies have shown that the Y-chromosome haplogroup N3, and sometimes N2, is almost specific though certainly not restricted to Uralic- or Finno-Ugric-speaking populations, especially as high frequency or primary paternal haplogroup.[16][17] These haplogroups branched from haplogroup N, which probably spread north, then west and east from Northern China about 12,000–14,000 years before present from father haplogroup NO (haplogroup O being the most common Y-chromosome haplogroup in Southeast Asia).

A study of the Finno-Ugric-speaking peoples of northern Eurasia (i.e., excluding the Hungarians), carried out between 2002 and 2008 in the Department of Forensic Medicine at the University of Helsinki, showed that the Finno-Ugric-speaking populations do not retain genetic evidence of a common founder. Most possess an amalgamation of West and East Eurasian gene pools that may have been present in central Asia, with subsequent genetic drift and recurrent founder effects among speakers of various branches of Finno-Ugric. Not all branches show evidence of a single founder effect. North Eurasian Finno-Ugric-speaking populations were found to be genetically a heterogeneous group showing lower haplotype diversities compared to more southern populations. North Eurasian Finno-Ugric-speaking populations possess unique genetic features due to complex genetic changes shaped by molecular and population genetics and adaptation to the areas of Boreal and Arctic North Eurasia.[18]

Archaeology

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See also

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References and notes

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  1. ^ "7th World Congress of the Finno-Ugric Peoples". World Congress of the Finno-Ugric Peoples. Archived from the original on 17 March 2019. Retrieved 15 July 2016.
  2. ^ "Statutes of the Consultative Committee of Finno-Ugrian peoples". Finno-Ugric Peoples' Consultative Committee. Retrieved 13 July 2016.
  3. ^ "The Congress of the Finno-Ugric Peoples". Russia. Retrieved 15 July 2016.
  4. ^ "Fenno-Ugria". Estonia. Retrieved 15 July 2016.
  5. ^ "The VII (7th) World Congress of Finno-Ugric Peoples". Fenno-Ugria. Retrieved 17 August 2021.
  6. ^ "The VIII(8th) World Congress of Finno-Ugric Peoples". Fenno-Ugria. Retrieved 17 August 2021.
  7. ^ "Finno-Ugric Peoples' Consultative Committee, Members". World Congresses of the Finno-Ugric Peoples. Finno-Ugric Peoples' Consultative Committee. Retrieved 15 July 2016.
  8. ^ "Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura (in Finnish)". Finno-Ugrian Society (in English). Retrieved 15 July 2016.
  9. ^ "International Festival of the Finno-Ugric Peoples". Press Release from the Kremlin in Russia. 19 July 2007. Retrieved 15 July 2016.
  10. ^ "Press Statements by President Vladimir Putin, leaders of Finland and Hungary". Press Release from the Kremlin in Russia. July 19, 2007. Retrieved 15 July 2016.
  11. ^ Leeming, David Adams (2003), "The Finno-Ugrians", From Olympus to Camelot, Oxford University Press, pp. 134–137, ISBN 978-0-19-514361-4
  12. ^ Vladimir Napolskikh. Earth-Diver Myth (А812) in northern Eurasia and North America: twenty years later
  13. ^ Sámuel Gyarmathi (1983). Grammatical Proof of the Affinity of the Hungarian Language with Languages of Fennic Origin: (Gottingen Dieterich, 1799). John Benjamins Publishing. ISBN 978-90-272-0976-4.
  14. ^ "Where do Finnish come from?". 19 November 2014. Archived from the original on 17 November 2010. Retrieved 22 March 2010.
  15. ^ Cite error: The named reference Janhunen2009 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  16. ^ Rootsi, Siiri; Zhivotovsky, L. A.; Baldovic, M.; Kayser, M.; Kutuev, I. A.; Khusainova, R.; Bermisheva, M. A.; Gubina, M.; Fedorova, S. A.; Ilumäe, A. M.; Khusnutdinova, E. K.; Voevoda, M. I.; Osipova, L. P.; Stoneking, M.; Lin, A. A.; Ferak, V.; Parik, J.; Kivisild, T.; Underhill, P. A.; Villems, R. (February 2007). "European Journal of Human Genetics – Abstract of article: A counter-clockwise northern route of the Y-chromosome haplogroup N from Southeast Asia towards Europe". European Journal of Human Genetics. 15 (2): 204–211. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201748. PMID 17149388. S2CID 19265287.
  17. ^ "Journals Home" (PDF).
  18. ^ Pimenoff, Ville (2008). "Living on the edge : Population genetics of Finno-Ugric-speaking humans in North Eurasia" (Document). University of Helsinki, Finland. {{cite document}}: Unknown parameter |access-date= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |url= ignored (help)PhD thesis

List of References

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General

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Pre-20th Century History

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Minorities / endangered languages

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Finno-Ugric movement

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Culture

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  • Petrukhin, Vladimir. Myths of Finno-Ugric Peoples. Moscow, 2005. 463 p. (Russian: Петрухин В. Я. Мифы финно-угров. М., 2005. 463 с.)
  • World Outlook of Finno-Ugric People. Moscow, 1990. (Russian: Мировоззрение финно-угорских народов. М., 1990.)
  • People of Volga and Uralic regions. Komi-Zyrians. Komi-Permyaks. Mari. Mordvins. Udmurts. Moscow, 2000. (Russian: Народы Поволжья и Приуралья. Коми-зыряне. Коми-пермяки. Марийцы. Мордва. Удмурты. М., 2000.)

Others

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  • Physical anthropology of the Finno-Ugric peoples. Физическая антропология финно-угорских народов. Physical anthropology of Finno-Ugric peoples. Author(s): Karin Mark. Designer: Kersti Siitan
  • http://hdl.handle.net/10138/235223
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