User:Ghorsefield/Phonological Rule

IT SHOULD BE UNDERSTOOD THAT NONE OF THE BELOW INFORMATION IS INCLUDED IN THE PHONOLOGICAL RULE ARTICLE ITSELF. EVERYTHING INCLUDED HERE IS A NEWLY GENERATED PIECE OF INFORMATION. IN ESSENCE, THERE WERE NOT "CHANGES" MADE, ONLY ADDITIONS.

Peer Review Responses

In terms of missing content, I think the information presented beneath the heading "Derivations" could use some additional filling in.

I tend to agree, however striking a good balance between a simple introduction of an idea and an overly-technical example is quite thin in this case.

It might help to give an example of how we arrive at a correct and incorrect derivation - is it possible to show how this works in a real scenario?

I must have missed this in my first read through but a great idea! I am not sure why I left it out.

It might help if specific page numbers were included

Absolutely agree and have been fixed!

You might want to check the grammar on this sentence, though: "Given two rules, A and B, and we assume that both are equally valid rules, then their ordering will fall into one of the following categories..." perhaps replace the "and" with and "if"?)

This was a difficult sentence for me to work through when writing it. I like "if" much better this time.

Thank you for your comments and suggestions!

Rule Ordering

According to Jensen, when the application of one particular rule generates a phonological or morphological form that triggers an altogether different rule, resulting in an incorrect surface form, rule ordering is required.^[1]

Types of Rule Ordering

Given two rules, A and B, if we assume that both are equally valid rules, then their ordering will fall into one of the following categories:^[2]

Feeding: the application of A creates the opportunity for B to apply.
Bleeding: the application of A prevents B from being able to apply.
Counterfeeding: the application of B creates the opportunity for A
Counterbleeding: the application of B prevents A from being able to apply.

Derivations

When a distinct order between two rules is required, a derivation must be shown. The derivation must consist of a correct application of rule ordering that proves the phonetic representation to be possible as well as a counterexample that proves, given the opposite ordering, an incorrect phonetic representation will be generated.^[1]^[3]

Example Derivation

Below is an example of a derivation of rule ordering in Russian as presented by Jensen:^[1] Given the following rules with rule 1 applying before rule 2:

$l\rightarrow \emptyset /C$ ___# (l-Deletion)^[1]
$\left[-sonorant\right]\rightarrow \left[-voice\right]/$ ___ # (Final Devoicing)^[4]

Correct Derivation:^[1]

/#greb+l#/ (Underlying Representation)
- greb (Application of l-Deletion)
- grep (Application of Final Devoicing)
[grep*=] (Correct Phonetic Representation)

Incorrect Derivation:^[1]

/#greb+l#/ (Underlying Representation)
- ------ (Application of Final Devoicing)
- greb (Application of l-Deletion)
*[greb] (Incorrect Phonetic Representation)

Expanded Notation

On their own, phonological rules are intended to be comprehensive statements about sound changes in a language. However, languages are rarely uniform in the way they change these sounds. For a formal analysis, it is often required to implement notation conventions in addition to those previously introduced to account for the variety of changes that occur as simply as possible.^[5]

Subscripts: Indicate the number of occurrences of a phoneme type.^[5]
- $C_{x}$ indicates that $x$ or more consonants occur, where $x\geq 0$ .
- $V_{x}$ indicates that $x$ or more vowels occur, where $x\geq 0$ .
Word Boundaries: indicate the left and right boundaries that, between them contain a complete string, represented with a hashtag symbol.^[5] For example, the word "cat".
- #cat#, the beginning and end hashtags indicate the respective beginning and end of the word "cat".
{ } (Curly Braces): Indicate a logical-disjunction relationship of two expressions.^[6] For example,
- The two expressions, ABD and AED and be written with curly braces as:
  - $A{\begin{Bmatrix}B\\E\end{Bmatrix}}D$ , A is followed by either B or E and then D.

( ) (Parenthesis): Indicate a logical-disjunction relationship of two expressions and an abbreviated version of the curly braces notation^[5], while maintaining the same disjunctive relationship function. For example,
- The two expressions, ABD and AD and be written with parentheses as:
  - $A(B)D$ , B is optionally permitted to come between A and D.
< > (Angled Brackets): Indicate a conditional relationship within a set^[1]^[6]. For example, vowel harmony in Turkish,
- ${\begin{bmatrix}+syll\\\langle +high\rangle \end{bmatrix}}\rightarrow {\begin{bmatrix}\alpha back\\\langle \beta round\rangle \end{bmatrix}}/{\begin{bmatrix}+syll\\\alpha back\\\beta round\end{bmatrix}}C_{0}$ __ , All vowels will take on the [+/- back] value of the vowel that precedes it, regardless of the number of intervening consonants. If a vowel is [+ high], it will also take on the [+/- round] value of the preceding vowel, regardless of the number of intervening consonants.

Bibliography

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Jensen, John T. (John Tillotson) (2004). Principles of Generative Phonology: An Introduction. Amsterdam: J. Benjamins. p. 156. ISBN 978-90-272-7517-2. OCLC 769188823.
^ The Handbook of Phonological Theory. Goldsmith, John A., 1951-, Riggle, Jason., Yu, Alan C. L. (2nd ed ed.). Chichester, West Sussex, UK: Wiley-Blackwell. 2011. p. 41. ISBN 978-1-4443-4306-9. OCLC 758478759. {{cite book}}: |edition= has extra text (help)CS1 maint: others (link)
^ Chomsky, Noam. (1991). The sound pattern of English. Halle, Morris. (1st MIT Press pbk. ed ed.). Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. p. 60. ISBN 0-262-03179-5. OCLC 778785348. {{cite book}}: |edition= has extra text (help)
^ Jensen, John T. (John Tillotson) (2004). Principles of Generative Phonology: An Introduction. Amsterdam: J. Benjamins. p. 116. ISBN 978-90-272-7517-2. OCLC 769188823.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Chomsky, Noam. (1991). The Sound Pattern of English. Halle, Morris. (1st MIT Press pbk. ed ed.). Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. pp. 61, 367. ISBN 0-262-03179-5. OCLC 778785348. {{cite book}}: |edition= has extra text (help)
^ ^a ^b Chomsky, Noam. (1991). The sound pattern of English. Halle, Morris. (1st MIT Press pbk. ed ed.). Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. p. 77. ISBN 0-262-03179-5. OCLC 778785348. {{cite book}}: |edition= has extra text (help)

[:0-1] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Jensen, John T. (John Tillotson) (2004). Principles of Generative Phonology: An Introduction. Amsterdam: J. Benjamins. p. 156. ISBN 978-90-272-7517-2. OCLC 769188823.

[2] The Handbook of Phonological Theory. Goldsmith, John A., 1951-, Riggle, Jason., Yu, Alan C. L. (2nd ed ed.). Chichester, West Sussex, UK: Wiley-Blackwell. 2011. p. 41. ISBN 978-1-4443-4306-9. OCLC 758478759. {{cite book}}: |edition= has extra text (help)CS1 maint: others (link)

[3] Chomsky, Noam. (1991). The sound pattern of English. Halle, Morris. (1st MIT Press pbk. ed ed.). Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. p. 60. ISBN 0-262-03179-5. OCLC 778785348. {{cite book}}: |edition= has extra text (help)

[4] Jensen, John T. (John Tillotson) (2004). Principles of Generative Phonology: An Introduction. Amsterdam: J. Benjamins. p. 116. ISBN 978-90-272-7517-2. OCLC 769188823.

[:1-5] Chomsky, Noam. (1991). The Sound Pattern of English. Halle, Morris. (1st MIT Press pbk. ed ed.). Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. pp. 61, 367. ISBN 0-262-03179-5. OCLC 778785348. {{cite book}}: |edition= has extra text (help)

[:2-6] Chomsky, Noam. (1991). The sound pattern of English. Halle, Morris. (1st MIT Press pbk. ed ed.). Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. p. 77. ISBN 0-262-03179-5. OCLC 778785348. {{cite book}}: |edition= has extra text (help)

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