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This page is a workshop for the Health Issues section on the Thoroughbred page. Deletions have been made with strikeout, and my additions are in red, using: <span style="color:red"></span>. New references have been added, but I don't know how to get them to stand out...

I put my strikeouts in green Ealdgyth - Talk 15:51, 24 April 2008 (UTC)

There is a 'clean' section below with Ealdgyth's edits incorporated.Getwood (talk) 01:31, 25 April 2008 (UTC)

Health Issues

[edit]

Although Thoroughbreds are seen in the hunter-jumper world and other purposes, modern Thoroughbreds are primarily bred for speed and racehorses have a very high rate of accidents plus as well as other health problems. This has created a number of concerns and significant controversies.

One tenth of all Thoroughbreds suffer various orthopedic problems, including fractures.[1] Current estimates indicate that there are 1.5 career-ending breakdowns for every 1000 horses starting a race in the United States, an average of two horses per day. The state of California reported a particularly high rate of injury; 3.5 per 1000 starts.[2] As a ratio (of injuries with eventually fatal complications to total competitions), this is far in excess of all other legal human and animal sports, including boxing, motorsports and greyhound racing.[3] Thoroughbreds also have other health concerns, including a majority of animals who are prone to bleeding from the lungs (EIPH), 10% with low fertility, and 5% that havewith abnormally small hearts.[1] Thoroughbreds also tend to have smaller hooves relative to their body mass than other breeds, with thin soles and walls and a lack of cartilage mass.,[4] which contributes to foot soreness, the most common source of lameness in racehorses.[5]

Selective breeding theory

[edit]

One argument for the difficulties that plague health issues involving Thoroughbreds suggests that inbreeding is the culprit.[1] It has also been suggested that capability for speed is enhanced in an already swift animal by raising muscle mass, a form of selective breeding that has created animals designed to win horse races.[6] Thus, goes the theory, the modern Thoroughbred travels faster than its skeletal structure can support. [7] As a result, all competitive modern Thoroughbreds are muscularly powerful yet osteologically delicate creatures, significantly more so than any equid, fossil or living, found in the wild. "We have selectively bred for speeds that the anatomy of the horse cannot always cope with."[8]

Excess stress theory

[edit]

The high accident rate may also occur because Thoroughbreds, particularly in the United States, are first raced as 2-year-olds, well before they are completely mature. Though they may appear full-grown and are in superb muscular condition, their bones are not fully formed.[8] However, catastrophic injury rates are higher in 4 and 5-year-olds than in 2 and 3-year-olds.[9]Other theories suggest Studies have shown that track surfaces,[10] horseshoes with toe grabs,[4] use of certain legal medications,[11] and too intense a racing schedule may also contribute.[12] One of the most promising trends is the development of synthetic surfaces for racetracks. One of the first tracks to install such a surface, Turfway Park in Florence, Kentucky, saw its rate of fatal breakdowns drop from 24 in 2004-2005 to three in the year following Polytrack installation. The material is not perfected, with some areas reporting problems related to winter weather, but studies are continuing.[2]

Difficulties treating injured horsesMedical challenges

[edit]

The level of treatment given to injured Thoroughbreds is often more intensive than for horses of lesser financial value,[13] but also controversial, due in part to the significant challenges in treating broken bones and other major leg injuries.[14] Leg injuries that are not immediately fatal still may be life-threatening because a horse's weight must be distributed evenly on all four legs to prevent circulatory problems, laminitis and other infections. If a horse loses the use of one leg temporarily, there is the risk that other legs will break down during the recovery period because they are carrying an abnormal weight load. While horses do periodically lie down for brief periods of time, a horse cannot simply remain lying down in the equivalent of a human's "bed rest" due to the risk of developing sores and internal damage and congestion.[14]

Whenever a racing accident severely injures a well-known horse, such as the case of Kentucky Derby winner Barbaro breaking his leg during the 2006 Preakness Stakes, animal rights groups tend to target the tThoroughbred racing industry.[15] On the other side, advocates of racing argue that without horse racing, there would be far less funding and incentives to pursue medical and biomechanical research on horses.[16] The bioethics are seldom clean-cut. While horse racing is hazardous, veterinary science is also developing, so that previously hopeless cases can now be treated.,[14] and earlier detection through advanced imaging techniques like scintigraphy can keep at-risk horses off the track.[17]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c Pickrell "95% of thoroughbreds linked to one superstud" New Scientist
  2. ^ a b Rosenblatt, Richard (2007-04-23). "Barbaro's Legacy: Better Life for Horses". Washington Post. Retrieved 2008-02-17.
  3. ^ Perry, Dayn (2007-02-06). "Barbaro's Blood Sport". The Chicago Sports Review. Retrieved 2008-02-17.
  4. ^ a b Casner, Bill (April 2007). "The Detrimental Effects of Toe Grabs" (ppt). Retrieved 2008-02-17.
  5. ^ Arthur, RM (2003). "North American Thoroughbred". In Ross MW, Dyson SJ (ed.). Diagnosis and Management of Lameness in the Horse. St. Louis, MO: Saunders. p. 872. ISBN 0-7216-8342-8. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  6. ^ Kluger, Jeffrey (2006-05-28). "Bred for Speed...Built for Trouble". Time Magazine. Retrieved 2008-02-17.
  7. ^ Finley, Bill (1993-06-10). "Sadly, No Way to Stop Deaths". New York Daily News.
  8. ^ a b Miller, Robert M., DVM (Fall 2006). "And They Call Us Horse Lovers". Cowboy Magazine. Retrieved 2008-02-17.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  9. ^ Bourke, JM (1994). "Fatalities on racecourses in Victoria: a seven year study". Proceedings of the 10th International Conference of Racing Analysts and Veterinarians.
  10. ^ Oikawa, M (1994). "Effect of restructuring of a racetrack on the occurence of racing injuries in thoroughbred horses". Journal of Equine Veterinary Science. 14 (5): 262–268. doi:10.1016/S0737-0806(06)81951-9. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  11. ^ PETA. "The Horseracing Industry: Drugs, Deception and Death". PETA Media Center. People for the Ethical Treatment of Anaimals. Retrieved 2008-02-17.
  12. ^ Pedulla, Tom (2006-06-04). "Injury steps up scrutiny on Triple Crown schedule". USA Today. Retrieved 2008-02-17.
  13. ^ Walker, Childs and Bill Ordine (2007-01-30). "Barbaro's injury highlighted problems, medical advances". Baltimore Sun. Retrieved 2008-02-17.
  14. ^ a b c Grady, Denise (2006-05-23). "State of the Art to Save Barbaro". New York Times. Retrieved 2008-02-17.
  15. ^ PETA. "Barbaro's Tragic Injury: A Symptom of a Cruel Industry". PETA.org Campaigns. People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals. Retrieved 2008-02-17.
  16. ^ Horserace Levy Betting Board staff. "Advancing Veterinary Science and Education". Horserace Levy Betting Board Web Site. Horserace Levy Betting Board. Retrieved 2008-02-17.
  17. ^ Mackey, VS (1989). "Stress fractures of the humerus, radius and tibia in horses". Veterinary Radiology. 21: 161. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)



Clean version as of Getwood (talk) 01:31, 25 April 2008 (UTC)

[edit]

Health Issues

[edit]

Although Thoroughbreds are seen in the hunter-jumper world and other purposes, modern Thoroughbreds are primarily bred for speed and racehorses have a very high rate of accidents as well as other health problems.

One tenth of all Thoroughbreds suffer orthopedic problems, including fractures.[1] Current estimates indicate that there are 1.5 career-ending breakdowns for every 1000 horses starting a race in the United States, an average of two horses per day. The state of California reported a particularly high rate of injury; 3.5 per 1000 starts.[2] As a ratio (of injuries with eventually fatal complications to total competitions), this is far in excess of all other legal human and animal sports, including boxing, motorsports and greyhound racing.[3] Thoroughbreds also have other health concerns, including a majority of animals who are prone to bleeding from the lungs (EIPH), 10% with low fertility, and 5% with abnormally small hearts.[1] Thoroughbreds also tend to have smaller hooves relative to their body mass than other breeds, with thin soles and walls and a lack of cartilage mass,[4] which contributes to foot soreness, the most common source of lameness in racehorses.[5]

Selective breeding

[edit]

One argument for the health issues involving Thoroughbreds suggests that inbreeding is the culprit.[1] It has also been suggested that capability for speed is enhanced in an already swift animal by raising muscle mass, a form of selective breeding that has created animals designed to win horse races.[6] Thus, goes the theory, the modern Thoroughbred travels faster than its skeletal structure can support. [7] "We have selectively bred for speeds that the anatomy of the horse cannot always cope with."[8]

Excess stress

[edit]

The high accident rate may also occur because Thoroughbreds, particularly in the United States, are first raced as 2-year-olds, well before they are completely mature. Though they may appear full-grown and are in superb muscular condition, their bones are not fully formed.[8] However, catastrophic injury rates are higher in 4 and 5-year-olds than in 2 and 3-year-olds.[9] Studies have shown that track surfaces,[10] horseshoes with toe grabs,[4] use of certain legal medications,[11] and too intense a racing schedule may also contribute.[12] One of the most promising trends is the development of synthetic surfaces for racetracks. One of the first tracks to install such a surface, Turfway Park in Florence, Kentucky, saw its rate of fatal breakdowns drop from 24 in 2004-2005 to three in the year following Polytrack installation. The material is not perfected, with some areas reporting problems related to winter weather, but studies are continuing.[2]

Medical challenges

[edit]

The level of treatment given to injured Thoroughbreds is often more intensive than for horses of lesser financial value,[13] but also controversial, due in part to the significant challenges in treating broken bones and other major leg injuries.[14] Leg injuries that are not immediately fatal still may be life-threatening because a horse's weight must be distributed evenly on all four legs to prevent circulatory problems, laminitis and other infections. If a horse loses the use of one leg temporarily, there is the risk that other legs will break down during the recovery period because they are carrying an abnormal weight load. While horses do periodically lie down for brief periods of time, a horse cannot simply remain lying down in the equivalent of a human's "bed rest" due to the risk of developing sores and internal damage and congestion.[14]

Whenever a racing accident severely injures a well-known horse, such as the case of Kentucky Derby winner Barbaro breaking his leg during the 2006 Preakness Stakes, animal rights groups target the Thoroughbred racing industry.[15] On the other side, advocates of racing argue that without horse racing, there would be far less funding and incentives to pursue medical and biomechanical research on horses.[16] While horse racing is hazardous, veterinary science is also developing, so that previously hopeless cases can now be treated,[14] and earlier detection through advanced imaging techniques like scintigraphy can keep at-risk horses off the track.[17]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c Cite error: The named reference Pickrell was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  2. ^ a b Rosenblatt, Richard (2007-04-23). "Barbaro's Legacy: Better Life for Horses". Washington Post. Retrieved 2008-02-17.
  3. ^ Perry, Dayn (2007-02-06). "Barbaro's Blood Sport". The Chicago Sports Review. Retrieved 2008-02-17.
  4. ^ a b Casner, Bill (April 2007). "The Detrimental Effects of Toe Grabs" (ppt). Retrieved 2008-02-17.
  5. ^ Arthur, RM (2003). "North American Thoroughbred". In Ross MW, Dyson SJ (ed.). Diagnosis and Management of Lameness in the Horse. St. Louis, MO: Saunders. p. 872. ISBN 0-7216-8342-8. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  6. ^ Kluger, Jeffrey (2006-05-28). "Bred for Speed...Built for Trouble". Time Magazine. Retrieved 2008-02-17.
  7. ^ Finley, Bill (1993-06-10). "Sadly, No Way to Stop Deaths". New York Daily News.
  8. ^ a b Miller, Robert M., DVM (Fall 2006). "And They Call Us Horse Lovers". Cowboy Magazine. Retrieved 2008-02-17.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  9. ^ Bourke, JM (1994). "Fatalities on racecourses in Victoria: a seven year study". Proceedings of the 10th International Conference of Racing Analysts and Veterinarians.
  10. ^ Oikawa, M (1994). "Effect of restructuring of a racetrack on the occurence of racing injuries in thoroughbred horses". Journal of Equine Veterinary Science. 14 (5): 262–268. doi:10.1016/S0737-0806(06)81951-9. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  11. ^ PETA. "The Horseracing Industry: Drugs, Deception and Death". PETA Media Center. People for the Ethical Treatment of Anaimals. Retrieved 2008-02-17.
  12. ^ Pedulla, Tom (2006-06-04). "Injury steps up scrutiny on Triple Crown schedule". USA Today. Retrieved 2008-02-17.
  13. ^ Walker, Childs and Bill Ordine (2007-01-30). "Barbaro's injury highlighted problems, medical advances". Baltimore Sun. Retrieved 2008-02-17.
  14. ^ a b c Grady, Denise (2006-05-23). "State of the Art to Save Barbaro". New York Times. Retrieved 2008-02-17.
  15. ^ PETA. "Barbaro's Tragic Injury: A Symptom of a Cruel Industry". PETA.org Campaigns. People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals. Retrieved 2008-02-17.
  16. ^ Horserace Levy Betting Board staff. "Advancing Veterinary Science and Education". Horserace Levy Betting Board Web Site. Horserace Levy Betting Board. Retrieved 2008-02-17.
  17. ^ Mackey, VS (1989). "Stress fractures of the humerus, radius and tibia in horses". Veterinary Radiology. 21: 161. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)