User:Fostlinds31/sandbox

Article Evaluation (9/2/18):

Article: Languages of Honduras

I found this article by looking at the C-class articles suggested in the training module. I then searched alphabetically for Honduras and looked at the list of articles until I found this one which interested me. I didn't use keywords, I just looked within the country because I did some research on Honduras for class already and was interested in learning more about it. The coverage of the subject was mediocre. It covered a broad range of topics but didn't always delve in deeply enough. Also some of the wording was extremely repetitive and thus confusing to follow. The organization, content, and citations could all use improvement. Right now the article serves more as a general outline.

Evaluating Content:

• Is everything in the article relevant to the topic? Anything distracting?
  • Everything seems relevant except for several sections on ethnicity. They could be relocated to their own sub-section of the article, but they are slightly distracting when they are inputted into the dialect section. Also, especially under the "lenca" section in seems to conflate a language with a people/culture without sufficiently clarifying the distinctions and similarities between the two.
• Anything that can be improved or added?
  • All of the sections should be fleshed out more. They only contain bare details rather than a sufficient amount of information. This is especially true for sections such as the "Honduran Sign Language" section, which only has a link. Additionally, more images and charts should be added. the one chart that is included is very helpful but also needs to contain more information.

Evaluating Tone:

• Neutral article? Biased?
  • Neutral tone and point of view. Not biased. Factual article rather than opinion-based.
• Over-represented or under-represented viewpoints?
  • This is not really an issue, but it is difficult to tell because many facts do not say who or where they came from and if there are other conflicting facts.

Evaluating Sources:

• Citation links work? Support the information?
  • Some of the links work, but some don't and bring me to pages with nothing on them. The links that do work support the information, but there should definitely be more citations added.
• Each fact cited reliably? Neutral sources?
  • No, not all of the facts are cited reliably. Most of the citations come from other Wikipedia pages rather than independent sources.

Checking the Talk Page:

• Any conversations?
  • Very limited. Not really two-way discussions, just a couple people discussing changes they are making.
• Rating? Wikiproject?
  • Rated as C-Class on quality scale.
  • Part of WikiProject languages and WikiProject Honduras.
• Differ than class discussion?
  • Has not overlapped much with class discussion yet. Some mentions of how languages differed pre- and post-colonial rule, which overlaps with our readings on history and context of Latin America and the impacts of colonization and imperialism.

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Exercise: Choosing Articles (9/8/18):

Possible articles to revise:

Elections in Honduras

• Stub, top importance

Supreme Court of Honduras

• Stub, high importance

Gender inequality in Honduras

• Can't find ratings, but it needs more citations

Law enforcement in Honduras

• Stub, top importance

Social conditions in Honduras

• Start, mid-importance

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Assignment 9/8/18: Actor/Activist Group in Honduras:

Berta Cáceres

(Caceres was an environmental activist in Honduras who co-founded the Council of Popular and Indigenous Organizations of Honduras [COPINH]. She was assassinated in March of 2016. Many environmental activists have been killed in Honduras).

This article seems to be relatively well-written. The topics covered all seem relevant to the subject of the article, although some of the sections should be fleshed out. For example, more detail should be added to the section on "early life," and the section titled "2018" (although their may just be less information available for this section). Additionally, there are only sparse mentions of how the activism and life of Caceres relates to Honduras and Latin America as a whole. The article is very locally focused, and I think it would be more interesting and useful if it drew parallels between the activism in this situation and in the rest of the region. Thus, there should be a separate section devoted to this topic. Also, the organization is slightly confusing. For example, the title "threats and human rights concerns" is too vague and broad as a header, and the "honors" section is out of place. However, the article does seem to be pretty well cited and contains many links to other Wiki pages.

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Article Edits:

New section: Impacts of Migration on Women

http://web.a.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=1&sid=3dd256ec-a9d3-4420-bdb8-f9849edb7a28%40sdc-v-sessmgr03

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1471-0374.2011.00307.x

https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/honduras-perils-remittance-dependence-and-clandestine-migration

• economic, social, and emotional impacts
• increases the amount of work women have: have to care for their children but also the house and making some money despite remittances
• this increase of work does not correlate with an increase in power and status in society --> more difficult without rewards
• stress, conflicting thoughts between new independence and traditional gender roles
• as of 2010, 7.6 million people and 480,000 citizens live outside Honduras, 20% households get monetary remittances
• stress and anxiety as son, husband, father, brother leaves; feel less safe, one woman had a robbery
• manifests itself in physical illness
• additional responsibilities: raise children by themselves "intensive mothering", agricultural labor - more of old jobs and also new jobs
• not empowering because just very stressful emotionally and physically demanding; not their choice so not empowering (according to interviews of some women)
• became managers of debt that the men incurred in order to migrate (coyote smugglers)

Reproductive Rights Edits:

https://www.jstor.org/stable/3649517?seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contents

• gender power imbalance = men make many reproductive decisions
• more prevalent for women with less education, less socioeconomic situation, etc.
• see percentages from article

Maquiladoras in Honduras:

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305750X01000572

• fast growing in Honduras (see article for statistics/numbers), largest in Central America and second largest in Latin America
• men make more than women, and still below minimum needed to escape poverty; technicians are highest paid and all men
• does not increase women's political power
• women increased stressed - prob also have to care for children?

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Article Edits: First Draft

Impacts of Migration on Women

In Honduras, there are many transnational families: members of the family (typically males) migrate to other countries, usually seeking economic opportunities. A decent number of Hondurans had been living in the United States since the 1950's, but this number increased significantly starting in the 1990's and 2000's. In 2010, there were about 523,000 Hondurans residing in the United States. As a result of this mass migration, the Honduran population relies heavily on remittances. Remittances have been a greater source of domestic income than any other sector of the economy of Honduras since 2000: twenty percent of Honduran households were receiving remittances. This large-scale migration driven by the need to improve economic situations particularly impacts the women left behind in Honduras.

There are economic, social, and emotional impacts on the women left behind in Honduras as their male family members, such as brothers, husbands, fathers, and sons, migrate to countries such as the United States in order to earn money for their families. These migrations especially affect women who become the head of the household after their family member leaves. First, women suffer from a significant emotional harm as their loved one embarks on an often dangerous journey. Typically, the men who migrate must stay away and work for several years in order to make enough money. This long term separation and the worry it gives rise to can be incredibly taxing. Interviews with Honduran women revealed that they typically feel much less safe once their male family members leave: one woman had a robbery since the criminals knew her husband had migrated and thus targeted her house. Furthermore, this emotional burden and anxiety manifests itself into physical illnesses.

Not only do the women left behind in Honduras have to deal with emotional (and sometimes physical) strain, but they have more tasks to complete once their male family members migrate. These migrations often significantly increase the amount of work and responsibilities that Honduran women must accomplish and bear. Some of this additional work results from jobs that these women already had but shared with their husbands, brothers, or other male family members. For example, women become the sole caregivers of their children since they can't share the responsibility with their husbands because of the great physical distance. Further work comes in the form of the jobs their male family members used to take care of before they migrated. Some Honduran women must not only care for the children and their home, but also tackle additional tasks such as farming and other agricultural jobs.

There are several other ways in which already strongly prevalent gender inequalities in Honduras are exacerbated by the migration of males to countries such as the United States. Often, these men must employ the help of "coyotes" in order to safely cross the border. These "coyotes" often as for an incredibly large fee: thus, the women left at home become the managers of their husband or other male relative's debt. This inheritance of the debt not only restrains and pressures women financially, but it also increases their emotional stress as it extends the amount of time the men must stay away from home in order to make enough money to provide for their families and pay off this debt. Additionally, the increase of work for women does not also lead to an increase of political or social power and influence. Thus, women are given an extra burden without being given extra resources, benefits, or power to handle this increased workload. Several Honduran women revealed in interviews that they did not feel more empowered by taking on these additional responsibilities. Not only are their jobs physically, emotionally, mentally, and financially demanding, but these extra jobs were not their choice. Several Honduran women said that if these burdens had been freely chosen rather than thrust on them, they might feel more empowered.

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Article Edits Final Draft:

Impacts of Migration on Women

In Honduras, there are many transnational families: members of the family (typically males) migrate to other countries, usually seeking economic opportunities. A decent number of Hondurans had been living in the United States since the 1950's, but this number increased significantly starting in the 1990's and 2000's. In 2010, there were about 523,000 Hondurans residing in the United States, the majority of which were individuals rather than whole families. As a result of this mass migration, the Honduran population relies heavily on remittances. Remittances have been a greater source of domestic income than any other sector of the economy of Honduras since 2000: twenty percent of Honduran households were receiving remittances. Statistics reveal that men are much more likely to migrate than women in Honduras. Eighty percent of Hondurans receiving remittances are women, which means that more women remain behind than men. The majority of these women are between the ages of 20 and 40. Approximately 40 percent of the remittances come from children, 30 percent from siblings, and 20 percent from spouses. This large-scale migration driven by the need to improve economic situations particularly impacts the women left behind in Honduras.

There are economic, social, and emotional impacts on the women left behind in Honduras as their male family members, such as brothers, husbands, fathers, and sons, migrate to countries such as the United States in order to earn money for their families. These migrations especially affect women who become the head of the household after their family member leaves. Personal interviews and anecdotal evidence reveal that women suffer from a significant emotional harm as their loved one embarks on an often dangerous journey. Typically, the men who migrate must stay away and work for several years in order to make enough money to adequately provide for the survival of their family members remaining in Honduras. This long term separation and the worry it gives rise to can be incredibly taxing. Interviews with Honduran women revealed that they typically feel much less safe once their male family members. One Honduran woman had a robbery since the criminals knew her husband had migrated and thus targeted her house. Furthermore, this emotional burden and anxiety manifests itself into physical illnesses.

Not only do the women left behind in Honduras have to deal with emotional (and sometimes physical) strain, but they have more tasks to complete once their male family members migrate. These migrations often significantly increase the amount of work and responsibilities that Honduran women must accomplish and bear. Some of this additional work results from jobs that these women already had but shared with their husbands and brothers. For example, women become the sole caregivers of their children - the great physical distance separating their husbands from their children precludes these men from sharing this responsibility. Additional work comes in the form of the jobs their male family members used to take care of before they migrated. Some Honduran women must not only care for the children and their home, but also tackle additional tasks such as farming and other agricultural jobs.

There are several other ways in which already strongly prevalent gender inequalities in Honduras are exacerbated by the migration of males to countries such as the United States. Often, these men must employ the help of "coyotes" in order to safely cross the border. These "coyotes" often as for an incredibly large fee: thus, the women left at home become the managers of their husband or other male relative's debt. This inheritance of the debt not only restrains and pressures women financially, but it also increases their emotional stress as it extends the amount of time the men must stay away from home in order to make enough money to provide for their families and pay off this debt.

Additionally, the increase of work for women does not also lead to an increase of political or social power and influence. Thus, women are given an extra burden without being given extra resources, benefits, or power to handle this increased workload. Several Honduran women revealed in interviews that they did not feel more empowered by taking on these additional responsibilities. Not only are their jobs physically, emotionally, mentally, and financially demanding, but these extra jobs were not their choice. Several Honduran women said that if these burdens had been freely chosen rather than thrust on them, they might feel more empowered. Notably, more research needs to be done on the topic of the political impacts on women after the men migrate from Honduras. The effects are likely to differ between rural and urban areas.

More Recent Trends and Women Migrating

As the previous part of this section highlights, many Hondurans migrated in the late 20th and very early 21st century for economic reasons, especially after the devastation of Hurricane Mitch in late 1998. However, more recent studies show that more women and children are migrating out of Latin American countries than were previously. This is especially the case for Guatemala, El Salvador, and Honduras. This new trend in migration out of Honduras is caused by an increase in sexual and gender violence, especially from gangs: "gang members are using rape, kidnapping, torture, sexual violence, and other crimes, predominantly against women and girls" in Honduras. In fact, Honduras had the seventh highest rate of gender-motivated murders of women in the world in 2013. Many LGBTQ+ women and children are specifically being targeted by these gangs, as well. Gangs use violence in part as a means to establish control over their territory. This increased violence against women and children have led to their migration to the United States for asylum.

This is a complex issue, as scholars have pointed to many contributing factors. One notable cause of the increased violence and subsequent migration of women and children is the long history of impunity of gang members in Honduras. The government and justice systems are unable to completely protect the victims of this violence. Fewer than three percent of gender-motivated murders remain unsolved by the courts in the countries of El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras. Both corruption and intimidation play a large role, and many people don't report the crimes against them out of fear. When people in Honduras do report these crimes, them and their families are often subjected to further gang violence, which the police and government is largely powerless to prevent.

Not only do women experience violence while in Honduras, but they also suffer from attacks while migrating to the United States and other nations. This indicates that their situation in Honduras is so unlivable that they are willing to risk violence on their journey. Women are sexually and physically abused by other migrants, human smugglers, and even government officials or police. Women take contraception to prevent unwanted pregnancy in case of rape while they migrate, demonstrating the dangers they face and their desperation driving them to escape the violence in their home country.