User:Gfdavis/Clavelina picta
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[edit]Description
[edit]Clavelina picta are invertebrate filter feeders that feed by inducing a current into the branchial cavity from the incurrent siphon, with the help of the endostyle using cilia.[1] Mucus glands in the endostyle, secretes mucus used to filter through the incoming water and food particles. Once sorted, the mucus is moved by cilia to move food into the esophagus along the dorsal groove. The diet of a tunicate is mostly made of algae and plankton. Tunicates also have tentacles that keep larger particles from entering the oral siphon.
Tunicates, including C. picta, also have defensive measures such as acids or allelochemicals to inhibit microbes and predator organisms from infecting or consuming them.[2] [3] These properties make them valuable to pharmaceutical companies. Vanadium, an elemental metal is also found in some tunicates, including C. picta, as a metabolic poison and this can help make them unpalatable to predators.[4]
Taxonomy
[edit]Under the phylum Chordata, the Urochordates or Tunicata, do not have vertebrae but as larvae they have dorsal nerve cords and notochords. Tunicate larvae are also free-swimming and look like tadpoles. Larvae lose these distinctions when developing into an adult.[5] This is hypothesized to be related to the habitat tunicates have adapted to. Tunicates are the closest living relative to vertebrates.[6]
Distribution
[edit]Colonies are found in or around reefs and are mesopelagic benthic organisms staying towards the shore.
Habitat
[edit]The tunicates form colonies that may contain hundreds of individuals. Larvae settle and use papillae to attach itself to a surface. The larvae use sensory organs to find a suitable habitat. These larval organs include eye spots and otoliths. The eye spot is used to detect light and otoliths to help orient the larvae to gravity.[7]
Because of the toxicity or odor of their skin, tunicates have few predators but sharks, reef fish, sea stars, snails, and crabs will sometimes eat tunicates.
Reproduction
[edit]Clavelina Picta can reproduce through asexual and sexual means. Asexual reproduction occurs through blastogenesis. [8] Blastogenesis is reproduction through budding where somatic tissues develop into an embryo. Sexual reproduction in tunicates occurs by a single egg being fertilized. For the most part, tunicates are hermaphroditic, meaning they possess sperm and egg to reproduce independently. Fertilization occurs in the water through spawning, where the tunicates will release sperm and eggs to be fertilized and the larvae will settle next to adults.[9]
References
[edit]- ^ Macginitie, G. E. (1939-12). "THE METHOD OF FEEDING OF TUNICATES". The Biological Bulletin. 77 (3): 443–447. doi:10.2307/1537654. ISSN 0006-3185.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ Mydlarz, Laura D.; Jones, Laura E.; Harvell, C. Drew (2006). "Innate Immunity, Environmental Drivers, and Disease Ecology of Marine and Freshwater Invertebrates". Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics. 37: 251–288. ISSN 1543-592X.
- ^ Ramesh, Chatragadda; Tulasi, Bhushan Rao; Raju, Mohanraju; Thakur, Narsinh; Dufossé, Laurent (2021-06). "Marine Natural Products from Tunicates and Their Associated Microbes". Marine Drugs. 19 (6): 308. doi:10.3390/md19060308. ISSN 1660-3397.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help)CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Stoecker, D (1980). "Relationships Between Chemical Defense and Ecology in Benthic Ascidians" (PDF). Marine Ecology Progress Series. 3: 257–265. doi:10.3354/meps003257. ISSN 0171-8630.
- ^ Holland, Linda Z. (2016-02-22). "Tunicates". Current Biology. 26 (4): R146–R152. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2015.12.024. ISSN 0960-9822.
- ^ Racioppi, Claudia; Valoroso, Maria Carmen; Coppola, Ugo; Lowe, Elijah K.; Brown, C. Titus; Swalla, Billie J.; Christiaen, Lionel; Stolfi, Alberto; Ristoratore, Filomena (2017-07-18). "Evolutionary loss of melanogenesis in the tunicate Molgula occulta". EvoDevo. 8: 11. doi:10.1186/s13227-017-0074-x. ISSN 2041-9139. PMC 5516394. PMID 28729899.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Racioppi, Claudia; Valoroso, Maria Carmen; Coppola, Ugo; Lowe, Elijah K.; Brown, C. Titus; Swalla, Billie J.; Christiaen, Lionel; Stolfi, Alberto; Ristoratore, Filomena (2017-07-18). "Evolutionary loss of melanogenesis in the tunicate Molgula occulta". EvoDevo. 8: 11. doi:10.1186/s13227-017-0074-x. ISSN 2041-9139. PMC 5516394. PMID 28729899.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Kowarsky, Mark; Anselmi, Chiara; Hotta, Kohji; Burighel, Paolo; Zaniolo, Giovanna; Caicci, Federico; Rosental, Benyamin; Neff, Norma F.; Ishizuka, Katherine J.; Palmeri, Karla J.; Okamoto, Jennifer (2021-01-26). "Sexual and asexual development: two distinct programs producing the same tunicate". Cell Reports. 34 (4): 108681. doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108681. ISSN 2211-1247.
- ^ Castilla, Juan Carlos; Manríquez, Patricio H.; Delgado, Alejandro P.; Gargallo, Ligia; Leiva, Angel; Radic, Deodato (2007-11-13). "Bio-foam enhances larval retention in a free-spawning marine tunicate". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 104 (46): 18120–18122. doi:10.1073/pnas.0708233104. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 2084306. PMID 17984045.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link)