User:IshmaelWilliams/sandbox

Ishmael Williams

Literature and research on sugar addiction has been conducted for over a decade now; however most of the evidence is conducted on animals. There is a biomedical and neurological science behind the usage of mini-pigs and lab rodents. In these animal species, there are similarities with humans in terms of cognition, development of food preferences and eating disorders, digestive anatomy and functions, as well as brain development. Research has demonstrated that, under certain conditions, rats can develop addiction-like behaviors with respect to sugar. The food addiction model asserts that excessive consumption of palatable foods may be understood within the same neurobiological framework as drug addiction. ^[1]The test subjects have similar brain anomalies as those described in humans. Drug addiction has an impact on the brain's reward center and substance abuse. In drug addiction, there is a "drug-seeking" behavior, which is similar having a "sweet tooth" and seeking to satisfy the desire for a sweet item. Reward from eating is controlled by the mesolimbic dopamine (DA) pathway. In the animal study, a fructose and glucose diet induced modifications in several brain regions involved in reward and eating behavior. The observations  from the study asserts that food and drug consumption share a common neurobiology that "hijack" a neural system that primarily processes natural rewards like foods. Sugar is believed to stimulate dopamine in the central nervous system. In summary, the research provided several clinical facts and evidences on the effects of sugar consumption on the central nervous system.^[2] 

Human research has also been conducted on sugar (in the form of sugar-sweetened beverages) and its effects on the kidneys. Sugar consumption has been associated with the rising prevalence of Chronic Kidney Disease in the United States. [3] Since 1997, the nation has dramatically increased sugar consumption to nearly half a pound per person per day. Much of this increase is driven by high fructose syrup (HFCS) consumption, which now amounts to over 62 lb per person per year, largely in form of sugar-sweetened beverages. In addition to dietary sugar being associated with CKD risk factors, data from animal studies do suggest that sugar consumption may independently affect kidney disease risk. Studies have been conducted to highlight the severity of sugary sweetened beverage consumption. These studies were completed with a variety of test subjects to account for age, sex, diets, lifestyle choices, physical activity, smoking, level of education, and health status. The variety in the test subjects created a wide spectrum of results to match any individual. Also, the experiments consisted of a variety of consumption frequencies. Some studies only consumed one glass of a sugary sweetened beverage a week, while others consumed more than seven glasses of a sugary sweetened beverage a week.    

Toni Jenkins

Milk vs Sweetened Beverage Consumption

Research has demonstrated when school aged children (3-7 yrs. Of age) are given the choice of choosing milk or sweetened beverages at lunch time, they tend to choose the sweetened beverages.^[1]  This has major health implications for children, as nutrition is essential for proper development. ^[2]  Studies have shown sugar sweetened beverages displace important nutrients such as iron and calcium which result in deficiency-related conditions. For example, iron deficiency can result in nerve impulse delay.^[3] Children who do not consume the appropriate amount of calcium into their daily diets have lower calcium consumption as they get older.^[4]   In contrast, as they get older, their intake of sugary beverages increases. ^[5] Many children grow to have a level of intolerance to milk and another significant percentage grow to not like the taste of milk.^[6] Insufficient levels of calcium throughout adolescence is a precursor for osteoporosis and even obesity in some cases.^[7]  Maternal consumption of milk can influence children’s consumption. A study of 9 year old girls and calcium consumption reported those who met the average recommended intake (AI) for calcium consumed almost twice as much milk and less sweetened beverages (18%) had mothers who drank milk more frequently than those who were under the AI for calcium. ^[8] 

Healthy schools campaign is an initiative set forth by Michelle Obama that promotes nutritional enrichment through food an education.^[9] The national initiatives under this program are cooking up change, green clean schools, school nurse leadership, and national collaborations.^[9] As a result, many of the sugary drinks/ sodas in elementary, middle, and high schools have been replaced by water and other nutritious drinks.^[10]

1. Jump up^ Keller, Kathleen L.; Kirzner, Jared; Pietrobelli, Angelo; St-Onge, Marie-Pierre; Faith, Myles S. (2009-03-01). "Increased sweetened beverage intake is associated with reduced milk and calcium intake in 3- to 7-year-old children at multi-item laboratory lunches". Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 109 (3): 497–501. doi:10.1016/j.jada.2008.11.030. ISSN 1878-3570. PMC 2748414. PMID 19248869.
2. Jump up^ "Nutrition and Cognitive Development" (PDF). Mealtime Memo for Child Care: 2. 2002.
3. Jump up^ "Nutrition and Cognitive development" (PDF). Mealtime Memo for Child Care. 2002.
4. Jump up^ Keller, Kathleen L.; Kirzner, Jared; Pietrobelli, Angelo; St-Onge, Marie-Pierre; Faith, Myles S. (2009-03-01). "Increased sweetened beverage intake is associated with reduced milk and calcium intake in 3- to 7-year-old children at multi-item laboratory lunches". Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 109 (3): 497–501. doi:10.1016/j.jada.2008.11.030. ISSN 1878-3570. PMC 2748414. PMID 19248869.
5. Jump up^ Keller, Kathleen L.; Kirzner, Jared; Pietrobelli, Angelo; St-Onge, Marie-Pierre; Faith, Myles S. (2009-03-01). "Increased sweetened beverage intake is associated with reduced milk and calcium intake in 3- to 7-year-old children at multi-item laboratory lunches". Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 109 (3): 497–501. doi:10.1016/j.jada.2008.11.030. ISSN 1878-3570. PMC 2748414. PMID 19248869.
6. Jump up^ "Facts and Statistics - Food Allergy Research & Education". www.foodallergy.org. Retrieved 2016-12-04.
7. Jump up^ "Osteoporosis and Calcium: Learn About Supplements". eMedicineHealth. Retrieved 2016-11-29.
8. Jump up^ Fisher, Jennifer O.; Mitchell, Diane C.; Smiciklas-Wright, Helen; Mannino, Michelle L.; Birch, Leann L. (2004-04-01). "Meeting calcium recommendations during middle childhood reflects mother-daughter beverage choices and predicts bone mineral status". The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 79 (4): 698–706. ISSN 0002-9165. PMC 2530917. PMID 15051617.
9. Jump up^ "School Food | Healthy Schools Campaign". Healthy Schools Campaign. Retrieved 2016-11-29.
10. Jump up^ Rhodan, Maya. "Michelle Obama's Pro-Water (Soda Silent) Campaign Makes Waves". TIME.com. Retrieved 2016-12-04.

Deja Logan

Obesity Due to Sugar Sweetened Beverages

Over the past three decades, obesity has become an epidemic in many countries around the world. According to the World Health Organization, more than 1 billion of the world's adult population are overweight. In the United States, 129.6 million people ages 20-74 are considered overweight.^[1] Of the 129.6 million, 30% are considered obese. The obesity rate is forecasted to rise to 42% by 2030.^[2] Every year, the United States spends an estimated $190 billion on obesity related conditions, or 21% of all United States health care costs.^[3]

Obesity prevalence is due to genetic, metabolic, cultural, environmental, socioeconomic, and behavioral factors.^[1] Along with the increase in overweight and obese populations, the consumption of carbohydrates, particularly in the form of added sugars has increased. ^[1]

Research studies have indicated that there is a correlation between drinking sugar-sweetened beverages and gaining weight or becoming obese. Sugar-sweetened beverages do not provide the feeling of fullness like solid foods do, which may cause one to consume more of the beverage.^[4] According the Center for Disease Control, the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System Survey found that 30.1% of American adults consume at least one sugar-sweetened beverage daily.^[5] Around the United States, sugar-sweetened beverage intake differs based on geographic regions and sociodemographic characteristics. States known for their obesity rates also had high consumption rates of sugar-sweetened beverages. For example, 47.1% of Mississippi adults consume at least one sugar-sweetened beverage a day.^[5] Their obesity rate correlates, with 35.6% of the adult population being obese in 2016.^[6]

The World Health Organization has advised reducing intake of free sugars, such as monosaccharides and disaccharides that are added to beverages by manufacturers, cooks, or consumers.^[7] Studies have supported WHO's guidance as well. A 2006 clinical trial found that when over weight or obese adults replaced caloric beverages with water or noncaloric beverages for 6 months, they averaged weight losses of 2-2.5%.^[8] In addition, The Obesity Society recommends minimizing children's intake of sugar-sweetened beverages.^[9]

Efforts to reduce consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages and obesity include both monetary penalties and limiting exposure to sugar-sweetened beverages. For example, numerous states, including Vermont have proposed taxing sugar-sweetened beverages or increasing the prices to reduce consumption.^[10] Economists estimate that increasing sugar sweetened beverage prices by 10% would reduce sugar sweetened beverage consumption by 12%.^[11] Other solutions target children, focusing on prohibiting sugar-sweetened beverages on school/after care property, including vending machines and lunches.^[10] Limits are also being considered on sugar-sweetened beverages in the workplace.^[10] Furthermore, beverage companies are being approached about reducing portion sizing of sugar-sweetened beverages because portion sizes have increased substantially over the past few decades.^[10]

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11. Jump up ^ "Assessing the Potential Effectiveness of Food and Beverage Taxes and Subsidies for Improving Public Health: A Systematic Review of Prices, Demand and Body Weight Outcomes". Obesity Reviews.

Jessica Joseph

The Impact Of Sugar Sweetened Beverages on Oral Health

Oral Health has shown to be affected with regard to sugar sweetened beverage consumption. Acid erosion and dental caries have been the main health concerns to sugar sweetened beverages.

Acid erosion is defined as the loss of tooth enamel caused by acid attack.^[1] When consuming carbonated sugar sweetened beverages, acid deposits on the teeth, attacking the enamel. Over a gradual period, the enamel is worn down, which can lead to dental caries. Erosion of tooth enamel begins at a pH of 5.5^[2] , and ingredients found in sugar sweetened beverages such as phosphoric acid and citric acid significantly contribute to the demineralization of the enamel. Citric acid in various sugar sweetened beverages can cause chelation.^[3]

Consumption of sports and energy drinks have been linked to irreversible tooth damage.^[4] This is especially common in adolescents who consume about 30-50% of the beverages that are on the market. ^[5]Studies have shown that energy drinks have caused twice as much damage on teeth than sports drinks. Citric acid, the preservative found in many sugar sweetened beverages causes stripping of the enamel.^[6]

Fruit juices generally contain lower amounts of sugar than carbonated sugar sweetened beverages.^[7] The acidity levels found in fruit juices vary, with citrus based juices having the lowest pH levels. The low acidity found in fruit juices cause higher risk of cavities with enamel exposure.^[8]

Frequency of sugar sweetened beverages results in dental caries, which are caused by Streptococcus bacteria. Dental caries is an infectious oral disease and is the breakdown of the teeth due to the bacteria in the mouth. It occurs when bacteria within the plaque metabolize the sugar ^[9], releasing various acids as waste compounds. As the acids are released, they form holes in the teeth which dissolve the enamel. The sugars, therefore provide a passageway for the activities of the oral bacteria, lowering salivary pH. The bacteria alone are not the sole cause of tooth decay, as it is the presence of these sugars that inhibit the production of acid.

1.    Jump up^ https://www.dentalhealth.org/tell-me-about/topic/mouth-conditions/dental-erosion.

2.    Jump up^ https://www.21stcenturydental.com/ph_drinks.html

3.    Jump up^ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5030497/

4.    Jump up^ http://www.knowyourteeth.com/infobites/abc/article/?abc=s&iid=296&aid=10687

5.    Jump up^ http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2012/05/02/151868879/energy-drinks-can-take-teeth-on-an-irreversible-acid-trip

6.    Jump up^ https://www.sunlifedentalbenefits.com/dental-insurance/dental-health/nutrition-oral-health/soft-drinks-oral-health/

7.    Jump up^ https://www.sunlifedentalbenefits.com/dental-insurance/dental-health/nutrition-oral-health/soft-drinks-oral-health/

8.    Jump up^ http://www.doonsouthdental.ca/acid-erosion-is-it-eating-away-your-teeth/

9.    Jump up^ http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/78/4/881S.full

Max Rothschild

The Outlook of Sugar Sweetened Beverages on the Population's Health

Sugar sweetened beverages or sugary drinks are beverages that contain any form of added sugars. ^[1] Out of the entire diet, Americans add sugar to beverages more so than any other product.^[2] Sugar-Sweetned beverages or sugary drinks are the leading source of added sugars in the American diet. Added sugars include syrups and other caloric sweeteners.^[2] Other examples of added sugars, especially ones that can be listed as an ingredient, include brown sugar, corn sweetener, corn syrup, dextrose, fructose, glucose, high-fructose corn syrup, honey, invert sugar, lactose, malt syrup, maltose, molasses, raw sugar, sucrose, trehalose, and turbinado sugar. ^[3]The added sugar content is associated with several health concerns like weight gain, obesity, type 2 diabetes, heart disease, liver disease, dental implications, and gout. ^[4] Naturally occurring sugars, such as those in fruit or milk, are not added sugars.^[3] Even though there are several beverages/drinks that have sugar in them, some beverages, such as milk, fruit juice, and diet drinks, fall into a “gray” area because of different contributions to health and weight gain is more complex.^[5] Sugar-sweetened beverages contain added sugars such as sucrose or fructose, often in large amounts, which contribute to the overall energy density of diets. The World Health Organization (WHO) has developed guidance on free sugars. Based on the impact of free sugars intake and its effects on weight gain and dental issues the WHO has taken action on such problems. Free sugars include monosaccharides and disaccharides added to foods and beverages by the manufacturer, cook or consumer, and sugars naturally present in honey, syrups, fruit juices and fruit juice concentrates. Current evidence suggests that increasing consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages is associated with weight gain. Reducing consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages can also reduce the risk of unhealthy weight gain in adults.^[6]  For a normal calorie diet, calories from added sugars should be less than 10 percent of the daily calorie limit. ^[3]Eating habits that include a lesser amount of added sugars, that can be from reduced intake of sugary drinks, can be associated with reduced risk of CVD in adults, and moderate evidence indicates that these eating patterns are associated with reduced risk of obesity, type 2 diabetes, and some types of cancer in adults.^[3]

references[edit | edit source]

1. Jump up^ http://www.cdc.gov/nutrition/data-statistics/sugar-sweetened-beverages-intake.html
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Fransisca Meralus

The Effects of Sugar Sweetened Beverages on Blood Potassium Levels

Hypokalemia is a potassium deficiency. It is defined by the level of potassium in the blood; levels 3.5 and 5.0 mmoL are considered to be normal while levels below 3.5 mmol/L are defined as hypokalemia.^[1]

There are many case reports on the relationship between hypokalemia and sugar sweetened beverages such as cola-based drinks. Based on reports published^[2][3], patients' potassium levels decreased because of an increase in cola consumption; and as the consumption was reduced potassium levels rose back to normal levels.^[3] Oral supplements and other methods did not help raise potassium levels. And so it was concluded that extreme cola consumption can lead to hypokalemia. Symptoms caused by an increased consumption of cola that lead to hypokalemia include muscle weakness, leg cramps, and fatigue. [3]

There are three mechanisms that lead to potassium deficiency due to cola drinks. They are as follows: (1) a large intake of glucose which leads to an intracellular redistribution of potassium; (2) potassium wasting due to large masses of indigestible fructose in the gastrointestinal tract; (3) the caffeine in cola drinks lead to diuresis, an increase in the sodium-potassium pumps via cellular phosphodiesterase inhibition, increased renin levels, and also produced metabolic alkalosis which all lead to hypokalemia.^[4]

The consumption of sugar sweetened beverages has increased over the years; this includes caffeinated and un-caffeinated drinks. The rise in consumption of soft drinks is due to the current convenience, availability, and accessibility of sugar sweetened beverages today. Over these years an increase in concern and action towards the accessibility of sugar sweetened beverages have been taken through policy. Government officials and doctors alike have responded to the increase in sugar sweetened beverages and its health effects.^[3] Internists have further discussed adding extreme sugar sweetened beverages consumption to the list of usual questions about alcohol, tobacco, and illicit drugs that lead to hypokalemia. Although low potassium levels are tolerated in healthy adults, as cola consumption increases things like obesity, hypertension, and diabetes can be developed from hypokalemia.^[3]

Pregnancy and Sugar Sweetened Beverages

Dietary improvements in expecting mothers are important for the future health of the mother and child. Sugar-sweetened beverages among other beverages like coffee and alcohol are recommended to be reduced in intake. A Norwegian study, showed that pregnant woman minimized their intake of sugar-sweetened beverages, alcohol, and coffee, when educated about the negative effects these beverages can have on their unborn child.^[5] The statistics for each beverage showed that among alcohol, coffee, and sugar-sweetened beverages, sugar-sweetened beverages were still consumed more despite there being a minimized intake. The minimized intake of coffee and alcohol is due to the less harmful effects sugar-sweetened beverages have compared to coffee and alcohol.^[6][5] The report declares that the minimized intake may be due to alcohol and coffee being a part of socializing and therefore becomes substituted by sugar-sweetened beverages at social events.^[7]

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2. Jump up^ Dubey, Divyanshu, et al. "Paroxysmal Paralytic Attacks Secondary To Excessive Cola Consumption." Clinical Medicine & Research 12.1/2 (2014): 61-64. CINAHL Plus with Full Text. Web. 7 Oct. 2016.
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5. ^ Jump up to:^a b Skreden, Marianne, et al. "Changes In Beverage Consumption From Pre-Pregnancy To Early Pregnancy In The Norwegian Fit For Delivery Study." Public Health Nutrition18.7 (2015): 1187-1196. CINAHL Plus with Full Text. Web. 8 Oct. 2016.
6. Jump up^ Dale, Maria T.G., Leiv S. Bakketeig, and Per Magnus. "Alcohol Consumption Among First-Time Mothers And The Risk Of Preterm Birth: A Cohort Study." Annals Of Epidemiology 26.4 (2016): 275-282. CINAHL Plus with Full Text. Web. 14 Oct. 2016.
7. Jump up^ Skreden, Marianne, et al. "Changes In Beverage Consumption From Pre-Pregnancy To Early Pregnancy In The Norwegian Fit For Delivery Study." Public Health Nutrition18.7 (2015): 1187-1196. CINAHL Plus with Full Text. Web. 8 Oct. 2016.