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Geology

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Exmoor is an upland of sedimentary rocks classified as gritstones, sandstones, slate, shale and limestone, siltstones, and mudstones depending on the particle size. They are largely from the Devonian and early Carboniferous periods (the name Devonian comes from Devon, as rocks of that age were first studied and described here). As this area of Britain was not subject to glaciation, the plateau remains as a remarkably old landform.[1][2] Quartz and iron mineralisation can be detected in outcrops and subsoil.[3] The Glenthorne area demonstrates the Trentishoe Formation of the Hangman Sandstone Group. The Hangman Sandstone represents the Middle Devonian sequence of North Devon and Somerset.[4] These unusual freshwater deposits in the Hangman Grits, were mainly formed in desert conditions.[5] The underlying rocks are covered by moors and supported by wet, acid soil.[6] The highest point on Exmoor is Dunkery Beacon; at 519 metres (1,703 ft) it is also the highest point in Somerset.[7]

Lochs of Scotland text item

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What follows is a table and related text intended for inclusion in the article List of lochs of Scotland:

Scotland's top 50 lochs

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The figures in the table below are mostly taken from Murray and Pullar's Bathymetrical Survey of the Lochs of Scotland (BSLS) conducted at the end of the C19th.

Area: the Survey quoted figures either in acres or else, in the case of the larger lochs, in square miles (and quarter or third fractions thereof). Figures have been converted to square kilometres and rounded to the nearest whole unit. Volume: the Survey offered figures in millions of cubic feet. They have been converted to cubic metres. Maximum depth, mean depth and elevation: BSLS figures quoted in feet have been converted to metres and rounded to the nearest whole unit. The Survey often quotes a range of figures for elevation reflecting adjustments of loch levels to rainfall in which case the mid-point has been selected.

Bathymetrical Survey of the Fresh-Water Lochs of Scotland

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The Bathymetrical Survey of the Fresh-Water Lochs of Scotland was conducted between 1897 and 1909 by Sir John Murray and Laurence Pullar. It involved the systematic survey of 562 lochs across the country and was the first and most comprehensive study of its kind in Scotland. Measurements of the surface area, depth, water volume and catchment of each loch were made alongside descriptions of their physical character and biological interest.

A series of coloured maps were published including the lines of soundings - which amounted to several hundred in the case of larger lochs - which permitted contours depicting the bathymetry of each loch to be drawn.

The Survey is still of importance to limnology today.

The Hydrographic Department of the Admiralty undertook soundings in the 1860's on some of the larger lochs and further surveys were conducted during the latter half of the nineteenth century in connection with academic research and plans for providing a water supply for Glasgow. [8]

Table 3

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Loch Location Area (km²) Length (km) Volume (m³) Max. depth (m) Mean depth (m) Surface elevation (m) Notes
Loch Achall east of Ullapool 3.36 3 11,400,000 21.3 8.5 80
Loch Affric Highland 2.25[9] <5 6,060,000 67.4 28.7 227
Loch Ard Stirlingshire 2.14[10] >5 32,560,000 32.6 13.4 32
Loch Arienas Morvern 1.7 <3 29,310,000 35.4 17.2 10
Loch Arkaig 15.97[11] 19 752,460,000 109.4 46.6 42 *
Loch Arklet Stirlingshire 2.22[12] >2 6,290,000 20.4 7.3 139 reservoir (other than for area, figures given are for loch prior to damming)
Loch Assynt Sutherland 8.00[13] 10 247,200,000 86.0 30.8 65
Loch Avich Argyll and Bute 3.14 5 94,210,000 57.3 30.0 94
Loch Awe Argyll and Bute 38.04[14] <41 1,230,400,000 93.6 32.0 35 third largest loch by surface area, also the longest
Loch Bà Rannoch Moor 2.37 4 9.1 2.4 292
Loch Bad a' Ghaill Coigach, Wester Ross 2.59[15] >3 50,050,000 54.9 19
Loch Beinn a' Mheadhoin (Loch Benevian) 3.94[16] >4 40,630,000 50.9 19.8 214* reservoir, *estimated elevation
Loch Beoraid Lochaber 1.42 6 32,730,000 48.5 >21.9 356* *estimated elevation
Loch a' Bhealaich Shieldaig Forest, Wester Ross 1.09[17] 314[18]
Loch a' Bhraoin Wester Ross 1.7 >4 18,900,000 22.3 11.3 248
Loch Bradan Ayrshire 2.15[19] reservoir,
Loch Calder Caithness 3.42 4 21,700,000 25.9 6.4 62
Cam Loch Inchnadamph, Sutherland 2.62 5 30,090,000 37.2 11.6 123
Loch Choire Sutherland 2.98 >5 53,410,000 46.0 18.0 210
Loch Chon Stirlingshire 1.12 >3 10,100,000 22.9 12
Loch a' Chroisg Achnasheen, Wester Ross 2.59 6 58,250,000 51.2 <22.6 155
Clatteringshaws Loch x 3.87[20] reservoir
Loch Cluanie x 10.46[21] reservoir,
Loch Craggie southeast of Tongue, Sutherland 1.18[22] >2 12,150,000 25.6 10.1 112
Loch an Daimh Perth and Kinross 2.81[23] reservoir,
Loch Damh south of Torridon 3.44 <6 61,820,000 62.8 18.0 40
Loch an Dherue southwest of Tongue, Sutherland 1.92 >2 38,680,000 47.9 20.1 81
Loch Doon 8.19[24] reservoir,
Loch Druim a' Chliabhain east of Strathnaver, Sutherland 1.42 3 8,440,000 15.5 5.9 235
Dunalastair Water xxx 1.45[25] reservoir
Loch Duntelchaig Inverness-shire 5.55[26] <3.5 130,230,000 62.5 25.8 214
Lochan na h-Earba (western part) Badenoch 1.06 3 24.7 10.8 351 two adjoining lochs connected by a river share the same name - the eastern part is 0.59sq km
Loch Earn 9.71 10 408,360,000 87.5 42.1 97
Loch Eck Argyll and Bute 1.75 10 67,420,000 42.4 >15.2 20
Loch Eigheach Perth and Kinross 1.32[27] reservoir,
Loch Eilt Lochaber 1.72 6 19,430,000 36.3 11.3 29
Loch Ericht 18.6 23 156 58 reservoir
Loch Errochty Perth and Kinross 3.03[28] reservoir
Lochan Fada Letterewe Forest, Wester Ross 3.77[29] 6 115,840,000 75.6 31.1 306* one of largest ‘lochans’, *estimated elevation
Loch Fannich Wester Ross 10.80[30] reservoir
Loch Fiag northeast of Loch Shin, Sutherland 1.5 >2 11,750,000 21.6 <7.9 213 *estimated elevation
Fionn Loch Fisherfield Forest, Wester Ross 10.14[31]
Loch Freuchie Perth and Kinross 1.39[32]
Loch Garry xxx 6.86[33] reservoir
Loch Garry Atholl 1.64[34]
Loch Garve Easter Ross 1.45[35]
Loch Glascarnoch Wester Ross 5.32[36] reservoir
Loch Glashan Argyll and Bute 1.91[37] reservoir
Loch Glass Easter Ross 4.82[38] regulated by weir
Loch Grannoch Dumfries and Galloway 1.11[39]
Loch Hope Sutherland 6.38[40] >10 114,170,000 57.0 18.7 4
Loch Insh Speyside 1.13 >2 12,860,000 ? >11.3 220.0* *approx elevation
Loch Katrine The Trossachs 12.4 12.9 151 43 reservoir
Loch Ken xxx 6.98[41] reservoir
Loch Laggan (lower/west) Badenoch 2.16[42] loch in two parts; western part is reservoir
Loch Laggan (upper/east) Badenoch 7.61[43] loch in two parts
Loch Laidon Rannoch Moor 4.65 9 49,890,000 39.0 10.7 281
Loch Lednock Perth and Kinross 1.71[44] 355[45] reservoir
Loch Leven Kinross 13.71[46] 6 62,160,000 25.3 4.6 107 level lowered by 4ft, area reduced
Loch of Lintrathen Angus 1.69[47] <1.5 11,470,000 21.3 7.2 206 reservoir
Lochindorb south of Nairn 2.19 >3 8,240,000 15.5 3.8 295
Loch Lochy 16 16 162 70
Loch Lomond 71 36 190 37 largest by surface area
Loch Loyal Sutherland 6.46[48]
Loch Loyne xxx 6.30[49] reservoir
Loch Lubnaig 2.48 <6 32,390,000 44.5 6.2 123
Loch Luichart Wester Ross 6.28[50] 8 83,110,000 50.0 20.4 76 reservoir
Loch Lurgainn Coigach, Wester Ross 3.22[51] <6 60,590,000 47.5 18.6 53
Lussa Loch Kintyre 1.20[52] reservoir
Loch Lyon xxx 4.92[53] reservoir
Loch Maree 27.98[54] 20 114 38 fourth largest by surface area, islands occupy up to 1sqkm of the loch
Loch Meadie south of Ben Hope, Sutherland 2.25 6 14,100,000 19.2 6.2 149
Lake of Menteith Stirlingshire 2.64 >2 15,910,000 23.5 6.0 17 Scotland’s only natural ‘lake’
Loch Merkland Sutherland 1.78 5 16,340,000 25.9 9.1 110
Loch Mhòr Inverness-shire 4.28[55] <8 32,110,000 7.3 195 reservoir
Loch Monar xxx 9.94[56] reservoir
Loch Morar 27 18.8 310 87 deepest freshwater body in Great Britain
Loch More Sutherland 3.8 >6 <141,580,000 96.3 38.4 39
Loch Morie Easter Ross 2.37[57] 4 90,640,000 82.3 38.1 189
Loch Morlich Cairngorms 1.21[58] >2 5,440,000 14.9 4.6 318
Loch Muick Aberdeenshire 2.22 4 78,470,000 78.0 >35.4 399
Loch Mullardoch 9.41[59] reservoir
Loch Nant Argyll and Bute 2.09[60] reservoir
Loch Naver Sutherland 5.85 >10 69,690,000 32.9 11.9 75
Loch Nell southeast of Oban 1.3 <3 14,580,000 35.1 11.3 15
Loch Ness Inverness-shire 56 39 230 132 largest by volume and second largest by surface area in Great Britain
Loch Oich Great Glen 1.98 6 25,200,000 46.9 32 level raised by Thomas Telford
Loch na Oidhche Flowerdale Forest, Wester Ross 1.4 3 23,110,000 36.9 16.5 382
Loch Osgaig Coigach, Wester Ross 1.7 >2 23,950,000 46.6 14.3 22
Loch Ossian 2.55[61] 5 34,660,000 40.2 13.1 387
Loch Quoich xxx 17.46[62] reservoir
Loch Rannoch xxx 18.81[63] 15.7 134 51 level regulated by weir
Loch Badanloch /Loch nan Clar / Loch Rimsdale Sutherland 9.23[64] three lochs now constitute one continuous body of water after level raised
Loch an Ruathair north of Kinbrace, Sutherland 2.12 >2 8,610,000 7.9 5.6 126
Loch Ruthven southeast of Loch Ness, Inverness-shire 1.49 4 5,100,000 12.8 3.4 213
St. Mary's Loch Scottish Borders 2.57 5 57,140,000 46.6 22.3 246
Loch na Sealga Wester Ross 3.55 6 111,790,000 66.1 31.5 85
Loch Shiel xxx 19.5 28 128 40
Loch Shin Sutherland 32.93[65] 27.8 49 15 reservoir since 1950’s when level raised by over 30ft, the seventh largest by surface area
Lochan Shira Argyll and Bute 1.25[66] reservoir
Loch Sionascaig Inverpolly, Wester Ross 5.58[67] >5 99,630,000 65.8 18.4 74 sluiced
Loch Sloy 1.26[68] >2 650,000 9.4 247 reservoir
Loch Stack Sutherland 2.56 5 27,980,000 32.9 11.0 36
Loch of Strathbeg Buchan 2.06[69] also known as ‘Rattray Water’ or ‘Water of Rattray’
Loch Tay Perth and Kinross 26.4 23 15 60.6 348 the sixth largest by surface area
Loch Thom 1.47[70] 2 7,849,000 12.8 6.0 193 early artificial reservoir
Loch Treig 7.34[71] >8 393,800,000 132.9 63.1 239 reservoir since 1929
Loch Tulla 2.84 4 33,050,000 25.6 11.6 165 ?
Loch Tummel xxx 5.79[72] reservoir, (level raised by 4.5m in 1950)
Loch Turret Perth and Kinross 1.73[73] reservoir
Loch Urigill Ledmore, Sutherland 1.57[74] 1.95[75] 8,070,000 12.2 4.0 157
Loch Vaich Strathvaich Forest, Wester Ross 1.60[76] reservoir
Loch Venachar The Trossachs 3.83[77] reservoir
Loch Veyatie Sutherland/Wester Ross 2.4 >6 30,060,000 38.4 12.5 111
Loch Voil 2.27 >6 28,310,000 29.9 12.0 126
Loch Watten Caithness 3.76 5 9,660,000 3.7 2.6 17

Reservoirs

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Loch Location Area (km²) Length (km) Volume (m³) Max. depth (m) Mean depth (m) Surface elevation (m) Notes
Backwater Reservoir Angus 1.76[78] length volume max mean 297[79] reservoir
Blackwater Reservoir Lochaber 10.91[80] length volume max mean 325[81] reservoir
Carron Valley Reservoir Campsie Fells 3.76[82] length volume max mean 223[83] reservoir
Daer Reservoir Southern Uplands 1.97[84] length volume max mean 344[85] reservoir
Fruid Reservoir Scottish Borders 1.09[86] length volume max mean 312[87] reservoir
Gladhouse Reservoir Midlothian 1.54[88] length volume max mean 272[89] reservoir
Glen Finglas Reservoir The Trossachs 1.39[90] length volume max mean 156[91] reservoir
Megget Reservoir Scottish Borders 2.43[92] length volume max mean 328[93] reservoir
Orrin Reservoir Easter Ross 4.04[94] length volume max mean 255[95] reservoir
Talla Reservoir Scottish Borders 1.18[96] length volume max mean 287[97] reservoir

References

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  1. ^ "Geology" (PDF). Exmoor National Park. Retrieved 31 December 2011.
  2. ^ "Exmoor and the Quantocks" (PDF). Natural England. Retrieved 30 November 2011.
  3. ^ "Somerset Geology" (PDF). Good Rock Guide. Retrieved 6 June 2012.
  4. ^ "Glenthorne" (PDF). Natural England. Retrieved 30 November 2011.
  5. ^ "Geology". Exmoor National Park. Retrieved 30 November 2011.
  6. ^ "Landscape of Exmoor National Park". Everything Exmoor. Retrieved 31 December 2011.
  7. ^ Cite error: The named reference moorfacts was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  8. ^ http://maps.nls.uk/bathymetric/information.html
  9. ^ http://www.uklakes.net/lakeinfo.php?WBID=19896
  10. ^ http://www.uklakes.net/lakeinfo.php?WBID=24892
  11. ^ http://apps.sepa.org.uk/rbmp/pdf/100197.pdf
  12. ^ http://apps.sepa.org.uk/rbmp/pdf/100263.pdf
  13. ^ http://www.uklakes.net/lakeinfo.php?WBID=8751
  14. ^ http://www.uklakes.net/lakeinfo.php?WBID=24025
  15. ^ http://www.uklakes.net/lakeinfo.php?WBID=11384
  16. ^ http://apps.sepa.org.uk/rbmp/pdf/100168.pdf
  17. ^ http://www.uklakes.net/lakeinfo.php?WBID=15651
  18. ^ http://www.uklakes.net/lakeinfo.php?WBID=15651
  19. ^ http://apps.sepa.org.uk/rbmp/pdf/100316.pdf
  20. ^ http://apps.sepa.org.uk/rbmp/pdf/100325.pdf
  21. ^ http://apps.sepa.org.uk/rbmp/pdf/100178.pdf
  22. ^ http://www.uklakes.net/lakeinfo.php?WBID=3458
  23. ^ http://apps.sepa.org.uk/rbmp/pdf/100232.pdf
  24. ^ http://apps.sepa.org.uk/rbmp/pdf/100314.pdf
  25. ^ http://apps.sepa.org.uk/rbmp/pdf/100222.pdf
  26. ^ http://apps.sepa.org.uk/rbmp/pdf/100161.pdf
  27. ^ http://apps.sepa.org.uk/rbmp/pdf/100224.pdf
  28. ^ http://apps.sepa.org.uk/rbmp/pdf/100216.pdf
  29. ^ http://www.uklakes.net/lakeinfo.php?WBID=14443
  30. ^ http://apps.sepa.org.uk/rbmp/pdf/100124.pdf
  31. ^ http://apps.sepa.org.uk/rbmp/pdf/100105.pdf
  32. ^ http://apps.sepa.org.uk/rbmp/pdf/100242.pdf
  33. ^ http://apps.sepa.org.uk/rbmp/pdf/100190.pdf
  34. ^ http://apps.sepa.org.uk/rbmp/pdf/100349.pdf
  35. ^ http://apps.sepa.org.uk/rbmp/pdf/100134.pdf
  36. ^ http://apps.sepa.org.uk/rbmp/pdf/100113.pdf
  37. ^ http://apps.sepa.org.uk/rbmp/pdf/100275.pdf
  38. ^ http://apps.sepa.org.uk/rbmp/pdf/100115.pdf
  39. ^ http://apps.sepa.org.uk/rbmp/pdf/100331.pdf
  40. ^ http://www.uklakes.net/lakeinfo.php?WBID=2490
  41. ^ http://apps.sepa.org.uk/rbmp/pdf/100326.pdf
  42. ^ http://apps.sepa.org.uk/rbmp/pdf/100205.pdf
  43. ^ http://apps.sepa.org.uk/rbmp/pdf/100198.pdf
  44. ^ http://www.uklakes.net/lakeinfo.php?WBID=23938
  45. ^ http://www.uklakes.net/lakeinfo.php?WBID=23938
  46. ^ http://www.uklakes.net/lakeinfo.php?WBID=24843
  47. ^ http://www.uklakes.net/lakeinfo.php?WBID=22942
  48. ^ http://apps.sepa.org.uk/rbmp/pdf/100029.pdf
  49. ^ http://apps.sepa.org.uk/rbmp/pdf/100184.pdf
  50. ^ http://apps.sepa.org.uk/rbmp/pdf/100131.pdf
  51. ^ http://apps.sepa.org.uk/rbmp/pdf/100091.pdf
  52. ^ http://apps.sepa.org.uk/rbmp/pdf/100306.pdf
  53. ^ http://apps.sepa.org.uk/rbmp/pdf/100239.pdf
  54. ^ http://apps.sepa.org.uk/rbmp/pdf/100109.pdf
  55. ^ http://apps.sepa.org.uk/rbmp/pdf/100171.pdf
  56. ^ http://apps.sepa.org.uk/rbmp/pdf/100151.pdf
  57. ^ http://www.uklakes.net/lakeinfo.php?WBID=14202
  58. ^ http://apps.sepa.org.uk/rbmp/pdf/100182.pdf
  59. ^ http://apps.sepa.org.uk/rbmp/pdf/100163.pdf
  60. ^ http://apps.sepa.org.uk/rbmp/pdf/100250.pdf
  61. ^ http://apps.sepa.org.uk/rbmp/pdf/100214.pdf
  62. ^ http://apps.sepa.org.uk/rbmp/pdf/100186.pdf
  63. ^ http://apps.sepa.org.uk/rbmp/pdf/100221.pdf
  64. ^ http://apps.sepa.org.uk/rbmp/pdf/100042.pdf
  65. ^ http://apps.sepa.org.uk/rbmp/pdf/100065.pdf
  66. ^ http://apps.sepa.org.uk/rbmp/pdf/100252.pdf
  67. ^ http://apps.sepa.org.uk/rbmp/pdf/100080.pdf
  68. ^ http://apps.sepa.org.uk/rbmp/pdf/100260.pdf
  69. ^ http://apps.sepa.org.uk/rbmp/pdf/100136.pdf
  70. ^ http://apps.sepa.org.uk/rbmp/pdf/100284.pdf
  71. ^ http://apps.sepa.org.uk/rbmp/pdf/100211.pdf
  72. ^ http://apps.sepa.org.uk/rbmp/pdf/100220.pdf
  73. ^ http://apps.sepa.org.uk/rbmp/pdf/100245.pdf
  74. ^ http://www.uklakes.net/lakeinfo.php?WBID=11385
  75. ^ http://apps.sepa.org.uk/rbmp/pdf/100089.pdf
  76. ^ http://apps.sepa.org.uk/rbmp/pdf/100108.pdf
  77. ^ http://apps.sepa.org.uk/rbmp/pdf/100266.pdf
  78. ^ http://www.uklakes.net/lakeinfo.php?WBID=22610
  79. ^ http://www.uklakes.net/lakeinfo.php?WBID=22610
  80. ^ http://www.uklakes.net/lakeinfo.php?WBID=22666
  81. ^ http://www.uklakes.net/lakeinfo.php?WBID=22666
  82. ^ http://www.uklakes.net/lakeinfo.php?WBID=25400
  83. ^ http://www.uklakes.net/lakeinfo.php?WBID=25400
  84. ^ http://www.uklakes.net/lakeinfo.php?WBID=27523
  85. ^ http://www.uklakes.net/lakeinfo.php?WBID=27523
  86. ^ http://www.uklakes.net/lakeinfo.php?WBID=27361
  87. ^ http://www.uklakes.net/lakeinfo.php?WBID=27361
  88. ^ http://www.uklakes.net/lakeinfo.php?WBID=26581
  89. ^ http://www.uklakes.net/lakeinfo.php?WBID=26581
  90. ^ http://www.uklakes.net/lakeinfo.php?WBID=24623
  91. ^ http://www.uklakes.net/lakeinfo.php?WBID=24623
  92. ^ http://www.uklakes.net/lakeinfo.php?WBID=27315
  93. ^ http://www.uklakes.net/lakeinfo.php?WBID=27315
  94. ^ http://www.uklakes.net/lakeinfo.php?WBID=17241
  95. ^ http://www.uklakes.net/lakeinfo.php?WBID=17241
  96. ^ http://www.uklakes.net/lakeinfo.php?WBID=27322
  97. ^ http://www.uklakes.net/lakeinfo.php?WBID=27322
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