User:Gpp105io/Commercial sexual exploitation of children

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Commercial sexual exploitation of children (CSEC) is a commercial transaction that involves the sexual exploitation of a child, or person under the age of consent). CSEC involves a range of abuses, including but not limited to: such as the prostitution of children (e.g. survival sex, street prostitution, child sex tourism, gang-based prostitution, intra-familial pimping), child pornography (e.g. , including live streaming sexual abuse), stripping, erotic massage, phone sex lines, internet-based exploitation, and early forced marriage.

and the (often related) sale and trafficking of children. CSEC may involve coercion and violence against children, economic exploitation, forced labour, contemporary slavery

CSEC includes child sex tourism and other forms of transactional sex where a child engages in sexual activities to have key needs fulfilled, such as food, shelter or access to education. It includes forms of transactional sex where the sexual abuse of children is not stopped or reported by household members, due to benefits derived by the household from the perpetrator. CSEC also potentially includes arranged marriages involving children under the age of consent, where the child has not freely consented to marriage and where the child is sexually abused.

According to the National Center for Missing and Exploited Children (NCMEC), states that roughly one out of every five girls and one out of every ten boys will be sexually exploited or abused before they become of age. UNICEF says that child sexual exploitation is "one of the gravest infringements of rights that a child can endure".

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Child trafficking tTerminology

A The Declaration and Agenda for Action, adopted during of the First World Congress against Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children, held in Stockholm, Sweden, in 1996, formally defines CSEC as:

a fundamental violation of children's rights. It comprises sexual abuse by the adult and remuneration in cash or kind to the child or a third person or persons. The child is treated as a sexual object and as a commercial object. The commercial sexual exploitation of children constitutes a form of coercion and violence against children, and amounts to forced labour and a contemporary form of slavery.

CSEC is often associated with child trafficking, and CSEC sometimes overlap.which is defined as "the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of a child for the purpose of exploitation," and a child as any person under the age of 18." On the one hand, children who are trafficked are often trafficked for the purposes of CSEC. However, not all trafficked children are trafficked for these the purposes of CSEC. Furthermore, even if some of the children trafficked for other forms of work the sexual abuse of child trafficking victims are subsequently sexually abused at work, this does may not necessarily constitute CSEC. On the other hand, according to the U.S. Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000, the definition of Severe Forms of Trafficking in Persons includes any commercial sex act performed by a person under the age of 18. This means that any minor who is commercially sexually exploited is defined as a trafficking victim, whether or not movement has taken place. Likewise, CSEC is also part of, but distinct from other forms of child abuse, or even and child sexual abuse., including child rape, for example, will not usually constitute CSEC. Neither will and domestic violence.

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Types

Prostitution

Child prostitution is the "use of a child in sexual activities for remuneration." Prostitution is known as one of the youngest professions. Nearly eighty percent 80% of adult prostitutes entered the industry between 11 eleven and 14 fourteen (Cedeno, 2012, p. 157). Prostituted children forced or convinced to engage in prostitution often face risks of suffer irreparable damage to their physical and mental health. ,They face early pregnancy,and risk sexually transmitted diseases, particularly HIV. They are often inadequately protected by the law and may be treated as criminals.^{[unreliable source]}

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Child sex tourism

Some people travel to engage in Child sex tourism refers to tourism by predators for the purpose of engaging in child prostitution. Sex tourism and sex trafficking both generate revenue for a countries. “The Deputy Prime Minister of Thailand is quoted as asking provincial governors ‘to consider the jobs that will be created." In some countries, with Sex tourists bring money to underdeveloped economies that rely on the exploitation of their women and children, for revenue. This encouragement from the government encourages child sex tourism, resulting in explains why some countries have low fines for engaging in the sex trade. Many travel agencies offer information and guides on exotic entertainment, further encouraging men to travel for sexual purposes.

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Pornography

Child pornography is prevalent on the international, national, regional, and local levels. The differences of production, distribution, producers, evasion techniques, and status are explained in figure one. is the "representation, by whatever means, of a child engaged in real or simulated explicit sexual activities or any representation of the sexual parts of a child for primarily sexual purposes". These representations a multibillion-dollar enterprise that includes photographs, books, audiotapes, and videos and more. These images that depict children performing sexual acts with other children, adults, and other objects. The children are subjected to exploitation, rape, pedophilia, and in extreme cases, murder. Child pornography is closely linked to child prostitution, and is Pornography is often used as a gateway into the sex trade industry. Many pimps force children into pornography as a way of to conditioning them to normalize their sexual abusebelieve that what they are doing is acceptable. Furthermore, The pimps may then use the pornography to blackmail the child and extort money from clients.

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Live streaming sexual abuse

Child victims of live streaming sexual abuse are raped or forced to perform sex acts on themselves or other children in real time in front of a webcam. They are usually while forced to watching the paying consumers customers on- shared screens and following their orders. It This occurs in locations, commonly referred to as ‘cybersex dens,’ that can be in homes, hotels, offices, internet cafes, and other businesses. Traffickers advertise children on the internet to obtain purchasers., and overseas predators often seek out and pay for these illicit services. Perpetrators are motivated by money and or sexual gratification.

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International agreements

In 1989, the UN General Assembly adopted the Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC), the first international agreement to recognize the human rights of children, with freedom from sexual exploitation included as a basic right. Notably, Article 34 commits countries to "prohibiting inducement or coercion of children into unlawful sex acts, prostitution, or pornography." Currently, all United Nations member states except for the United States are parties to the 1989 Convention on the Rights of the Child, which in UNCRC.

In 1996, the First World Congress Against the Commercial Exploitation of Children adopted the Declaration and Agenda for Action, which formally reframed child prostitution as CSEC, and committed participants to develop and enforce national plans of action against CSEC; a follow-up Second World Congress was held in 2001.

Following these conferences, the UN took additional steps to address CSEC. Between 2002 and 2003, the UN adopted the Optional Protocol on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution, and Child Pornography, which has more detailed commitments on the protection of children in these areas, including reporting and monitoring. The vast majority of countries (which in this case includes the United States) have also ratified this protocol the Optional Protocol on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography. UNICEF assisted in the creation of a handbook for the Protocol.^{[citation needed]} Also adopted was the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress, and Punish Trafficking in Persons Especially Women and Children, which was the first international agreement to formally define human trafficking. Additionally, specialized organizations under the UN (UNICRI, UNODC, ILO, WTO) have established efforts focused on CSEC, including research, data collection, reporting, training, and anti-trafficking strategy and implementation.

The same committee that put the Optional Protocol into action has put more effort into acquiring more accurate data on child sexual exploitation. The 2012 Global Report on Trafficking in Persons shows that with the Protocol in place countries without a child sexual exploitation offense have nearly halved. At the regional level, criminal convictions of trafficking offenses have increased.^[when?]

In 2010, On top of the Protocol the UN instated a Global Plan of Action against Trafficking in Persons has been instated.^{[by whom?]} This plan involves strengthening the abilities of law enforcement to identify victims of trafficking, enhance investigations of alleged cases, and prosecute and punish the many corrupt officials who partake in sex trafficking and tourism.

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Prevention through education

Education

One of the many ways to aid in the CSEC prevention of child sexual exploitation is through education. The previously mentioned Protocol requires members to provide preventative measures against child sexual exploitation; among these preventative measures is educating the public, especially families, on the dangers of sex tourism and trafficking. World Vision is one of the leaders in creating these educational opportunities for young girls. educating young girls on the dangers of trafficking and educating them on what they would really be getting themselves into. Other efforts involve educating police, medical, and school personnel. The Family Planning Association of Nepal hosted a training session for the local police on how to identify CSEC victims and respond in a situation involving CSEC, and educating potential CSEC victims about the tactics recruiters often use to reach at-risk individuals. handle a trafficking situation and how to identify women and children in sexual exploitative situations. Public education is also a must. The previously mentioned Protocol requires members to provide preventative measures against child sexual exploitation; among these preventative measures is educating the public, especially families, on the dangers of sex tourism and trafficking. Because child sexual exploitation is driven by demand it is “crucial to raise the perceptions of consumers about the harm that is caused.” It has been suggested that public shutdowns of those who operate sex tours could influence deterrence.

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Demand Reduction

Education to combat CSEC is not only existent on the “supply” front for communities and at-risk individuals, but also on the “demand” front for sex buyers. Education or treatment programs for sex buyers, known as “John Schools,” as well as curriculum for young men and boys, have shown to be effective. Other demand reduction methods include public shaming, reverse sting operations (where undercover police officers pose as prostitutes), and vehicle seizure and license suspension. The impact of demand reduction can be much stronger than that of supply control, which does not necessarily reduce the occurrence of sexual exploitation by perpetrators.

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