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Ibrahim Muti’I Ibrahim Muti’I (May, 1920 – January 13, 2010) (Uyghur: مۇتىئى ئىبراھىم) was a well-known Turkic linguist from Xinjiang, China (William Clark, 2011: 203). He is best known for his research on Uyghur language and culture. He is considered to have been one of the top scholars of his generation in Uyghur. <ref>Ibrahim, tursunbeg el. 2011:2

Early Life

Muti’I was born in May 1920, in Lükchün, a small village outside Turpan in eastern Xinjiang. He was orphaned at an early age. His father, a tailor, died when he was only two years old. His mother died when he was seven <ref>William Clark, 2011: 205 His family sent him to Urumqi to enroll in a primary school in 1928, which he did while living with his elder brother.

In 1935, at the age of fifteen, Ibrahim Muti’I received a scholarship for a two-year course of study in law at the Central Asia University in Tashkent, Russia. During this time, he not only learned Uzbek and Russian languages, but also learned about Old Turkic languages. He had a chance to read original research material about the Uyghur. He returned to China from Russia after graduating in with a law degree in 1937 and taught Uyghur literature, language, and linguistic methodology at Xinjiang Normal University.

In 1940 he was sent to Sheng Shicai’s prison because, where he was incarcerated until 1945. At that time Muti’I was not only a person in Sheng Shicai’s prison. There were a lot of well-known, well educated Uyghur young people sent to prison, because Sheng Shicai thought they were dangerous, they may spread independent ideas that would threaten authorities. So Sheng Shicai put them to the prison.

Professional Career

After release from prison, he became the first Professional Chief (Dean) for the former Xinjiang Institute (current Xinjiang University), and later served as Vice President. He married Anwar-apay, the daughter of a wealthy businessman, in 1946. She was a teacher at the Number 5 Elementary School in Urumqi.

In 1947 he was employed as a journalist by Erkin, (Zi you bao, “freedom” in Chinese) a private newspaper in Urumchi. <r> William Clark, 2011:212,r/> During this time, there were insufficient new materials for understanding multilingual features either for writing new textbooks or for teaching students. To address this need, he compiled teaching materials such as Uyghur Tili Serfi (Morfologiyisi) “Uighur Morphology”, Uyghur Tili Nehwi (Sintaksisi) “Uyghur Syntax”, Uyghur Til-Edebiyat Qaidiliri (Istilistikisi) “Uighur Rhetoric”, and Uyghur Tilining Addiy Imla Qaidisi “Uyghur simple orthography”. (These were mimeographs for university students. At that time, they only used these unpublished textbooks at school and did not publish them.) He engaged in teaching while conducting his research, published as Türkiy Tillarning Qisqiche Tarihi “Brief Introduction of Turkic Language” in Nanjing “Time” (Chinese magazine) in 1949.

After the establishment of the Peoples’ Republic of China in 1949, he was transferred to Beijing and worked at the State Nationalities Commission (Dölet Ishlar Komitéti) for three years. He transferred to the Minorities Press (Milletler Neshriyati) in 1955. Working together with a large team of scholars, he helped publish an 18th century volume of a Dictionary in Five Languages (Besh Tilliq Manjuche Lughet), a dictionary representing the common linguistic and cultural heritage of several ethnic groups in China. This dictionary includes Manchu, Tibetan, Mongolian, Uyghur, and Chinese.

Second Incarceration

He spent eighteen years of his adult life in jail because of the Cultural Revolution as a result of having been wrongly charged of crime during the 1960 to 1978 period of internal political strife and ideological conflict.

Additional Scholarship

After the so-called "Cultural Revolution" in 1966-1976, his work resumed and was relocated to the Language Institute of Xinjiang Academy of Social Sciences in Xinjiang, Uygur Autonomous Region. He resumed his work, later joining other linguists on a six-year project to research and to translate and publish a Uighur Turkic Dictionary (Dīwānu l-Luġat al-Turk) to Modern Uyghur.

Beginning in 1984, he did field work in Kashgarr with Mirsultan Osmanov, a well-known Uyghur linguist also one of his best students. Their goal was to find Mahmud Kashgari’s exact hometown and mausoleum, which they identified, based on numerous facts, in their paper Mehmud Kashgherining Yurti, Hayati we Maziri Toghrisida “On the Hometown, Biography and Shrine of Mahmoud Al-Kashgari”.

Ibrahim Muti’I visited Harvard University in April, 1989 to attend a conference. He “tells the story of meeting a relative of his beloved Tatar elementary school teacher. It was a joyful encounter that gave Ibrahim an opportunity to express how significant a role model his teacher had been” (William Clark, 2011:207). He also presented at the conference at Harvard University. His paper was about Uyghur Islamic Madarasa in the Early Period of Islam in Xinjiang. This paper published in the Conference Proceedings.

He translated and edited many classical literary books into modern Uyghur. Among these were Irk Bitig (Book of divination) and Maytiri Simit (Maitreya). He not only helped students, but also helped coordinate lectures in relevant departments for young and old researchers in the Uyghur language. He also trained a number of linguistic experts and scholars, among them Mirsultan Osmanof (1929- ) who is a famous linguist, Abduréhim Ötkür (1923-1995) who was a famous poet and scholar and he was one of the pioneers in the field of modern Uyghur literature, and Lutpulla Mutellip (1923-1945) was one of the pioneers in the field of modern Uyghur literature and poet. He had a number of students at that time; some not mention here.

In 1990, in honor of his 70th birthday, Milletler Neshriyati Nationalities Publishing House in Beijing published a book entitled Ibrahim Muti’i Proceedings. Nationalities Publishing House firstly decided to publish this collection as a second volume of Ibrahim Muti’i Proceedings, but was unable to locate the first version which had sold out and was no longer available. There were no more these books in the bookstore, so they published a single volume with the entire collection of his papers. Therefore this version was published in 2007. It included 1990s version and about twenty two additional papers (Muti’I, 2007:1)

Significance

Ibrahim Muti’I’s significant contributions to Uyghur scholarship and culture were as a literary translator, an editor and publisher and a teacher who also conducted research. He was a significant educator because he was the first teacher who opened new courses in the study of Uyghur literature, pedagogic while also writing and editing text books for these courses by himself. He integrated teaching and research and taught his students while conducting research and publishing many valuable papers related Turkic language study. He inspired young scholars to enter the ranks of language and literature studies with a model of teacher and researcher. In all of Uyghur scholarship, he was among the 20th century’s foremost Uyghur scholars.

Publishing

Ibrahim Muti’I, 1996. Shéir Tili Toghrisida [On the Language of Poetry], Til we terjime [Language and Translation] Vol.4 Ibrahim Muti’I, 1992. Uyghur Tilida Söz Urghusi we Ibare Intonatsiyisi [Word-stress and Intonation of Modern Uyghur], Radio-Téléwiziye Gülzari [Radio-TV Garden] Vol.2 Ibrahim Muti’I, 2007. Uyghur Tilining Tereqqiyat Tarixini Dewrlerge Bölüsh Mesilisi [The Problem on the Classification of the Developing Process of Uyghur Language] Milletler Neshriyati, Nationalities Publishing House in Beijing P154-173 Ibrahim Muti’I, 2007 “Xaqaniye Tili” we Uning Uyghur Tili Tarixida Tutqan Orni [Hakaniya Language and its Position in the Uyghur Language History] Milletler Neshriyati, Nationalities Publishing House in Beijing P174-183 Ibrahim Muti’I, 2007. Uyghurlarning Tili we Yéziqi Heqqide [On the Language and Scripts of Uyghur] Milletler Neshriyati, Nationalities Publishing House in Beijing P240-247 Ibrahim Muti’I, 2007. Qedimki Uyghurchidiki Shéiriyetke Ait Atalghular [Terms of Poetry in the Old Uyghur] Milletler Neshriyati, Nationalities Publishing House in Beijing P303-309 Ibrahim Muti’I, 2007. “Divanu Lughatit Turk” we uning Aptori Mehmud Kashgheri [Divan Lughat-at Turk and its Author Mahmoud Al-Kashgari] Milletler Neshriyati, Nationalities Publishing House in Beijing P310-323 Ibrahim Muti’I, 1983. Mehmud Kashgherining Yurti, Hayati we Maziri Toghrisida [On the Hometown, Biography and Shrine of Mahmoud Al-Kashgari] Qeshqer Edebiyati [Kashgar Literature] Vol.2 Ibrahim Muti’I, 2007. Idiqut Uyghur Xanliqi Dewride Qedimki Uyghur Edebiy Tili Tereqqiyatigha Zor Hesse Qoshqan Tilshunas, Terjiman, Alimlarning Wekili-Prtanrakshit Karmawazhik [Pritanrakshit Karmavzhik, a Translator and Linguist Who Had Great Contributions to the Development of Uyghur Literary Language an Qocho Uyghur Kingdom] Milletler Neshriyati, Nationalities Publishing House in Beijing P380-393 Ibrahim Muti’I, 1984. Kuchaliq Meshhur Terjiman Kumrajiwaning Terjime Usulliri [Well-known Translator Komrajiwa and his Translation Methods] Til we terjime [Language and Translation] Vol.3 Ibrahim Muti’I,1997 “Divanu Lughatit Turk”ning Englizche Terjimisining Neshriyat Muqeddimisi [On the Introduction of the English Translation of Diwan-lughat-at Turk ] Xinjiang Uniwérsitéti Ilmiy Zhornili [Journal of Xinjiang Universiti] Vol.1

Conference presentation: (1) Ibrahim Muti’I, 1980. Memlikitimizdiki Tütkiy Tillar we Bu Heqtiki Ilmiy Tetqiqat [Turkic Language and Researches in China] He presented the Turkic Language Study Annual Conference on November, 1980 in Urumqi. (2) Ibrahim Muti’I, 1982. Tütkiy Tillar Tetqiqatida Aldimizda Turghan Wezipiler [Our Assignments for Researchers on the Turkic Languages] He gave a lecture in Conference that the Turkic Language Study in China on Auguast, 1982 in Nilqa [Nilka (county of Xinjiang province)]. (3) Ibrahim Muti’I, 1981. “Diwanu Lughatit Türk”te Asas Qilinghan Edebiy til – Xaqaniye Tili Heqqide [Hakaniya Language and Divan Lughat-at Turk] He presented at a conference about published a book Diwanu Lughatit Türk Uighur Turkic Dictionary at the Xinjiang university. (4) Ibrahim Muti’I, 1985. Chaghatay Edebiy Tilining Uyghur Tili Tereqqiyat Tarixida Tutqan Orni [Chaghatay Turki language and its Position in the Development of Uyghur Literary Language] He gave a lecture for first Chagatai courses students at the Xinjiang University. (5) Ibrahim Muti’I, November, 1982. Henzu Xelqi Bilen Uyghur Xelqi Otturisidiki Medeniy Munasiwetke Zor Töhpe Qoshqan Meshhur Terjiman-Singqu Seli [Singqu Sali, a Famous Translator Who Had Great Contributed to the Cultural Relationship Between Uyghur and Han Chinese] He presented at primary Conference at Xinjiang Academy of Social Science (6) Ibrahim Muti’I, May, 1985.Uyghur Xelq Éghiz Edebiyatidiki Mifologiye Mesilisi [On the Mythology of Uyghur Folk Literature] He presented at Xinjiang Minority Ethnic Groups Folk Literature Conference (7) Ibrahim Muti’I, 1989. “Uyghurlar Islam Dinigha Yéngi Kirgen Dewrdiki Islam Medrsliri [Uyghur Islamic Madarasa in the Early Period of Islam in Xinjiang] He presented in the conference “Insalm in China” at the Harwadr University on 1989.

References

Bibliography Ibrahim Muti’I, 2007 Ibrahim Muti’I Ilmiy Maqaliliri [Ibrahim Muti’i Proceedings] Milletler Neshriyati, Nationalities Publishing House in Beijing

Ibrahim, Tursunbek el. (2011): Bilqut Balilar Shexs Hékayiliri [Characters Story] edit by Xinjiang Bilqut Shérkiti [Xinjiang Bilqut Company], Xinjiang Élictiron-Ünsin Neshriyati [Xinjiang Audiovisual Press]

William Clark (2011): Ibrahim’s story, Asian Ethnicity, (12:2, 203-219)

Muhemmet Tahirjan, 2003 Hazirqi Zaman Uyghur Tilshunasliqining Bashlamchisi, Ataqliq Jamaet Erbabi- Ibrahim Muti’I [Ibrahim Muti’I, A Famous Figure, Leading Expert of the Modern Uyghur LInguistics] Til we terjime [Language and Translation] Vol.1