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Below is list of Colonial leaders who governed Singapore by education. There has been a total of 36 heads as Residents, Governors, Mayors and Military administrator. 34 of them ruled under the United Kingdom (6 of them are Scottish) and two for the Empire of Japan.

By education, 11 were educated in Naval or Military training, 1 with medical training, 2 with legal studies, 1 in Finance and 8 with Master or Bachelor of Arts degree. Some of the leaders move up through the ranks after starting out as writers' in the East India Company (EIC) or attending civil service trainings in Ceylon or Malaya.

List of heads of Singapore by education

[edit]

The Residents and Commandants of Singapore ruled the British colony that is today the Republic of Singapore. The men that held this position governed Singapore from 1819 to 1826, on behalf of the British East India Company.

Name Nationality Title Term of office School Professional Training
or Discipline 		Highest Education Profession Position Prior to Appointment Ref
Maj-Gen William Farquhar Scottish 1st Resident of Singapore 1819 – 1823 Military Training Major General 6th Resident of Malacca [1]
Dr. John Crawfurd FRS Scottish 2nd Resident of Singapore 1823 – 1826 University of Edinburgh Medicine Surgeon Diplomat [2]

Straits Settlement (1826 – 1942)

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The Governors of the Straits Settlements ruled the Straits Settlements. The men that held this position governed the Straits Settlements from 1826 to 1946, on behalf of the British East India Company (until 1858), the India Office (until 1867) and the Colonial Office (until 1946).

Name Nationality Title Term of office School Professional Training
or Discipline 		Highest Education Profession Position Prior to Appointment Ref
Robert Fullerton Scottish 1st Governor of the Straits Settlements 1826 – 1830 Employee of EIC Governor of Penang [3]
Robert Ibbetson British 2nd Governor of the Straits Settlements 1830 – 1833 Employee of EIC Resident Councillor of Prince of Wales Island (Penang) [4]
Kenneth Murchison Scottish 3rd Governor of the Straits Settlements 1833 – 1836 Employee of EIC 2nd Resident Councillor of Singapore [5]
Sir Samuel George Bonham Bt KCB British 4th Governor of the Straits Settlements 1836 – 1843 Employee of EIC, Politician 3rd Resident Councillor of Singapore [6]
Maj-Gen William John Butterworth CB British 5th Governor of the Straits Settlements 1843 – 1855 Military Training Major General 38th Madras Regiment [7]
Edmund Augustus Blundell British 6th Governor of the Straits Settlements 1855 – 1859 Employee of EIC,
Diplomat 		Resident Councillor of Penang [6]
Maj-Gen Sir William Orfeur Cavenagh KCSI British 7th Governor of the Straits Settlements 1859 – 1867 Military Training Major General British Indian Army [8]
Maj-Gen Sir Harry St. George Ord GCMG CB British 8th Governor of the Straits Settlements 1867 – 1873 Military Training Major General Special Commissioner to West Africa [9]
Maj-Gen Sir Edward Anson KCMG JP British Officer Adminstrating the Government 1871 – 1872, 1873, 1877,
1879 – 1880 		Military Training Major General Lieutenant Governor of Penang [10]
Lt-Gen Sir Andrew Clarke GCMG CB CIE British 9th Governor of the Straits Settlements 1873 – 1875 Military Training Lieutenant General Director of Works at the Admiralty [11]
Lt-Gen Sir William Jervois GCMG CB FRS British 10th Governor of the Straits Settlements 1875 – 1877 Royal Military Academy, Woolwich Lieutenant General British Army [12]
Sir William C. F. Robinson GCMG British 11th Governor of the Straits Settlements 1877 – 1879 Politician 9th Governor of Western Australia [13]
Sir Frederick Weld GCMG KPO British 12th Governor of the Straits Settlements 1880 – 1887 University of Fribourg Philosophy, Chemistry,
Languages & Law 		Politician Governor of Tasmania [14]
The Rt Hon Sir Cecil Clementi Smith GCMG PC British 13th Governor of the Straits Settlements 1887 – 1893 Corpus Christi College, Cambridge Master of Arts Colonial Administrator 4th Colonial Secretary of Straits Settlements [15]
Sir William Edward Maxwell KCMG British Officer Adminstrating the Government 1893 – 1894 Legal Studies Legal Professional 6th Colonial Secretary of the Straits Settlements [16]
Sir Charles Mitchell GCMG British 14th Governor of the Straits Settlements 1894 – 1899
(died while in office) 		Royal Marines Lieutenant Colonel Governor of Natal [17]
Sir James Alexander Swettenham KCMG British Officer Adminstrating the Government 1899 – 1901 Clare College, Cambridge Accounting Accountant 7th Colonial Secretary of the Straits Settlements
Sir Frank Swettenham GCMG CH British 15th Governor of the Straits Settlements 1901 – 1904 Colonial Administrator Resident-General of the Federated Malay States [18]
Sir John Anderson GCMG KCB JP Scottish 16th Governor of the Straits Settlements 1904 – 1911 Aberdeen University Mathematics Master of Arts Colonial Administrator Secretary to the Colonial Conference [19]
Sir Arthur Young GCMG KCB Scottish 17th Governor of the Straits Settlements 1911 – 1920 Royal Military College, Sandhurst Naval Training Captain Resident-General of the Federated Malay States [20]
Sir Laurence Guillemard GCMG KCB British 18th Governor of the Straits Settlements 1920 – 1927 Trinity College, Cambridge Finance Colonial Administrator Chairman of the Board of Custom and Excise [21]
Sir Hugh Clifford GCMG GBE British 19th Governor of the Straits Settlements 1927 – 1929 Colonial Administrator 24th Governor of British Ceylon [22]
Sir John Scott CMG KBE British Officer Adminstrating the Government 1929 – 1930 King's College, Cambridge Bachelor of Arts Colonial Administrator 16th Colonial Secretary of Straits Settlements [23]
Sir Cecil Clementi GCMG KStJ FRGS British 20th Governor of Straits Settlements 1930 – 1934 Magdalen College, Oxford Classics Master of Arts Colonial Administrator 17th Governor of Hong Kong [24]
Sir Andrew Caldecott GCMG CBE KStJ FRAS FRSA British Officer Adminstrating the Government 1934 Exeter College, Oxford Classics Bachelor of Arts Colonial Administrator 17th Colonial Secretary of Straits Settlements [25]
Sir Shenton Thomas GCMG GCStJ British 21st Governor of the Straits Settlements 1932 – 1942,
1945 – 1946 		Queens' College, Cambridge Master of Arts Colonial Administrator Governor of the Gold Coast [26]

Japanese Occupation (1942 – 1945)

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Mayor of Syonan Special Municipality are civilian administrator that are appointed by the Japanese Government to administrate with the military administrators.

Name Nationality Title Term of office School Professional Training
or Discipline 		Highest Education Profession Position Prior to Appointment Ref
Odate Shigeo Japanese Mayor of Syonan 1942 – 1943 Tokyo Imperial University Legal Studies Bureaucrat, Politician Bureaucrat in the Home Ministry [27]
Naito Kanichi Japanese Mayor of Syonan 1943 – 1945 Tokyo Imperial University Military Administrator Chief Military Administrator and Head of The Gunsei (Military Administration) [28]

Straits Settlement (1945 – 1946)

[edit]

Continuation of British rule under the British Military Administration of the Straits Settlements.

Name Nationality Title Term of office School Professional Training
or Discipline 		Highest Education Profession Position Prior to Appointment Ref
The Rt Hon The Lord Louis Mountbatten
KG GCB OM GCSI GCIE GCVO DSO PC FRS 		British British Military Administration of the Straits Settlements 1945 – 1946 Royal Naval College, Osborne Naval Training Admiral Supreme Allied Commander, South East Asia Command [29]

Colony of Singapore (1946 – 1963) and State of Singapore (1963 – 1965)

[edit]

The Governors of Singapore ruled Singapore. The men that held this position governed the Crown Colony of Singapore from 1946 to 1959, on behalf of the Colonial Office until Singapore gained self-governance in 1959 in where the Office of the Governor was abolished.

Name Nationality Title Term of office School Professional Training
or Discipline 		Highest Education Profession Position Prior to Appointment Ref
Sir Franklin Gimson KCMG KStJ British 1st Governor of Singapore 1946 – 1952 Balliol College, Oxford Bachelor of Arts Colonial Administrator Acting Governor of Hong Kong [30]
Wilfred Lawson Blythe CMG British Officer Administrating the Government 1952 Liverpool University Colonial Administrator 2nd Colonial Secretary of Singapore [31]
Sir John Fearns Nicoll KCMG KStJ British 2nd Governor of Singapore 1952 – 1955 University of Oxford Colonial Administrator 18th Colonial Secretary of Hong Kong [32]
Sir Robert Black GCMG OBE British 3rd Governor of Singapore 1955 – 1957 University of Edinburgh Master of Arts Colonial Administrator 19th Colonial Secretary of Hong Kong [33]
Sir William Goode GCMG KStJ British 4th Governor of Singapore 1957 – 1959 Worcester College, Oxford Colonial Administrator 1st Chief Secretary of Singapore [34]

Head of State with the title of Yang di-Pertuan Negara Singapura replaced the British colonial Governor of Singapore as the representative of the British monarch in Singapore. Although the title had the literal meaning of head of state, the Yang di-Pertuan Negara was constitutionally only a de facto head of state, acting as a vice-regal representative in lieu of the typical Governor-General.

Name Nationality Title Term of office School Professional Training
or Discipline 		Highest Education Profession Position Prior to Appointment Ref
Sir William Goode GCMG KStJ British 1st Yang di-Pertuan Negara Singapura 1959 Worcester College, Oxford Colonial Administrator 4th Governor of Singapore [34]
Yusof bin Ishak Singaporean 2nd Yang di-Pertuan Negara Singapura 1959 – 1963 Raffles Institution
(Secondary Education) 		Cambridge School Certificate Journalism, Politician Chairman of the Public Service Commission of Singapore [35]
1st Yang di-Pertuan Negara Singapore 1963 – 1965 2nd Yang di-Pertuan Negara Singapura

Chief Minister of Singapore was the head of government of the Crown colony of Singapore until its abolition on 3 June 1959 replaced by the role of Prime Minister. The Chief Minister was appointed by the Governor of Singapore and was the party leader of the largest party in the Legislative Assembly.

Name Title Term of office School Professional Training
or Discipline 		Highest Education Profession Position Prior to Appointment Ref
David Saul Marshall 1st Chief Minister of Singapore 1955 – 1956 University of London Legal Studies Bachelor of Laws Politician, diplomat Leader, Labour Front Party [36]
Lim Yew Hock 2nd Chief Minister of Singapore 1956 – 1959 Raffles Institution
(Secondary Education) 		Politician Minister for Labour and Welfare [37]
Lee Kuan Yew 1st Prime Minister of Singapore 1959 – 1965 Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge Legal Studies Bachelor of Laws Politician Leader of the Opposition of Singapore [38]

Republic of Singapore (1965 – present)

[edit]

President

[edit]

The President of the Republic of Singapore is the country's head of state. The 1st to the 4th President were elected by the parliment. From the 5th President onward, the presidency became a popularly elected office.[39]

† - died while in office
†† – resigned

Name Title Term of office School Professional Training
or Discipline 		Highest Education Profession Position Prior to Appointment Ref
Took office Left office
Yusof bin Ishak 1st President of Singapore
9 August 1965
23 November 1970 †
 Raffles Institution (Secondary Education)
—
 Cambridge School Certificate Journalism, politician 1st Yang di-Pertuan Negara Singapore [35]
Punch Coomaraswamy Acting President of Singapore
5 March 1968
5 May 1968
 University of Nottingham Legal Studies Bachelor of Laws Lawyer Speaker of the Parliament of Singapore [40]
Dr Yeoh Ghim Seng Acting President of Singapore
24 November 1970
1 January 1971
 Cambridge University Surgery Master of Medicine Surgeon, politician Speaker of the Parliament of Singapore [41]
13 May 1981
22 October 1981
31 March 1985
2 September 1985
Dr Benjamin Sheares 2nd President of Singapore
2 January 1971
12 May 1981 †
 King Edward VII College of Medicine,
Royal Postgraduate Medical School 		Obstetrics & Gynaecology Master of Medicine Physician, politician Medical practitioner and professor [42]
Devan Nair 3rd President of Singapore
23 October 1981
28 March 1985 ††
 Victoria School
—
 Senior Cambridge Certificate Politician Member of Parliament [43]
Wee Chong Jin Acting President of Singapore
29 March 1985
31 March 1985
 St John's College, Cambridge Legal studies B. A. (Hons) Lawyer 1st Chief Justice of Singapore [44]
Wee Kim Wee 4th President of Singapore
2 September 1985
1 September 1993
 Outram School
—
—
 Journalist, diplomat Ambassador to South Korea [45]
Ong Teng Cheong 5th President of Singapore
1 September 1993
31 August 1999
 University of Liverpool Urban Planning Master of Arts Architect Deputy Prime Minister [39]
S. R. Nathan 6th President of Singapore
1 September 1999
31 August 2011
 University of Malaya Social Studies Diploma Civil Servant Ambassador-at-Large [46]
Dr Tony Tan Keng Yam 7th President of Singapore
1 September 2011
31 August 2017
 University of Adelaide Applied Mathematics Doctor of Philosophy Politician Executive Director of the Government of Singapore Investment Corporation [47]
J. Y. Pillay Acting President of Singapore
1 September 2017
13 September 2017
 University of London Mechanical Engineering Bachelor of Science Civil servant Chairman of the Council of Presidential Advisers [48]
Halimah Yacob 8th President of Singapore
14 September 2017
13 September 2023
 National University of Singapore Legal Studies Master of Laws Politician Speaker of the Parliament of Singapore [49]
Tharman Shanmugaratnam 9th President of Singapore
14 September 2023
incumbent
 London School of Economics (BSc)
University of Cambridge (MPhil)
Harvard University (MPA) 		Economics Master of Arts Politician, economist Senior Minister [50]

Prime Minister

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The President of Singapore appoints the Prime Minister, a Member of Parliament (MP) who, in his or her opinion, is most likely to command the confidence of a majority of MPs. In practice, the Prime Minister is usually the leader of the majority party in the legislature. Executive authority is exercised by the Cabinet led by the Prime Minister of Singapore who is the head of government.

Name Title Term of office School Professional Training
or Discipline 		Highest Education Profession Position Prior to Appointment Ref
Took office Left office
Lee Kuan Yew 1st Prime Minister of Singapore
9 August 1965
28 November 1990
 Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge Legal Studies Bachelor of Laws Politician 1st Prime Minister of Singapore [38]
Goh Chok Tong 2nd Prime Minister of Singapore
28 November 1990
12 August 2004
 Williams College, Massachusetts Development Economics Master of Arts Politician Deputy Prime Minister [51]
Lee Hsien Loong 3rd Prime Minister of Singapore
12 August 2004
15 May 2024
 Harvard Kennedy School Public Administration Master of Arts Politician Deputy Prime Minister [52]
Lawrence Wong Shyun Tsai 4th Prime Minister of Singapore
15 May 2024
incumbent
 University of Wisconsin–Madison (BSc)
University of Michigan (MA)
Harvard University (MPA) 		Economics
Applied Economics
Public Administration 		Master of Arts
Master in Public Administration 		Politician Deputy Prime Minister

Reference

[edit]
  1. ^ "William Farquhar". nlb.gov.sg. 2016.
  2. ^ "John Crawfurd". nlb.gov.sg. 2018.
  3. ^ Prinsep, Charles Campbell (1885) Record of services of the Honourable East India Company's civil servants in the Madras presidency, from 1741 to 1858. London. Trübner. Page 57
  4. ^ "Robert Ibbetson". The Friends of Highland Road Cemetery. Retrieved 28 August 2019.
  5. ^ Corfield, Justin (2 December 2010). Historical Dictionary of Singapore. Scarecrow Press. pp. 212–213. ISBN 9780810873872.
  6. ^ a b Corfield, Justin (2 December 2010). Historical Dictionary of Singapore. Scarecrow Press, Inc. pp. 71–73. ISBN 9780810873872.
  7. ^ Corfield, Justin (2 December 2010). Historical Dictionary of Singapore. Scarecrow Press, Inc. pp. 79–81. ISBN 9780810873872.
  8. ^ "Local". Singapore Free Press and Mercantile Advertiser. 18 August 1859. p. 5.
  9. ^ Peter Boyce (1974). "Ord, Sir Harry St George (1819–1885)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Vol. 5. Retrieved 28 August 2019.
  10. ^ "Major General Archibald Edward Harbord Anson". 22 May 2004. Archived from the original on 2 February 2010.
  11. ^ Betty Malone (1969). "Clarke, Sir Andrew (1824–1902)]". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Vol. 3. Australian Dictionary of Biography. Retrieved 28 August 2019.
  12. ^ Winks, Robin. "Jervois, Sir William Francis Drummond (1821–1897)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. Retrieved 5 February 2013.
  13. ^ Crowley, F. K. (1976). "Robinson, Sir William Cleaver Francis (1834–1897)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Vol. 6. Australian National University. Retrieved 19 October 2018.
  14. ^ Graham, Jeanine. "Weld, Frederick Aloysius". Dictionary of New Zealand Biography. Ministry for Culture and Heritage. Retrieved 24 July 2013.
  15. ^ "Smith, Cecil Clementi (SMT859CC)". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge.
  16. ^ "Maxwell, William Edward".
  17. ^ "The New Governor". Daily Advertiser. 19 January 1894. p. 2.
  18. ^ "Frank Swettenham". nlb.gov.sg. 15 May 2014.
  19. ^ "85th Death Anniversary of Governor Sir John Anderson : A British Governor who loved Sri Lanka". Daily News. 26 March 2003. Archived from the original on 18 May 2010.
  20. ^ "Our New Colonial Secretary". The Singapore Free Press and Mercantile Advertiser. 29 June 1906. p. 2.
  21. ^ "Laurence Nunns Guillemard". nlb.gov.sg. 23 April 2014.
  22. ^ "Sir Hugh Charles Clifford". britannica.
  23. ^ "Death of John Scott". The Straits Times. 23 January 1946. p. 3.
  24. ^ "Cecil Clementi". nlb.gov.sg. 1999.
  25. ^ doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/32244
  26. ^ "Thomas, Thomas Shenton Whitelegge (THMS898TS)". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge.
  27. ^ "Odachi, Shigeo". National Diet Library. 2013. Archived from the original on 28 August 2019.
  28. ^ "Kanichi Naito Named Mayor Of Syonan". Syonan Shimbun. 20 July 1943. p. 1.
  29. ^ Heathcote (2002), p. 183
  30. ^ "GIMSON, Sir Franklin Charles". ukwhoswho. 1 December 2007.
  31. ^ "Mr. W. L. Blythe". Malaya Tribune. 18 January 1937. p. 19.
  32. ^ "John Fearns Nicoll". nlb.gov.sg. 2010.
  33. ^ "Sir Robert Black - Tough Scot sorting out the end of Britain's empire". The Guardian. 23 November 1999.
  34. ^ a b Rahman, Nor. "William A. C. Goode". NLB Infopedia.
  35. ^ a b "Yusof bin Ishak". nlb.gov.sg. 2016. Archived from the original on 4 September 2019.
  36. ^ "David Saul Marshall". nlb.gov.sg. 2008. Archived from the original on 21 July 2019.
  37. ^ "Lim Yew Hock". nlb.gov.sg. 2016. Archived from the original on 21 July 2019.
  38. ^ a b "Lee Kwan Yee". 23 March 2015. Archived from the original on 4 September 2019.
  39. ^ a b "Ong Teng Cheong". nlb.gov.sg. 15 February 2016. Archived from the original on 7 June 2019.
  40. ^ "Punch Coomaraswamy". nlb.gov.sg. 2016. Archived from the original on 6 September 2019.
  41. ^ "The Yeoh Family Of Ipoh". IpohWorld.org. Archived from the original on 5 September 2019.
  42. ^ "Benjamin Sheares". nlb.gov.sg. 2016. Archived from the original on 4 September 2019.
  43. ^ "Devan Nair". nlb.gov.sg. 2016. Archived from the original on 21 July 2019.
  44. ^ "Wee Chong Jin". nlb.gov.sg. 2016. Archived from the original on 4 September 2019.
  45. ^ "Wee Kim Wee". nlb.gov.sg. 2016. Archived from the original on 21 July 2019.
  46. ^ "S. R. Nathan". nlb.gov.sg. 2016. Archived from the original on 16 May 2019.
  47. ^ "Tony Tan Keng Yam". nlb.gov.sg. 3 October 2017. Archived from the original on 7 June 2019.
  48. ^ "J Y Pillay". nlb.gov.sg. 2016. Archived from the original on 5 September 2019.
  49. ^ "Halimah Yacob, trade unionist and first woman Speaker of Parliament". Singapore Women's Hall of Fame. Singapore Council of Women's Organisations. Archived from the original on 28 July 2017. Retrieved 28 July 2017.
  50. ^ "'It's not just about me': Tharman wins elections to become ninth president of Singapore". Asiaone. 2 September 2023. Archived from the original on 2 September 2023. Retrieved 2 September 2023.
  51. ^ "Goh Chok Tong". nlb.gov.sg. 17 October 2014. Archived from the original on 18 July 2019.
  52. ^ "Lee Hsien Loong to step down: From maths prodigy to Singapore's third prime minister". TODAY. 15 April 2024. Archived from the original on 16 April 2024.
[edit]

Singapore: The Encyclopedia. Singapore: EDM. 2006. ISBN 981-4155-63-2.

"Countries:Se-So - Rulers.org". Retrieved 17 April 2008.

WorldStatesmen - Singapore

Historical Dictionary of Singapore (Justin Corfield) ISBN 9780810873872


Category:Lists of people by educational affiliation

Category:Singapore-related lists|Heads of Colonial Singapore by education

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