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Merchant steamship and steamboat engines

[edit]
Merchant steamship engines built by T. F. Secor & Co. (1838–1850) and the Morgan Iron Works (Morgan/Quintard management, 1850–1867)[a]
Ship Engine(s) Ship notes/references
Name[b]
Builder Ton
[d] 		Owner[e] Tp
[f]
Cyl
[h] 		Str
[i]
Savannah 1838 305 Troy Line VB [1][2]
Troy 1840 William Capes 724 Troy Line HB 2 44 10 [1][3]
Empire 1843 William H. Brown 936 Troy Line HB 2 48 12 [1][3]
Atlantic 1846 Bishop & Simonson 1112 Norwich & New London SBC VB 1 72 11 [1][4]
John Stevens 1846 Robert L. Stevens 686 Camden & Amboy RRC ST 1 75 8 [1] Early iron-hulled steamboat [5][6]
Perry 1846 Devine Burtis 255 VB 1 36 9 [1]
Thomas Powell 1846 Lawrence & Sneden 585 Thomas Powell et al VB 1 48 11 [1] Broken up, Port Ewen, 1881.[7]
T. F. Secor 1846 Menemon Sanford 210 Menemon Sanford VB [1][8]
Antelope 1847 Bishop & Simonson 425 VB [1] "New York owners"[9]
New Orleans 1847 William H. Brown 869 Charles Morgan VB 1 55 11 [10]
Crescent City 1848 William H. Brown 1289 Charles Morgan SL 1 80 9 [11]
New World 1848 William H. Brown 1312 Isaac Newton VB 1 76 15 [12][13]
Ontario 1848 Merrick 832 American SBC VB 1 50 11 [1][14]
Queen City 1848 Bidwell & Banta 906 Charles M. Reed CH [1][15]
United States 1848 William H. Webb 1875 Charles H. Marshall et al SL 2 80 9 [1] Early American transatlantic steamship [16]
Connecticut 1848 Lawrence & Sneden 1129 Curtis Peck VB 1 72 12 [1][17]
Empire City 1849 William H. Brown 1751 Charles Morgan SL 1 75 9 [1][18]
Georgia 1849 Smith & Dimon 2727 U.S. Mail SSC SL 2 90 8 [1][19]
Goliah 1849 William H. Webb 333 Cornelius Vanderbilt VB 1 50 8 [1] NY tug; later a passenger steamer on the Pacific Coast [20]
Ocean 1849 M. Sanford 658 Menemon Sanford et al VB 1 48 11 [1][j]
Ohio 1849 Bishop & Simonson 2432 U.S. Mail SSC SL 2 90 8 [1][22]
1849 J. A. Westervelt 436 William Skiddy SL 2 [1] Sent to California, later the U.S. Coast Survey ship Active [23]
Boston 1850 William H. Brown 630 Menemon Sanford VB 1 44 11 [1] Last engine built by T. F. Secor & Co. New England passenger steamer, later USN Civil War transport; sunk by enemy fire, 1864 [24]
Louisiana 1850 Westervelt & Mackay 1056 Charles Morgan VB 1 56 10 [1] First engine built by the Morgan Iron Works.[25] Vessel burned and sank Galveston Bay 1857, 30-60 killed [26]
Prometheus 1850 J. Simonson 1207 Cornelius Vanderbilt VB 2 42 10 [1] First oceangoing steamship fitted with walking beam engine [27]
  • Reindeer
  • →Perseverance
 1850 Thomas Collyer 790 New Brunswick SBC VB 1 56 12 [1] Sunk by boiler explosion and fire, Hudson R., 1852; 36 killed [28]
St. Lawrence 1850 William Collyer 588 VB 1 44 11 [1][29]
Brother Jonathan 1851 Perine, Patterson & Stack 1359 Edward Mills VB 1 72 11 [30] Struck and sank off Crescent City, CA, 1865; 221 killed [31]
1851 William Collyer 1043 Charles Morgan VB 1 56 10 [32] USN gunboat, 1862–65.[33] Sold foreign, 1870.[34]
North American 1851 Lawrence & Sneden 1440 Cornelius Vanderbilt VB 1 60 12 Sunk, 1852.[35]
Roanoke 1851 Westervelt & Mackay 1071 New York & Virginia SSC VB 2 42 10 [30] Seized by Confederacy and burned, 1864.[36]
Winfield Scott 1851 Westervelt & Mackay 1291 Davis, Brooks & Co SL 2 66 8 [30] Struck and sank off Anacapa Island, CA, 1853 [37]
  • City of Hartford
  • Capitol City 82
 1852 Samuel Sneden 814 Hartford & New York SBC VB 1 60 12 [30] Run aground and wrecked in Long Island Sound, 1888 [38]
  • Saratoga
  • Cortes 52
 1852 Westervelt & Mackay 1117 Davis, Brooks & Co VB 2 42 10 [30] Destroyed by fire, Shanghai, China, 1865 [39]
Northern Indiana 1852 Bidwell & Banta 1475 Michigan Southern RRC VB 1 72 12 [30] Destroyed by fire 1856; 56 killed [40]
  • ←Reindeer 50
  • Perseverance
 1852 J. A. Westervelt 827 Charles Morgan VB 1 56 12 Destroyed by fire at Indianola, Texas, 1856 [41][42]
  • Texas
  • Quartz Rock 52
  • Sierra Nevada 52
 1852 William Collyer 1246 Empire City Line [30] Grounded and wrecked off San Simeon, CA, 1869 [43]
  • Southern Michigan
  • →Thomas Cornell
 1852 Bidwell & Banta 1470 Michigan Southern RRC VB 1 72 12 [30] Laid up, 1857; scrapped 1863 [44]
  • Crescent City
  • →Morning Star
 1853 Vincent Bidwell 1746 Dean Richmond et al VB 1 80 12 [30] Laid up, 1857; scrapped 1863 [45]
1853 William H. Webb 2141 U.S. Mail SSC O 2 65 10 [30] Foundered and sank in hurricane; 420 killed [46]
  • Golden Age
  • Hiroshima Maru 75
 1853 William H. Brown 2281 New York & Australia SNC VB 1 83 12 [30] In service until about 1890 [47]
Granite State 1853 Samuel Sneden 887 Chester W. Chapin VB 1 52 12 [30] Destroyed by fire, 1883 [48]
1853 J. A. Westervelt 1300 NY & Virginia SSC VB 2 40 10 [30] Sunk by the Confederacy to make an obstruction in the James River, 1862 [49]
Josephine 1853 552 VB 2 40 14 [30]
San Francisco 1853 William H. Webb 2272 Pacific Mail SSC O 2 65 8 [30] Scuttled after engine failure during storm on maiden voyage, 1854; 195 killed [50]
1854 Westervelt & Son 1215 Charles Morgan VB 1 60 11 [30] Exploded during Battle of Forts Jackson and St. Philip, 1862 [51]
Nautilus 1854 898 Charles Morgan VB 1 44 11 Wrecked on Last Island, LA in hurricane, 1856; 20 killed [52]
Orizaba 1854 J. A. Westervelt 1335 Charles Morgan VB 1 65 11 [30] Scrapped, 1887 [53]
Sonora 1854 J. A. Westervelt 1616 Pacific Mail SSC VB 2 50 10 [30] Scrapped, 1868 [54]
St. Louis 1854 J. A. Westervelt 1621 Pacific Mail SSC VB 2 50 10 [30] Dismantled at Panama, 1878 [55]
Commonwealth 1855 Lawrence & Foulks 1732 Norwich & New London SBC VB 1 76 12 [30] Destroyed by fire at Groton, CT, 1865 [56] "[T]he great boat of Long Island Sound in the '50's."[56]
Island Home 1855 E. S. Whitlock 481 Nantucket & Cape Cod SBC VB 2 40 11 [30] Converted to barge, 1896–97; sunk in NY Harbor, 1902 [57][58]
Christoval Colon 1856 Sneden & Whitlock 450 VB 1 48 10 [30] Built for Cuban service [59]
1856 Sneden & Whitlock 406 "Capt. Coxatter" O 1 32 8 [30] Built for Florida service[60][61] before conversion to gunboat. Foundered in bad weather, 1863.[62]
Fulton 1856 Smith & Dimon 2307 Havre Line O 2 65 10 [30] Scrapped, 1870 [63]
Eastern Queen 1857 John Englis 695 VB 1 48 11 [30]
Independence 1857 Samuel Sneden 354 Capt. Ezra Nye VB 2 32 8 [30] "[F]or towing in the harbor of Valparaiso, S. A."
Yangtsze 1857 Thomas Collyer 1003 Russell & Co O 2 38 8 [30] Built for Chinese service; employed in the opium trade [64]
  • City of Buffalo
  • →Morro Castle 63
 1857 Bidwell & Banta 2026 Michigan Southern RRC VB 1 76 12 [30] Laid up, 1857–63; bulk freight carrier, 1864; tow barge, 1866; abandoned 1875 [65]
1858 J. A. Westervelt 817 H. B. Cromwell & Co V 1 56 4 [30] Destroyed by fire, 1877 [66][67]
1858 J. A. Westervelt 787 H. B. Cromwell & Co V 1 56 4 [30] Sunk in collision, 1877; 13 killed [68]
Ocean Queen 1858 J. A. Westervelt 2801 Morgan & Garrison VB 1 90 12 [30] Scrapped, 1875 [69]
Alabama 1859 Samuel Sneden 510 VB 1 50 10 [30][70]
De Soto 1859 Lawrence & Foulks 1600 Livingston, Crocheron & Co VB 1 65 11 [71] USN gunboat, 1861-68. Destroyed by fire S. of New Orleans, 1870
John Brooks 1859 Samuel Sneden 780 Naugatuck TC VB 1 56 12 [71] Broken up about 1897 [72]
Peiho 1859 Thomas Collyer 1113 Russell & Co O 1 52 8 [71] Built for China service [73]
White Cloud 1859 Thomas Collyer 520 VB 1 44 10 [71] Built for China service [73]
1859 William H. Webb 1403 NY & Virginia SSC VB 1 50 10 [71] Burned and scuttled by Confederacy to prevent capture, James River, 1865 [k]
Bienville 1860 Lawrence & Foulks 1558 Livingston, Crocheron & Co VB 1 68 11 [71] USN gunboat, 1861-65. Destroyed by fire at sea off Bahamas, 1872; 41 killed
Flushing 1860 Samuel Sneden 333 VB 1 36 10 [70][71]
1860 J. A. Westervelt 1517 Spofford, Tileston & Co VB 1 71 12 [71] Laid up, 1885; disappears from registers 1891 [75]
Peruano 1860 J. A. Westervelt 570 VB 1 44 11 [71]
  • William G. Hewes
  • Ella and Annie 62
  • USS Malvern 63
  • William G. Hewes 65
 1860 Harlan & Hollingsworth 747 Charles Morgan VB 1 50 11 [71] Wrecked on Colorado Reef off coast of Cuba, 1895 [76]
Zouave 1860 John Englis 750 VB 1 50 11 [71]
Continental 1861 Samuel Sneden 686 New Haven SBC VB 1 70 11 [71] Barge, 1902; later broken up [77]
  • Cosmopolitan
  • Havana
  • Paul Koch
  • Edmund Butler
 1861 John Englis 774 Sanford's Independent Line VB 1 50 11 [71] Still in service 1903 [78]
Hankow 1861 Thomas Collyer 725 VB 1 48 12 [71] Chinese service [73]
  • Mary Benton
  • Walter Brett 66
 1861 G.E. & W.H. Goodspeed 365 Hartford & Long Island SBC VB 1 44 10 [71] Scrapped, 1897 [79]
New Brunswick 1861 John Englis 804 Portland SPC VB 1 48 11 [71][80]
1861 William H. Webb 2150 NY & Savannah SNC VB 1 80 11 [71] Laid up, 1875; presumed scrapped [81]
Chekiang 1862 Henry Steers 1264 VB 1 70 11 [71] China service. Destroyed by fire at Hankow, 1865 [82]
Fohkien 1862 Henry Steers 1947 J. M. Forbes VB 1 81 12 [71] Reconditioned engine originally from St. Lawrence. Fast passage to China, 1863. Struck and sank off Chinese coast, 1865 [83][84]
  • New England
  • City of Portland 72
 1862 John Englis 852 International SSC VB 1 52 11 [71] Ran aground and wrecked, 1884 [85]
  • ←Crescent City 53
  • Morning Star
 1863 Roosevelt & Joyce 2022 New York Mail SSC VB 1 80 12 [71] Laid up 1867; broken up 1872 [86]
Western Metropolis 1863 F. D. Tucker 2269 L. Brown VB 1 74 12 [71] Built for transatlantic service. Converted to sail, 1878 [l]
Gen. J. K. Barnes 1864 Lawrence & Foulks 1365 Atlantic Coast Mail SSC VB 1 60 10 [71] Sank in hurricane, 1878 [89]
  • Retribution
  • Golden Rule 63
 1863 Henry Steers 2767 Marshall O. Roberts VB 1 81 12 [71] Wrecked on Roncador Reef, Gulf of Mexico, 1865 [90]
Herman Livingston 1864 Lawrence & Foulks 1314 Atlantic Coast Mail SSC VB 1 60 10 [71] Scrapped after 1878 [91]
Oriflamme 1864 Lawrence & Foulks 1204 U.S. Navy VB 1 60 10 [71] Built for Civil War service but sold on completion. Scrapped, 1890 [92]
Albermarle 1865 Lawrence & Foulks 871 Atlantic Coast Mail SSC VB 1 44 11 [71] Barge 82; schooner 83; sunk in squall 85 [93]
Hatteras 1865 Lawrence & Foulks 868 Atlantic Coast Mail SSC VB 1 44 11 [71] Schooner barge 1882 [94]
Manhattan 1865 Lawrence & Foulks 1337 American & Mexican SSC VB 1 66 11 [71] Sunk, 1882 [95]
  • Paon Shun
  • Nevada 66
  • Saikio Maru 75
 1865 J. Simonson 1691 T. W. Dearborn VB 1 85 12 [71] Scrapped on or after 1885 [m]
  • New York
  • Tokio Maru 75
 1865 J. Simonson 2217 Cornelius Vanderbilt VB 1 78 12 [71] Scrapped, 1880s [97]
Raleigh 1865 Lawrence & Foulks 868 Atlantic Coast Mail SSC VB 1 44 11 [71] Destroyed by fire off Charleston, SC, 1867; 24 killed [98]
Rapidan 1865 Lawrence & Foulks 868 Atlantic Coast Mail SSC VB 1 44 11 [71] Disappeared en route to West Indies, 1886 [99]
Vera Cruz 1865 Lawrence & Foulks 1340 American & Mexican SSC VB 1 66 11 [71] Struck and sank near Oregon Inlet, 1866 [100]
Villa Clara 1866 1095 VB 1 52 4 [71]
Cambridge 1867 John Englis & Son 1337 Sanford Line VB 1 60 11 [71] Wrecked off Georges Island, MA, 1886 [101]
Merchant steamship engines built by the Morgan Iron Works under Roach management (1867–1908)[n]
Ship Engine(s) Ship notes/references
Name[b]
Builder
Owner[e]
Pilgrim 1881 Delaware Works Old Colony SBC VB 1 110 14 Largest simple (single-cylinder) walking beam engine ever constructed. Ship laid up 1912, broken up 1920.[102]

refs

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Footnotes

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  1. ^ Fields left blank in the table indicate that the information is unavailable or unknown.
  2. ^ a b Name = ship name. Where the ship had more than one name in the course of its career, later names are listed chronologically in descending order, with each name followed by a two-digit number representing the last two digits of the year the rename took place, where known.
  3. ^ a b Yr = Year the ship was launched where known, otherwise, year the ship was completed or entered service.
  4. ^ a b Ship tonnage.
  5. ^ a b Abbreviations in this column include: SBC - Steamboat Company; RRC - Railroad Company; SSC - Steamship Company; SNC - Steam Navigation Company; TC - Transportation Company; SPC - Steam Packet Company.
  6. ^ a b Tp = type of engine. Engine types include: VB = vertical beam (ie walking beam); HB = horizontal beam (Lighthall patent); ST = steeple; CH = crosshead; SL = side-lever; O =oscillating; V = vertical (ie vertical inverted direct-acting).
  7. ^ a b No = number of engines.
  8. ^ a b Cyl = cylinder size in inches.
  9. ^ a b Str = stroke of engine in feet.
  10. ^ [21] Heyl erroneously names the builder as "Lawrence & Sandford", apparently confusing the builders with the owner. There was no such shipbuilder as "Lawrence & Sandford"; the builder was Lawrence & Sneden.
  11. ^ [74] Heyl incorrectly lists the launch date of this vessel as 1853; in fact it was 1859.
  12. ^ According to Heyl, the engine for this ship was originally installed in the Lake Erie steamer Empire State, then in the Lake Erie steamer Western Metropolis in 1856, before being installed in the 1863 Western Metropolis.[87] Since Baughman lists neither Empire State nor the Lake Erie Western Metropolis among the vessels powered by Morgan Iron Works engines,[88] presumably the engine listed here was a rebuild by the Morgan Works of another company's engine.
  13. ^ [96] Heyl notes that the spelling of Saikio in the last name recorded for this ship is uncertain.
  14. ^ Few engines built under Roach management are listed as Roach had a second marine engine facility at Chester, Pennsylvania and records generally do not distinguish between the output of the two plants.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x Baughman 1968. p. 242.
  2. ^ Dayton 1925. p. 385.
  3. ^ a b Dayton 1925. p. 54.
  4. ^ Morrison 1903. p. 328.
  5. ^ Morrison 1903. p. 186.
  6. ^ Dayton 1925. p. 294.
  7. ^ Dayton 1925. p. 57.
  8. ^ Bradlee 1920. p. 94.
  9. ^ Heyl 1953. p. 27.
  10. ^ Baughman 1968. pp. 46, 242.
  11. ^ Baughman 1968. pp. 57, 242.
  12. ^ Baughman 1968. pp. 55, 242.
  13. ^ Heyl 1965. p. 217.
  14. ^ Morrison 1903. pp. 382–383.
  15. ^ Heyl 1967. p. 233.
  16. ^ Ridgely-Nevitt 1981. pp. 140–41.
  17. ^ Heyl 1965. p. 65.
  18. ^ Heyl 1965. p. 141.
  19. ^ Heyl 1953. p. 177.
  20. ^ Coman and Gibbs 1949. pp. 107-108.
  21. ^ Heyl 1953. p. 309.
  22. ^ Heyl 1953. pp. 315–316.
  23. ^ Heyl 1965. pp. 121–124.
  24. ^ Heyl 1953. p. 61.
  25. ^ Bishop 1868. p. 131.
  26. ^ Baughman 1968. pp. 88, 105.
  27. ^ Stiles 2010. pp. 189, 199-200.
  28. ^ Heyl 1965. pp. 269–271.
  29. ^ "Steamer St. Lawrence, (painting)". Art Inventories Catalog. Smithsonian Institution. 2016.
  30. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af Baughman 1968. p. 243.
  31. ^ Heyl 1953. pp. 63–64.
  32. ^ Baughman 1968. pp. 119-120, 243.
  33. ^ "General Bragg". Naval History and Heritage Command. United States Navy.
  34. ^ Silverstone 1989. p. 162.
  35. ^ Baughman 1968. pp. 70–71, 243.
  36. ^ Heyl 1953. p. 367.
  37. ^ Heyl 1953. p. 457.
  38. ^ Heyl 1967. pp. 55–57.
  39. ^ Heyl 1953. pp. 111-112.
  40. ^ Heyl 1956. p. 173.
  41. ^ Baughman 1968. pp. 88, 105, 243.
  42. ^ Morrison 1903. pp. 110–111.
  43. ^ Heyl 1953. pp. 391–392.
  44. ^ Heyl 1956. p. 241.
  45. ^ Heyl 1956. p. 63.
  46. ^ Heyl 1953. pp. 171–172.
  47. ^ Heyl 1953. pp. 183–184.
  48. ^ Heyl 1964. pp. 167–168.
  49. ^ Heyl 1964. pp. 195–196.
  50. ^ Heyl 1953. pp. 379–380.
  51. ^ "Governor Moore". Naval History and Heritage Command. United States Navy. 2014-04-01.
  52. ^ Baughman 1968. pp. 105, 243.
  53. ^ Heyl 1953. pp. 327–328.
  54. ^ Heyl 1953. p. 395.
  55. ^ Heyl 1953. pp. 375–376.
  56. ^ a b Dayton 1925. p. 163.
  57. ^ Silka 2006. p. 43.
  58. ^ Heyl 1965. pp. 137–139.
  59. ^ "Particulars of the Steamer Christoval Colon". Journal of the Franklin Institute for the State of Pennsylvania. Vol. LXIII. Philadelphia, PA: The Franklin Institute. Jan 1857. p. 57.
  60. ^ "Ship-Building in New York for 1856". The U.S. Nautical Magazine and Naval Journal. Vol. V, no. 5. New York: Oliver W. Griffiths. Feb 1857.
  61. ^ "Particulars of the Steamer Everglade". Journal of the Franklin Institute for the State of Pennsylvania. Vol. LXIII. Philadelphia, PA: The Franklin Institute. Jan 1857. p. 55.
  62. ^ "Savannah". Naval History and Heritage Command. United States Navy.
  63. ^ Ridgely-Nevitt 1981. pp. 182–185, 299.
  64. ^ Morrison 1903. p. 509.
  65. ^ Heyl 1965. pp. 37–40.
  66. ^ Heyl 1953. pp. 215–216.
  67. ^ "Launched during the year 1857" (PDF). The New York Times. 1858-01-15.
  68. ^ Heyl 1953. pp. 265–266.
  69. ^ Heyl 1953. pp. 311–312.
  70. ^ a b Silka 2006. p. 46.
  71. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj Baughman 1968. p. 244.
  72. ^ Heyl 1964. pp. 197–199.
  73. ^ a b c Morrison 1903. p. 510.
  74. ^ Heyl 1953. pp. 465–466.
  75. ^ Heyl 1953. pp. 75–76.
  76. ^ Heyl 1953. pp. 237–238.
  77. ^ Heyl 1964. pp. 101–102.
  78. ^ Morrison 1903. p. 507.
  79. ^ Heyl 1964. pp. 219–220.
  80. ^ Morrison 1903. p. 398.
  81. ^ Heyl 1953. p. 397.
  82. ^ Morrison 1903. p. 511.
  83. ^ Heyl 1967. p. 87.
  84. ^ Morrison 1903. pp. 510–511.
  85. ^ Dayton 1925. pp. 283–284.
  86. ^ Ridgely-Nevitt 1981. pp. 301–306.
  87. ^ Heyl 1953. p. 443.
  88. ^ Baughman 1968. pp. 242–244.
  89. ^ Heyl 1953. p. 161.
  90. ^ Heyl 1953. pp. 189–190.
  91. ^ Heyl 1953. p. 207.
  92. ^ Heyl 1953. p. 325.
  93. ^ Heyl 1953. p. 13.
  94. ^ Heyl 1953. p. 199.
  95. ^ Heyl 1953. p. 239.
  96. ^ Heyl 1953. pp. 287–288.
  97. ^ Heyl 1953. pp. 295–296.
  98. ^ Heyl 1953. p. 357.
  99. ^ Heyl 1953. p. 359.
  100. ^ Heyl 1953. p. 437.
  101. ^ Dayton 1925. p. 268.
  102. ^ Covell, William King (1933-11-20). "Steamboats on Narragansett Bay". Bulletin of the Newport Historical Society. No. 90. Newport, RI. pp. 31–33.

Bib

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(56 links fixed)

Books
  • Baughman, James P. (1968). Charles Morgan and the Development of Southern Transportation. Nashville, TN: Vanderbilt University Press. pp. 46, 55, 57, 70–71, 88, 105, 242–244.
  • Bishop, J. Leander (1868). A History of American Manufactures From 1608 to 1860. Vol. III. Philadelphia: Edward Young & Co. p. 131.
  • Bradlee, Francis B. C. (1920). Some Account of Steam Navigation in New England. Salem, MA: The Essex Institute. p. 94.
  • Coman, Edwin Truman Jr; Gibbs, Helen Marilla (1949). Time, Tide and Timber: A Century of Pope and Talbot. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. pp. 107–108.
  • Dayton, Fred Erving (1925). Steamboat Days. New York: Frederick A. Stokes Company. pp. 54, 57, 163, 268, 283–284, 294, 385.
  • Heyl, Erik (1953). Early American Steamers. Vol. I. Buffalo, New York: Erik Heyl. pp. 13, 27, 61, 63–64, 75–76, 111–112, 161, 171–172, 177, 183–184, 189–190, 199, 207, 215–216, 237–238, 239, 265–266, 287–288, 295–296, 309, 311–312, 315–316, 325, 327–328, 357, 359, 367, 375–376, 379–380, 391–392, 395, 397, 437, 443, 457, 465–466.
  • Heyl, Erik (1956). Early American Steamers. Vol. II. Buffalo, New York: Erik Heyl. pp. 63, 173, 241.
  • Heyl, Erik (1964). Early American Steamers. Vol. III. Buffalo, New York: Erik Heyl. pp. 101–102, 167–168, 195–196, 197–199, 219–220.
  • Heyl, Erik (1965). Early American Steamers. Vol. IV. Buffalo, New York: Erik Heyl. pp. 37–40, 65, 121–124, 137–139, 141, 217, 269–271.
  • Heyl, Erik (1967). Early American Steamers. Vol. V. Buffalo, New York: Erik Heyl. pp. 55–57, 87, 233.
  • Morrison, John H. (1903). History of American Steam Navigation. New York: Stephen Daye Press. pp. 110–111, 186, 328, 382–383, 398, 507, 509–511.
  • Ridgely-Nevitt, Cedric (1981). American Steamships on the Atlantic. East Brunswick, NJ: Associated University Presses, Inc. pp. 140–141, 182–185, 299, 301–306. ISBN 0874131405.
  • Silverstone, Paul H. (1989). Warships of the Civil War Navies. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. p. 162. ISBN 0870217836.
  • Stiles, T. J. (2010). The First Tycoon: The Epic Life of Cornelius Vanderbilt. New York: First Vintage Books. pp. 188, 189–190. ISBN 9781400031740.
  • Swann, Leonard Alexander Jr (1965). John Roach, Maritime Entrepreneur: The Years as Naval Contractor 1862–1886. United States Naval Institute (reprinted 1980 by Ayer Publishing). pp. 23–26, 51, 54–56, 242, 227, 235–236. ISBN 9780405130786.
Periodicals
  • Covell, William King (1933-11-20). "Steamboats on Narragansett Bay". Bulletin of the Newport Historical Society (90). Newport, RI: 31–33.
  • Frazer, John F., ed. (1857). Journal of the Franklin Institute of the State of Pennsylvania. 3. Vol. XXXIII, Whole No. LXIII. Philadelphia, PA: Franklin Institute. pp. 55, 57. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |month= (help)
  • Griffiths, Oliver W., ed. (Oct 1856 – Mar 1857). The U.S. Nautical Magazine and Naval Journal. New York: Oliver W. Griffiths. p. 384.
  • Silka, Henry (2006). "Shipbuilding and the Nascent Community of Greenpoint, 1850–1855" (PDF). The Northern Mariner. Ottawa, Ontario: Canadian Nautical Research Society. pp. 43, 46.
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