User:HailML/Cholera vaccine
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[edit]A cholera vaccine is an oral vaccine that is effective at reducing the risk of contracting cholera. The World Health Organization (WHO) currently recommended cholera vaccines are administered orally such as Euvichol-Plus, Shanchol bivalent, and Vaxchora. A live, attenuated single dose oral vaccine is available for those traveling to an area where cholera is common but is not WHO approved for public health use. They are licensed for use in more than 60 countries. In countries where the disease is common, the vaccine appears to be cost effective.
The oral cholera vaccines elicit a local immune response in the gut where the intestinal cells produce antibodies that identify and attack the cholera microbes. These antibodies take time for the body to produce and requires two doses of the vaccine with a 1-6 week interval between doses. The duration of protection is at least two years in adults and six months in children aged 1–5 years.
Oral cholera vaccines were first introduced in the 1990s. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.
The first cholera vaccine was an injectable form developed in the late 19th century. These were the first widely used vaccines which were laboratory made. These were largely abandoned in the 1970s due to their poor efficacy. The injectable form of the virus did not produce as strong of an antibody response.
The first effective oral cholera vaccine was Dukoral, developed in Sweden in the 1980s. For the first six months after vaccination it provides about 85 percent protection, which decreases to approximately 60 percent during the first two years. With any type of immunization, when enough of the population is immunized, it may protect those who have not been immunized thereby increasing the total protective impact to more than 90 percent (known as herd immunity).
These oral cholera vaccine are generally considered safe for the majority of the population. These vaccines were shown to be safe in pregnancy and in those with poor immune functionThe main side effects which could be experienced includes mild abdominal pain or diarrhea.
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[edit]The two later inactivated oral cholera vaccines recommended by WHO, Shanchol and Euvichol-Plus, have an identical composition, containing killed whole cells of V. cholerae O1 (the same components as in Dukoral) plus formalin-killed V. cholerae O139 bacteria.[1]
The observed vaccine protection with 2 doses of oral vaccine was 58–76 percent.[2] herd immunity can multiply the effectiveness of vaccination.[1] Dukoral has been licensed for children two years of age and older, Shanchol and Euvichol-Plus for children one year of age and older. The administration of the vaccine to adults confers additional indirect protection (herd immunity) also to children.
The oral vaccines are generally of two forms: inactivated and attenuated.[3]
Both of the available types of oral vaccine are generally safe. Some side effects that could occur include mild abdominal pain or diarrhea.
These vaccines are safe in pregnancy and in those with poor immune function.
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They are licensed for use in more than 60 countries. In countries where the disease is common, the vaccine appears to be cost effective.
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References
[edit]- ^ a b "Cholera vaccines: WHO position paper – August 2017". Weekly Epidemiological Record. 92 (34): 477–498. August 2017. hdl:10665/258764. PMID 28845659.
- ^ Bi Q, Ferreras E, Pezzoli L, Legros D, Ivers LC, Date K, Qadri F, Digilio L, Sack DA, Ali M, Lessler J, Luquero FJ, Azman AS; Oral Cholera Vaccine Working Group of The Global Task Force on Cholera Control. Protection against cholera from killed whole-cell oral cholera vaccines: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2017 Oct;17(10):1080-1088. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(17)30359-6. Epub 2017 Jul 17. PMID: 28729167; PMCID: PMC5639147.
- ^ "Cholera". www.who.int. Retrieved 2024-05-03.
- ^ "Cholera – Global situation". www.who.int. Retrieved 2024-05-03.