User:Haley315/Virginia M. Alexander
Virginia M. Alexander (February 4, 1899 – July 24, 1949)[1][2] was an American physician, public health researcher, and the founder of the Aspiranto Health Home in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
Early Life
[edit]Virginia M. Alexander was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on February 4, 1899 to Hilliard Alexander and Virginia Pace, who were both born into slavery in the US.[3]
Education
[edit]Alexander attended high school at the William Penn High School for Girls, where she graduated with honors before receiving a scholarship that allowed her to attend the University of Pennsylvania to complete her undergraduate education.[4][5] Alexander took work as a waitress, clerk, and maid in order to cover her living expenses through college.[4] She was also a member of the black sorority Delta Sigma Theta.[6] She continued her medical education at the Women's Medical College of Pennsylvania. In a school-wide medical aptitude test, Alexander earned the second-highest score, which was higher than the score earned by the school's own dean.[7] An article published in The Crisis years later stated that the Women's Medical College of Pennsylvania was hostile toward students of color and that it was extremely difficult to get through the program at all because of the acts of racism that took place there.[7] With the help of private philanthropy and by working jobs as a clerk, maid, and waitress, Alexander graduated medical school in good standing in 1925.[4][7]
During the 1910's and 20's, aspiring physicians were usually required by law to complete a clinical internship in order to take the state licensing exam and be able to practice medicine.[7] Nonetheless, when Alexander began looking for a medical internship, she faced rejection from many Philadelphia hospitals on the basis of race.[4] For example, the president of one of the hospitals that rejected her stated, "If you were first among a thousand applicants you would still not be admitted."[7]
The hospital operated by the Women's Medical College of Pennsylvania would also not accept her, but the school did help Alexander and another student, Mae McCarroll, secure internships at the Kansas City Colored Hospital in Missouri in 1925.[5] Alexander and McCarroll were the first two women members at the hospital because before them, the rules prohibited women from interning. [7] Alexander remained in Kansas City to complete a pediatrics-surgery residency at Wheatley-Provident Hospital.[5]
Career
[edit]In 1927, Alexander returned to Philadelphia. She was passionate about public health but pursued clinical practice out of financial necessity.[8]
Aspiranto Health Home
[edit]Alexander founded the Aspiranto Health Home in her renovated house in 1930.[4] The two purposes of the creation of the practice were to provide healthcare to those who needed it but were otherwise not getting it, and to be able to provide care in a manner that was unconventional at the time.[7] Aspiranto provided "socialized" health services to African American community members in North Philadelphia.[8] Her work in private practice helped to fund Alexander's charitable medical care. Services provided by Aspiranto, often free of cost, included general medical care, obstetric care, and emergency medical care.[8] Since the majority of her clients were low-income, Alexander made less money than white men in the same area who were able to make a lot more.[7] Alexander's colleague Helen Octavia Dickens was also an active practitioner at the house.[9]
Community involvement and activism
[edit]Alexander was active in a variety of different social, professional, and academic organizations. She practiced medicine at Frederick Douglass Memorial Hospital and Nurses' Training School, the Hospital of Women's Medical College of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania Hospital, and performed administrative work at Convalescent Hospital.[9]
In 1931, Alexander officially became a Quaker. She would go on to use her position in white Quaker circles to push her cause of improved public health practice for African American patients.[8]
In her community, Alexander was active on the board of Wharton Settlement, the Young Women’s Christian Association, the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom, and the Religious Society of Friends, where she was active in the Race Relations Committee, the Institute of Race Relations, and the Young Friends Movement.[10]
Alexander brought social and economic determinants of health to the attention of her white peers, who had not previously considered them to disproportionately impact Black Americans.[3] She began formal study of public health disparities for black and white patients in Philadelphia in 1935 as part of her involvement with the Institute of Race Relations (see "Publications").[8] Alexander observed disparate conditions for Black patients such as a lack of recreation facilities, racist treatment at hospitals, and the exclusion of Black physicians from working in hospitals.[7] Alexander also recorded disparities in health outcomes: she found that Black babies died at over twice the rate of white babies, and Black patients died of tuberculosis at over six times the rate of white patients.[3] During this time period, Alexander received funding from the Rosenwald Foundation, which she used to found the North Philadelphia Clinical Centre.[7]
During World War II, Alexander volunteered as a public health physician in Birmingham, Alabama through the US Department of Health, where the majority of her patients were iron and coal miners.[7] She also worked as an Ob-Gyn at the Woman's Medical College Hospital, Mercy Hospital, and Pennsylvania Hospital.[7] Eventually, Alexander would go on to teach at the Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania and work as the Physician-in-Charge of Women Students at Howard University.[7]
Public health career
[edit]The field of public health gained popularity in the years leading up to World War II, and Alexander was one of the first people to acquire a Masters Degree in Public Health.[7] Alexander was admitted to Yale University in 1936 to study public health, where she earned her degree in 1937.[11] Shortly after leaving Yale, she accepted a position at Howard University as an assistant university physician for women students.[8] In 1939, she supervised a public health project at Howard that would eventually lead to her obtaining her master's degree in public health from Yale.[8]
Alexander worked with the US Public Health Service from 1943 to 1945 at the Slossfield Clinic located in Birmingham, Alabama. Afterwards, she returned to Philadelphia where she resumed her medical practice in addition to working with local Quakers on race relations.[8]
Personal Life
[edit]Alexander lived with her father in North Philadelphia for the majority of her life. Alexander never married or had children, but she did have an extramarital relationship with W.E.B. DuBois, who was an editor at The Crisis at the time and possibly wrote the article that featured her.[7]
Alexander died on July 24, 1949 in Philadelphia after years of battling lupus.[8] She was buried in Sharon Hill, Pennsylvania at Mount Lawn Cemetery.[3]
References
[edit]- ^ Spurgeon Johnson, Charles (2012) [1936]. A Preface to Racial Understanding. Friendship Press. pp. 126–130. ISBN 978-1258308735.
- ^ Gamble, Vanessa Northington (August 2016). ""Outstanding Services to Negro Health": Dr. Dorothy Boulding Ferebee, Dr. Virginia M. Alexander, and Black Women Physicians' Public Health Activism". American Journal of Public Health. 106 (8): 1397–1404. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303252. ISSN 1541-0048. PMC 4940657. PMID 27310348.
- ^ a b c d "Dr. Virginia Alexander (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Retrieved 2021-03-22.
- ^ a b c d e "Dr. Virginia M. Alexander". Changing the Face of Medicine. June 3, 2015. Retrieved November 28, 2017.
- ^ a b c Gamble, Vanessa Northington (August 2016). ""Outstanding Services to Negro Health": Dr. Dorothy Boulding Ferebee, Dr. Virginia M. Alexander, and Black Women Physicians' Public Health Activism". American Journal of Public Health. 106 (8): 1397–1404. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303252. ISSN 1541-0048. PMC 4940657. PMID 27310348.
- ^ Sharon Harley; Black Women and Work Collective (2002). Sister Circle: Black Women and Work. Rutgers University Press. p. 172. ISBN 978-0-8135-3061-1.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Vigil-Fowler, Margaret (2018). "Two Strikes -- a Lady and Colored:" Gender, Race, and the Making of the Modern Medical Profession, 1864-1941 (Thesis). UCSF.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Gamble, Vanessa Northington (August 2016). ""Outstanding Services to Negro Health": Dr. Dorothy Boulding Ferebee, Dr. Virginia M. Alexander, and Black Women Physicians' Public Health Activism". American Journal of Public Health. 106 (8): 1397–1404. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303252. ISSN 1541-0048. PMC 4940657. PMID 27310348.
- ^ a b "Dr. Virginia M. Alexander". Changing the Face of Medicine. June 3, 2015. Retrieved November 28, 2017.
- ^ Spurgeon Johnson, Charles (2012) [1936]. A Preface to Racial Understanding. Friendship Press. pp. 126–130. ISBN 978-1258308735.
- ^ "Dr. Virginia M. Alexander". National Library of Medicine - National Institutes of Health.
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