User:GoldenIsland2124/Somatic cell
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[edit]Cloning
[edit] |
In recent years, the technique of cloning whole organisms has been developed in mammals, allowing almost identical genetic clones of an animal to be produced. One method of doing this is called "somatic cell nuclear transfer" and involves removing the nucleus from a somatic cell, usually a skin cell. This nucleus contains all of the genetic information needed to produce the organism it was removed from. This nucleus is then injected into an ovum of the same species which has had its own genetic material removed. [1] The ovum now no longer needs to be fertilized, because it contains the correct amount of genetic material (a diploid number of chromosomes). In theory, the ovum can be implanted into the uterus of a same-species animal and allowed to develop. The resulting animal will be a nearly genetically identical clone to the animal from which the nucleus was taken. The only difference is caused by any mitochondrial DNA that is retained in the ovum, which is different from the cell that donated the nucleus. In practice, this technique has so far been problematic, although there have been a few high-profile successes, such as Dolly the Sheep (July 5, 1996 - February 14, 2003)[2] and, more recently, Snuppy, (April 24, 2005 - May 2015) the first cloned dog[3].
Somatic cells have also been collected in the practice of biobanking. The cryoconservation of animal genetic resources is a means of conserving animal genetic material including to clone livestock in response to decreasing ecological biodiversity. [4] As populations of living organisms fall so does does their genetic diversity. This places species long-term survivability at risk. Biobanking aims to preserve biologically viable through long-term storage of an organisms cells for later use. Somatic cells have been stored with the hopes that they can be reprogrammed into induced pluripotent stem cells iPSCs), which can then differentiate into viable reproductive cells.[5]
Genetic modifications
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Development of biotechnology has allowed for the genetic manipulation of somatic cells, whether for the modelling of chronic disease or for the prevention of malaise conditions.[6][7] Two current means of gene editing are the use of transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs) or clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR).
Genetic engineering of somatic cells has resulted in some controversies[citation needed], although the International Summit on Human Gene Editing has released a statement in support of genetic modification of somatic cells, as the modifications thereof are not passed on to offspring.[8]
References
[edit]- ^ Wilmut, Ian; Bai, Yu; Taylor, Jane (2015-10-19). "Somatic cell nuclear transfer: origins, the present position and future opportunities". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 370 (1680): 20140366. doi:10.1098/rstb.2014.0366. ISSN 0962-8436. PMC 4633995. PMID 26416677.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) - ^ "The Life of Dolly | Dolly the Sheep". Retrieved 2023-12-09.
- ^ Kim, Min Jung; Oh, Hyun Ju; Kim, Geon A; Setyawan, Erif Maha Nugraha; Choi, Yoo Bin; Lee, Seok Hee; Petersen-Jones, Simon M.; Ko, CheMyong J.; Lee, Byeong Chun (2017-11-10). "Birth of clones of the world's first cloned dog". Scientific Reports. 7 (1). doi:10.1038/s41598-017-15328-2. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 5681657. PMID 29127382.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) - ^ Bolton, Rhiannon L; Mooney, Andrew; Pettit, Matt T; Bolton, Anthony E; Morgan, Lucy; Drake, Gabby J; Appeltant, Ruth; Walker, Susan L; Gillis, James D; Hvilsom, Christina (2022-07-01). "Resurrecting biodiversity: advanced assisted reproductive technologies and biobanking". Reproduction and Fertility. 3 (3): R121–R146. doi:10.1530/RAF-22-0005. ISSN 2633-8386. PMC 9346332. PMID 35928671.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) - ^ Sun, Yanyan; Li, Yunlei; Zong, Yunhe; Mehaisen, Gamal M. K.; Chen, Jilan (2022-10-09). "Poultry genetic heritage cryopreservation and reconstruction: advancement and future challenges". Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology. 13 (1). doi:10.1186/s40104-022-00768-2. ISSN 2049-1891. PMC 9549680. PMID 36210477.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Jarrett KE, Lee CM, Yeh YH, Hsu RH, Gupta R, Zhang M, et al. (March 2017). "Somatic genome editing with CRISPR/Cas9 generates and corrects a metabolic disease". Scientific Reports. 7: 44624. Bibcode:2017NatSR...744624J. doi:10.1038/srep44624. PMC 5353616. PMID 28300165.
- ^ "NIH Commits $190M to Somatic Gene-Editing Tools/Tech Research". 24 January 2018. Retrieved 5 July 2018.
- ^ "Why Treat Gene Editing Differently In Two Types Of Human Cells?". 8 December 2015. Retrieved 5 July 2018.