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North American Sylva

Author	François André Michaux
Illustrators	Jacquinot, Lse. Fse. (French; née Louise Françoise Jacquinot; active Paris, 1789–1805), Pancrace Bessa (French; 1772–1846), Pierre-Joseph Redouté (Austrian Netherlands → present-day Belgium; 1759–1840), Henri-Joseph Redouté (fr) (Austrian Netherlands → present-day Belgium; 1766–1852), Antoine Ferdinand Redouté (Austrian Netherlands → present-day Belgium; 1756–1809), Adèle Riché (French; 1791–1878)
Language	French & English
Subject	Botany, Forestry
Published	First edition of v. 1 published by E.C. Biddle, Philadelphia, 1836.; Volumes 2-3 published by D. Rice and J.G. Clark, 1842-44.
Publication date	1810
Publication place	France & United States
Media type	Hardcover
OCLC	3331971

North American Sylva is the English title of the 1810 book set in three volumes – Histoire des Arbres Forestiers de l'Amérique Septentrionale, by François André Michaux (Pronounced → frahn-swah ahn-dray mee-show; 1770–1855) – translated in 1816. Michaux was a French botanist who, in this work, described trees, with illustrations, of North America.

History

Purpose

The period followed the French Revolution – in the throes of the Age of Reason, followed by Science in the Age of Enlightenment. France had plundered its forests for lumber used for, among other things, the construction of French Navy ships. Under the auspices of the King, France was keenly interested in finding other sources for lumber and whether there were superior trees to cultivate for ship building.

André Michaux (the Father)

Focus on Exploration and Practical Utility

André Michaux's work was primarily focused on the practical utility of the plants he encountered, driven by his commission from the French Crown. His publications were more utilitarian, aiming to catalog species that could be useful for purposes like shipbuilding or other economic applications.

Publishing Style

His major works, Histoire des Chênes de l'Amérique (1801) and Flora Boreali-Americana (1803) (published posthumously), were indeed scientific but were often more descriptive and practical. These publications were meant to document the species he discovered, with a focus on their uses and characteristics rather than a broader scientific inquiry into their ecological roles or evolutionary significance.

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1. Systematic Classification
• Taxonomy: André Michaux applied systematic botanical classification in his work. He used the Linnaean system of taxonomy, which was the dominant method of classifying plants at the time. This involved categorizing plants into genera and species based on their morphological characteristics (such as leaves, flowers, seeds, and overall structure). This method of classification was foundational to scientific botany.
• Descriptions: His works provided detailed descriptions of each plant species he encountered, including their physical characteristics, habitat, and any variations observed within the species. These descriptions were essential for the scientific identification and study of the plants.
2. Botanical Nomenclature
• Latin Names: Michaux assigned Latin binomial names to the plants he documented, following the conventions established by Carl Linnaeus. This naming practice was critical for the scientific community, as it provided a standardized way to refer to and study plants across different languages and regions.
• Original Descriptions: Some of the species Michaux described were new to science, meaning he was the first to document them formally. His work in naming and describing these new species contributed directly to the expansion of botanical knowledge.
3. Field Observations
• Ecology and Habitat: Michaux provided observations about the natural habitats and ecological conditions in which the plants grew. This included notes on soil types, climate conditions, and associated plant species. These ecological insights were valuable for understanding the natural distribution and potential cultivation of the plants.
• Distribution: His records included geographical information about where each species was found, often noting specific locations in North America. This contributed to biogeographical studies and helped map the distribution of species across different regions.
4. Utility and Application
• Economic and Practical Uses: While practical in focus, Michaux's works often included discussions on the potential uses of the plants, especially for timber, medicine, and other economic purposes. This aspect of his work, while applied, also intersected with scientific inquiry, particularly in the fields of economic botany and forestry.
5. Illustrations and Documentation
• Botanical Illustrations: The inclusion of color plates in his publications served a scientific purpose. These illustrations were not just artistic but were intended to be accurate visual representations that could be used for plant identification and study. They accompanied the descriptive text to provide a complete scientific documentation of the species.
6. Contributions to Botanical Science
• Flora Boreali-Americana (1803): This work, published posthumously, was a comprehensive catalog of plants collected by Michaux during his travels in North America. It was an important scientific contribution, providing European botanists with detailed information about the flora of a relatively unexplored continent. The work added many new species to the scientific record.

Audience

His work was aimed at both a scientific audience and practical users, such as those involved in forestry, agriculture, and industry.

François André Michaux (the Son)

Focus on Science and Broader Education

François André Michaux's work, while building on his father's discoveries, had a broader focus on scientific inquiry and education. His most famous publication, "North American Sylva" (1810-1813 in French, 1817-1819 in English), is a comprehensive botanical work that not only describes tree species but also delves into their ecology, growth patterns, and potential uses.

Publishing Style

François's publications were more aligned with what we now consider scientific works in the field of botany, falling squarely into the category of natural science. His approach was systematic, providing detailed descriptions, illustrations, and analyses that were intended for both scientific and educational purposes.

1. Systematic Classification
• Taxonomy: Like his father, François André Michaux employed the Linnaean system of taxonomy to classify the trees he studied in North America. His work continued the tradition of detailed classification, grouping trees into genera and species based on their morphological characteristics.
• Expansion of Knowledge: François expanded on his father’s work by documenting additional species and providing more comprehensive descriptions. His classifications were more refined, reflecting the advancements in botanical science that occurred between the time of his father’s work and his own.
2. Botanical Nomenclature
• Latin Binomials: François adhered to the practice of using Latin binomial nomenclature in his work, ensuring that the species he documented were universally recognized in the scientific community.
• Revisions and Updates: In some cases, François revised the classifications and names provided by his father, updating them based on new scientific knowledge or his own observations. This reflects a more mature scientific approach, incorporating ongoing developments in the field of botany.
3. Field Observations
• Ecology and Growth Conditions: François’s observations included detailed notes on the ecological conditions in which the trees thrived. He provided insights into soil preferences, climate tolerance, and the relationships between different species and their environments. His work often discussed the adaptability of North American trees to European climates, which was valuable for their potential cultivation abroad.
• Distribution and Habitat: François mapped the distribution of tree species across North America, providing more detailed and comprehensive geographic information than his father had. His work helped European botanists and horticulturists understand the regional variations in flora across the continent.
4. Utility and Application
• Economic Botany: François’s work had a strong focus on the economic potential of North American trees. He explored how various species could be used for timber, ornamentation, and other commercial purposes. His work was influential in promoting the cultivation of American species in Europe, where they were valued for both practical and aesthetic reasons.
• Cultivation Practices: François included practical advice on the cultivation of trees, reflecting a blend of scientific inquiry and practical application. He provided insights into which species were best suited for introduction into European gardens and forests, contributing to the field of horticulture.
5. Illustrations and Documentation
• High-Quality Color Plates: François’s North American Sylva featured detailed, hand-colored lithographs of the trees he described. These illustrations were scientifically accurate and served as essential tools for identifying species. The plates were often more sophisticated and artistically refined than those in his father’s publications, reflecting advancements in printing technology and a greater emphasis on scientific accuracy.
• Comprehensive Descriptions: His text was more extensive and detailed, providing in-depth descriptions of the physical characteristics of the trees, including leaves, bark, fruit, and growth habits. This level of detail made his work a crucial reference for botanists and foresters.
6. Contributions to Botanical Science
• North American Sylva (1810–1813 in French, 1817–1819 in English): François’s magnum opus was a comprehensive three-volume work that became a foundational text in the field of botany. It was highly regarded in both Europe and America and was used by scientists, horticulturists, and landowners. The work went through multiple editions and was expanded by other botanists in later years, attesting to its importance.
• Influence on Forestry and Horticulture: François’s work had a lasting impact on forestry and horticulture in Europe and North America. His recommendations for the cultivation of American trees in Europe led to the widespread introduction of species like the American Black Walnut and the Tulip Tree in European landscapes.
7. Scientific Inquiry and Legacy
• Broader Scientific Approach: François’s approach to botany was more systematic and comprehensive than his father’s, reflecting the evolution of the field into a more rigorous and professionalized science. His work bridged the gap between practical botany and scientific research, contributing to the development of forestry as a discipline.
• Educational Impact: François’s work was also educational, aimed at both a scientific audience and a broader public interested in natural history. His clear and accessible writing style, combined with the high-quality illustrations, made his work a valuable educational resource.

Audience

Elder André Michaux's work was directed toward practical users, particularly those involved in forestry, agriculture, and industry—especially shipbuilding for the French Royal Navy.

François André Michaux's work, North American Sylva, built on his father's discoveries but was broader in scope, encompassing more tree species from new regions. Notably, the descriptions in François’s work were more comprehensive, offering greater detail and a more systematic approach: (i) deeper descriptions of physical characteristics; (ii) ecological roles; (iii) growth patterns; (iv) potential uses; (v) cultivation practices; (vi) adaptability; and (vii) economic aspects related to construction, agriculture, and horticulture—initially focusing on cultivation in France and the rest of Europe.

The style of North American Sylva has been recognized for its accessibility on several levels. Unlike his father's works, North American Sylva was never published in Latin – the universal language for scholarly works in science, medicine, law, and theology at the time. Instead, it was published in the vernacular native languages of the publishers, first in French (1810), then in English (1818). Michaux's vernacular style balanced scientific precision with practical, educational content, making the work accessible to a broader audience.

Historical significance

Both André Michaux (1746–1802) and François André Michaux (1770–1855) were pioneers in applying the Linnaean system to the flora of North America. Their collective work — whether viewed together as a whole or on their own separate merits — stands as a significant scientific achievement that greatly contributed to the global cataloging and understanding of plant species. Their strict adherence to Linnaean taxonomy was not merely a formality; it was integral to a broader movement that transformed botany from a descriptive art into a rigorous science. This methodical approach ensured that their contributions had a lasting impact, influencing not only their contemporaries but also future generations of botanists. Their work also resonated beyond the scientific community, affecting educators, landowners, and others interested in the economic potential of North American trees. François’s writings, in particular, were more accessible to a broader audience and became influential in both Europe and America, making the knowledge of North American flora widely available and practically applicable.

North America

The Michauxs’ works were first published in the aftermath of the French Revolution (1789–1799), during the Age of Reason (late 17th to early 18th centuries) and the Age of Enlightenment (mid-17th to late 18th centuries)—periods when science, rational thought, and intellectual inquiry were highly valued across Europe, particularly in France. France, having depleted its forests for lumber used in the construction of French Navy ships, was in urgent need of new sources of timber. Under the auspices of King Louis XVI, André Michaux was sent to North America in 1785 with a mandate to identify superior tree species for cultivation, particularly those that could serve the shipbuilding industry.

Death of André's wife

André Michaux married Anne Cécile Claye (1749–1770) October 17, 1769. Nine months, four weeks, and two days later – August 16, 1770 – their only child, François André Michaux was born. Forty-nine days after giving birth, Anne Cécile Claye died.

Arrival in America

After André Michaux had returned from natural history work in Persia, King Louis XVI, in a July 18, 1785, brevet, appointed him Royal Botanist and sent him to America.

André Michaux arrived in New York October 1, 1775, with a gardener and his son, François André, then 14. His explorations continued for 15 years, until 1796, covering a vast range of the eastern United States. He founded a nursery at Hackensack, New Jersey.

Proposed expedition by Jefferson

In 1793, a decade before the Lewis and Clark Expedition, with no federal funding available, David Rittenhouse (1732–1796), President of the American Philosophical Society asked Thomas Jefferson to draw up a subscription agreement to raise funds to Explore the interior of North America, from the Mississippi River along the Missouri, and westward to the Pacific Ocean. Jefferson drafted a "subscription list" and invited influential, wealthy supporters to pledge specific amounts to finance the expedition. When the French botanist André (or Andrew) Michaux expressed interest in leading the exploration, Jefferson personally drafted the instructions (aka prospectus) for the project.

George Washington (1789–1797), while President, was the first supporter to sign the subscription list. Other signatory subscribers included:

1. U.S. President George Washington (1789–1797)
2. Vice President John Adams (1797–1801)
3. U.S. Senator from North Carolina Benjamin Hawkins (1754–1816)
4. U.S. Senator from South Carolina Ralph Izard (1741–1804)
5. Former U.S. Senator from North Carolina James Johnston (1742–1805)
6. U.S. Senator from Pennsylvania Robert Morris (1734–1806)
7. U.S. Senator from Maryland John Henry (Maryland politician) (1750–1798)
8. U.S. Senator from Massachusetts George Cabot (1751–1823)
10. U.S. Senator from New Jersey John Rutherford (born around 1760–1840)

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11. U.S. Secretary of War Henry Knox (1750–1806)
12. U.S. Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson (1801–1809)
13. U.S. Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton (1757–1804)
14. U.S. Senator from New York Rufus King (1755–1827)
15. Former New Hampshire President John Langdon (1741–1819)
16. U.S. Senator from Kentucky John Edwards (1748–1837)
17. U.S. Senator from Kentucky John Brown (1757–1837)
18. 1st Governor of Pennsylvania Thomas Mifflin (1744–1800)

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19. U.S. Congressman from Connecticut Jonathan Trumbull, Jr. (1740–1809)
20. U.S. Congressman from Virginia James Madison (1809–1817)
21. Former Delegate for South Carolina to the Confederation Congress and the Lawyer from Charleston, South Carolina John Parker (1759–1832)
22. U.S. Congressman from Virginia Alexander White (1738–1804)
23. U.S. Congressman from Virginia John Page (1743–1808)
24. U.S. Congressman from North Carolina John Baptista Ashe (1748–1802)
25. Former U.S. Congressman from Maryland William Smith (1728–1814)
26. U.S. Congressman from Connecticut Jeremiah Wadsworth (1743–1804)
27. U.S. Congressman from Virginia Richard Bland Lee (1761–1827)
28. Pennsylvania State Representative Thomas Fitzsimons (1741–1811)
29. U.S. Congressman from Virginia Samuel Griffin (1746–1810)
30. U.S. Congressman from Virginia William Branch Giles (1762–1830)
31. U.S. Congressman from Pennsylvania John Wilkes Kittera (1752–1801)

According to presidential historian Michael Edward Purdy (1954–2023), this stand as the only document of any kind signed by the first four presidents. Washington pledged $100 — more than any of the other 30 subscribers. Jefferson pledged $50, Adams and Madison each pledged $20. According to presidential historian Michael Edward Purdy (1954–2023), this subscription document is unique as it is the only one signed by the first four presidents.

Ultimately, the expedition never took place.

Clay Jenkinson posits, "if the new French Republic had not sent the volatile and irresponsible Citizen Genêt (1763–1834) to the United States in 1793, André Michaux might have ascended the Missouri River to its source in 1793, crossed the Rocky Mountains, and made his way to the Pacific".

Shipwreck

On August 13, 1796, André Michaux departed Charleston for Amsterdam aboard a sailing vessel, embarking on a journey that would typically take about 4 to 6 weeks, depending on weather conditions. The voyage was reportedly uneventful – until, in early October, a violent storm struck and the ship ran aground wrecked off the northern coast of Holland, often described as being near the Texel Island. Much of Michaux’s cargo, including his trunks, were washed overboard along with the upper decking, masts, and sails. Michaux was rendered unconscious and later awoke in a bed with no recollection of how he had been rescued. Although most of his personal belongings, including a cage of birds, were lost to the sea, his plants survived, and many of his valuable papers and journals were recovered. However, many of his seeds were lost or destroyed; parts of his journal-records from the years 1785, 1786, and 1790, were destroyed; and his herbarium was badly damaged by salt water.

After André Michaux's death

After dying in 1802, his son, François André Michaux, expanded upon this work after his father’s death in 1802, conducting further explorations in North America from 1802 to 1803 and producing his most notable work, North American Sylva (first published in French in 1810–1813; first published in English in 1817–1819). His work was broader in scope, encompassing more tree species from new regions and offering more comprehensive descriptions. The Michauxs' contributions coincided with other significant explorations, such as the Lewis and Clark Expedition (1804–1806), which captured the imagination of Europeans and Americans alike and reflected the era's spirit of discovery.

The Age of Enlightenment, which influenced the Michauxs' work, was characterized by a focus on reason, science, and intellectual exchange. While it was a European-wide movement, with significant contributions from French philosophers like Voltaire, Rousseau, and Diderot, it also had a profound impact on the American intellectual landscape, influencing figures like Thomas Jefferson and Benjamin Franklin. Thomas Jefferson (1743–1826) – 2nd United States Minister to France from 1785 to 1789 and Secretary of State from 1793 to 1793, and Benjamin Franklin took a keen interest in Michaux's work, recognizing the potential economic and scientific value of the botanical knowledge being uncovered. Jefferson, in particular, was involved in the promotion of botanical exploration in America and valued the Michauxs' contributions to understanding North American flora.

The Michauxs’ work was not just about documenting the unknown flora; it was part of a larger narrative of exploration, economic expansion, and scientific inquiry during a time when North America was still largely mysterious and untapped. Their research and publications contributed to the transatlantic exchange of knowledge and resources, helping to shape both European and American approaches to forestry, agriculture, and horticulture.

Background

Michaux, having been accompanied by his father André Michaux (1746–1802), was dispatched by France to the United States in the early 19th century primarily to identify trees suitable for cultivation in France. André's works were published in Latin in 1801, Histoire des Chênes de l'Amérique ou Déscriptions et Figures de Toutes Espèceset Variétés des Chênes de l'Amérique Septentrionale [The Oaks of North America], and posthumously in Latin in 1803, Flora Boreali-Americana [The Flora of North America], in two volumes.

John Jay Smith, in the preface of F.A. Michaux's 1953 edition, stated, "The Foundation of the North American Sylva, was laid by the laborious researches of the elder Michaux [that is, André Michaux, father of François André Michaux]".

François holds the distinction of authoring the first published flora of the North America. André is the namesake of the Michaux State Forest in Pennsylvania. Both men belonged to the American Philosophical Society.

François Michaux departed America permanently in 1808 and settled in Paris, dedicating himself to refining his seminal manuscript. Titled the North American Sylva, the work was initially published in French across three volumes in Paris between 1810 and 1813, later translated and published in English in 1819, also in Paris. During one of his journeys, William Maclure (1763–1840) encountered Michaux in Paris and upon arriving in New York in July 1825, Maclure corresponded with his friend Benjamin Silliman (1779–1864), the founder of the American Geological Society.

Having purchased the original copperplates derived from artworks by Pierre-Joseph Redouté (1759–1840) and Pancrace Bessa (1772–1846), Maclure asserted that no further editions could be produced in France. His aim was to issue a new American edition, evident from the prospectus issued as early as 1828. This document proposed the publication of Michaux's "Sylva Americana",' a title in Latin never appearing on any title page. The prospectus reiterated Maclure's previous communications to Silliman, adding that his intention was not only to distribute the copies acquired from Michaux but also to produce a new edition. With full ownership of the copper plates capable of printing thousands of copies, Maclure planned a subscription-based release in installments of five plates, each colored true to nature, at one dollar per installment. Additionally, he intended to include several tree species omitted by Michaux to enhance the work's completeness, planning to commence publication upon securing one hundred subscribers.

Maclure's pessimistic forecast regarding the extinction of native North American trees proved unfounded, despite his observations of trees being regularly felled for agriculture and construction. Notably, every American tree species described by Michaux remains extant in the wild, with the exception of Franklinia, a species Michaux himself had never encountered outside of cultivated gardens.

The North American Sylva represented a significant undertaking at New Harmony, distinguished by its comprehensive scope and extensive content. Unlike other works printed there, it was appealing for early printing due to its completed text and prepared engraved plates ready for printing.

In a letter dated January 2, 1829, Marie Duelos Fretageot, Maclure's agent, detailed the initial preparations for printing the Sylva, writing to Maclure who had relocated to Mexico due to his dissatisfaction with the climate in southwestern Indiana.

1842 edition

"The second part of the first volume was published in 1843. — Michaux's work was first published in French, in 1810, translated into English by August Lucas Hillhouse (1791–1859), and published with the same plates in Paris, in 1819. — Not long after, the remaining copies and coppers, were purchased by Mr. Maclure, and sent to the United States. Id 1840, a new edition of the English translation was printed at New Harmony, on very bad paper, and with a worn out type, and, contrary to the intentions of Mr. Maclure, put at so high a price, that few copies were sold. — Latterly, all the remaining copies were destroyed by a fire on the premises where they were stored. — The present work is intended to be a continuation or rather completion of that work, containing all the trees and shrubs which were omitted by Michaux, or have been discovered since. But Mr. Nuttall having returned to England to take possession of an ample family inheritance, it is to be feared that the work will not be completed, notwithstanding that he committed the whole of the manuscript to the hands of the publisher, before be left the United States. — The paper and typography of this part are good, and the coloured lithographic plates respectable ; it is therefore to be hoped, that the publisher will find sufficient encouragement to go on with it".

Background

The Scottish merchant and philanthropist William Maclure joined the Owenite (utopian) colony at New Harmony in the 1820s, bringing with him a band of scientists and intellectuals from Philadelphia, including the ichthyologist Charles Alexandre Lesueur (1778–1846) and the entomologist and conchologist Thomas Say (1787–1834).

"Maclure supported their work in New Harmony and bought a small hand-press on which, between 1827 and 1843, were printed the monographic publications of Say and Lesueur as well as some of his own works and two by David Dale Owen, one of the sons of Robert Owen, who became a celebrated geologist. The most notable work to come off Maclure's press was the first American edition of François André Michaux's North American Sylva. Maclure had bought the remaining copies of the Paris edition himself, together with the original copper plates, while he was living in France in 1824".

The title-pages indicate that the Harmonists intended to add the three supplemental volumes by Thomas Nuttall,

"but these were not in fact printed with this edition. It was not until 1842–1849 that the three volumes by Nuttall were published in Philadelphia, each by a different publisher. It seems odd for Amphlet[t] to have included a mention ... but he clearly thought that he would have Nuttall's manuscript in hand before he completed the New Harmony edition"

The work proceeded slowly, and the first of the two volumes was completed in 1841 and the second in 1842, according to the existing title page dates. Some copies were sent to Judah Dobson (1792–1850), the Philadelphia bookseller. The title page of the New Harmony edition announces a supplement to the work with additions of western trees by Thomas Nuttall, the English plant explorer, but in fact none of Nuttall's work appears in the New Harmony edition. The unbound sheets, enough for 381 copies, were stored in Alexander Maclure's house in New Harmony and there on the night of January 21, 1844, they were destroyed by fire. As a result, the New Harmony edition of Michaux's Sylva is a very rare work indeed, and only a few copies survive in American libraries.

Selected discoveries by André Michaux

• Magnolia cordata (cucumber tree), a rare tree discovered in 1787 during André Michaux's exploration of the coastal regions of Georgia, was long sought after by prominent botanists – including Asa Gray (1810–1888) and Charles Sprague Sargent (1841–1927) – but they were unable to locate it. During the construction of a road through Goshen Plantation near Augusta, it was re-discovered around 1914 and brought to Berckmans Nursery (Louis Berckmans; 1801–1893) for verification.
• Calycanthus (sweet shrub), discovered on the same trip as above
• Nyssa (plant) (gum), discovered on the same trip as above
• Oconee Bell, honors its bell-like shape and the area in which it was first discovered by French botanist Andre Michaux in 1788 in Oconee County, South Carolina near present-day Devils Fork State Park, the species was collected by Michaux and stored in an herbarium in France, not to be rediscovered in the wild for nearly a century.

Editions

Micheax, in 1810, completed Histoire des Arbres Forestiers de l'Amérique Septentrionale and first published it in twenty-four parts, issued in pairs from July 1810 to March 1813, before being collected into three volumes. An English edition of the Sylva was originally planned in six half-volumes, but a seventh was added to help accommodate the extra plates and the corresponding text.

Illustrators

Engravers

Color stipple engravings by:

• Marie Joseph Bessin (wikidata Q90025549) (French; 1765–1838)
• Georges François Marie Gabriel (1775–1865)
• Jean-Augustin Renard (fr) (French; 1744–1807)
• P.A. Cally
• Pierre-Jean Boquet (wikidata Q20049231) (see Boquet family) (French; 1751–1817), student of Auguste-Xavier Leprince (1799–1826)

Félix Boquet (1852–1929)

• Du Breuil

Dubreuil, C. engraver

Boquet's younger brother: 40 jours d’incendie des habitations de la plaine du Cap Français

Passage Des Onze Jours de Pillage de la Ville du Cap is the work of J.L. Boquet, the same French painter who created one of most striking images featured in the New York Times' recent in-depth coverage of the Haitian debt in the years following the Haitian Revolution (1791-1804). Both the JCB’s and the NYT-featured image, a print entitled “Vue des 40 jours d'incendie des habitations de la plaine du Cap Français,” were based on paintings Boquet created during the years he lived in Cap Français (today Cap Haïtien), which included the early years of the Haitian Revolution.

Boquet made at least three paintings of the explosive events of the Haitian Revolution as they were taking place, and before he lost almost everything and returned to France in the 1790s. All three paintings were later engraved by Jean-Baptiste Chapuy, and there is evidence that the three prints were then hand-colored and sold together as a set as early as 1799.

• Jean Nicolas Joly (French; 1774–1836)

Artists

• Jacquinot, Lse. Fse. (French; née Louise Françoise Jacquinot; active Paris, 1789–1805)

Botanical illustrations by:

• Pancrace Bessa (wikidata Q2559115) (French; 1772–1846), student of Gerard van Spaendonck (1746–1822) and Pierre-Joseph Redoute
• Pierre-Joseph Redouté (wikidata Q551638) (Austrian Netherlands → present-day Belgium; 1759–1840), older brother of Henri-Jospeh
• Henri-Joseph Redouté (fr) (wikidata Q3130410) (Austrian Netherlands → present-day Belgium; 1766–1852), younger brother of Pierre-Joseph
• ??? Antoine Ferdinand Redouté (wikidata) (Austrian Netherlands → present-day Belgium; 1756–1809), older brother of Pierre-Joseph and Henri-Joseph
• Adèle Riché (wikidata Q18615871) (French; 1791–1878)

Haussmann address

• de l'imprimerie

Rue de la Harpe no. 80

De l'imprimerie de d'Hautel, rue de La Harpe, n°. 80

Imprimiérie de Marchand du Breuil, rue de la Harpe, n°. 80

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• Goguet, Antoine-Yves (1716–1758) [in French]. De l'origine des lois, des arts et des sciences, et de leurs progrès chez les anciens peuples [On the Origin of Laws, Arts and Sciences, and Their Progress Among Ancient Peoples].{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)

• d'Hautel, Charles-Louis (1780–1843) (1808). Dictionnaire du bas-langage, ou, Des manières de parler usitées parmi le peuple : ouvrage dans lequel on a réuni les expressions proverbiales, figurées et triviales, les sobriquets, termes ironiques et facétieux, les barbarismes, solécismes et généralement les locutions basses et vicieuses que l'on doit rejeter de la bonne conversation [Dictionary of Low Language, or, Manners of Speaking Used Among the People: Work in Which We Have Gathered Together Proverbial, Figurative and Trivial Expressions, Nicknames, Ironic and Facetious Terms, Barbarisms, Solecisms and Generally the Low and Vicious Expressions That We Must Reject From Good Conversation].{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) LCCN 06-21685; OCLC 1287885338 (all editions) & 1045589167.

De l'Imprimerie de L. Haussmann

Paris,

d'Hautel, rue du Bac, n°. 122, près les Missions.

F. Schoell, rue des Fossés-S.-G.-l'Auxerrois, n°. 29. → Frédéric Schoell (fr) (1766–1833)

1. Vol. 1 – via Internet Archive (Wellcome Library).
2. Vol. 1 – via Google Books (Oxford University).
3. Vol. 2 – via Internet Archive (Oxford University).
4. Vol. 2 – via Google Books (Oxford University).

Translation

Michaux's Histoire des chênes de l'Amérique was first translated from French to English (North American Sylva) in 1817 by Augustus Lucas Hillhouse (1792–1859).

Histoire des Arbres Forestiers de l'Amérique Septentrionale (French eds.)

• Michaux, F. Andrew (François André) (1777–1855). Histoire des Arbres Forestiers de l'Amérique Septentrionale: Considérés Principalement sous les Rapports de Leur Usage dans les Arts et de Leur Introduction dans le Commerce, Ainsi que d'Après les Avantages qu'Ils Peuvent Offrir aux Gouvernemens en Europe et aux Personnes Qui Veulent Former de Grandes Plantations [History of the Forest Trees of North America: Considered Mainly in Relation to Their Use in the Arts and Their Introduction Into Commerce, as Well as From the Advantages Which They Can Offer to Governments in Europe and to People Who Want to Form Large Plantations] (in French).{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)

L. Haussmann and d'Hautel, Paris (3 Vols.)
1. Vol. 1. 1810 – via Internet Archilve (John Carter Brown Library).
2. Vol. 1. 1810 – via Google Books (Harvard).
3. Vol. 1. 1810 – via Google Books (Austria).
4. Vol. 1. 1810 – via Google Books (Austria).
5. Vol. 1. 1810 – via Google Books (Lyon Public Library).
6. Vol. 2. 1811 – via Internet Archive (Harvard).
L. Haussmann, Paris (3 Vols.)
1. Vol. 2. 1812 – via HathiTrust (Astor Library).
2. Vol. 2. 1812 – via Internet Archive (Pittsburgh).
3. Vol. 2. 1812 – via Internet Archive (John Carter Brown Library).
4. Vol. 2. 1812 – via Google Books (Austria).
5. Vol. 2. 1812 – via Google Books (Astor Library).
6. Vol. 2. 1812 – via Google Books (Austria).
7. Vol. 2. 1812 – via Google Books (Lyon Public Library).
8. Vol. 1. 1813 – via Internet Archive (Pittsburgh).
9. Vol. 1. 1813 – via Internet Archive (Alberta).
10. Vol. 2. 1813 – via Internet Archive (Alberta).
11. Vol. 2. 1813 – via Google Books (Harvard).
12. Vol. 3. 1813 – via HathiTrust (Astor Library).
13. Vol. 3. 1813 – via Internet Archive (Pittsburgh).
14. Vol. 3. 1813 – via Google Books (Astor Library).
15. Vol. 3. 1813 – via Google Books (Harvard).
16. Vol. 3. 1813 – via Google Books (Austria).
17. Vol. 3. 1813 – via Google Books (Austria).

North American Sylva (translated English eds.)

• Michaux, F. Andrew (François André) (1777–1855). The North American Sylva, or a Description of the Forest Trees of the United States, Canada and Nova Scotia: Considered Particularly With Respect to Their Use in the Arts, and Their Introduction Into Commerce: To Which Is Added a Description of the Most Useful of the European Forest Trees: Illustrated by 156 Coloured Engravings. Translated by Augustus Lucas Hillhouse (1792–1859).{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) LCCN 05-23522; ISBN 978-0-6653-8578-0, 0-6653-8578-1; OCLC 243557555 (all editions).

C. d'Hautel (Charles-Louis d'Hautel; 1780–1843), Paris (3 Vols.)
1. Vol. 1. 1817 – via Google Books (British Library).
2. Vol. 2. 1818 – via HathiTrust (Harvard).
3. Vol. 2. 1818 – via Google Books (British Library).
1. Vol. 1. 1819 – via HathiTrust (Harvard).
2. Vol. 1. 1819 – via HathiTrust (Michigan).
3. Vol. 1. 1819 – via HathiTrust (Alberta).
4. Vol. 1. 1819 – via Internet Archive (Alberta).
5. Vol. 1. 1819 – via Internet Archive (Harvard).
6. Vol. 1. 1819 – via Internet Archive (Pittsburgh).
7. Vol. 1. 1819 – via Google Books (Harvard).
8. Vol. 1. 1819 – via Google Books (Michigan).
9. Vol. 2. 1819 – via HathiTrust (Alberta).
10. Vol. 2. 1819 – via Internet Archive (Pittsburgh).
11. Vol. 3. 1819 – via HathiTrust (Harvard).
12. Vol. 3. 1819 – via Internet Archive (Pittsburgh).

Added: 122 Finely Coloured Plates by Thomas Nutterall, F.L.S.

• Michaux, F. Andrew (François André) (1777–1855). The North American Sylva; Or, a Description of the Forest Trees of the United States, Canada, and Nova Scotia ("The Whole Forming Six Volumes, and Comprising 278 Plates"). 122 Finely Coloured Plates by Thomas Nutterall, F.L.S.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) LCCN s180-32

J. Dobson (Judah Dobson; 1792–1850), 106 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia (3 Vols.)
Printed by William Amphlett, New Harmony, Indiana
Revised English translation by Hillhouse
The 1841 edition, printed in New Harmony, was the first truly American edition, albeit a reprint of the Paris edition using the original engraved copper plates. William Maclure had acquired the plates during a trip to Paris with the intention of producing an American edition. Hillhouse, in the 1841 edition, revised the English translation and the title page announced three supplemental volumes (fourth, fifth, and sixth) by Thomas Nuttall that describe trees from the "Trans-Mississippi" region, the Rocky Mountains, and the western United States.
1. Vol. 1. 1841: Plates 1–50 – via HathiTrust (NYPL).
2. Vol. 1. 1841: Plates 1–50 – via Google Books (NYPL).
3. Vol. 2. 1841: Plates 51–100 – via HathiTrust (NYPL).
4. Vol. 2. 1841: Plates 51–100 – via Google Books (NYPL).
5. Vol. 3. 1842: Plates 101–156 – via HathiTrust (NYPL).
6. Vol. 3. 1842: Plates 101–156 – via Google Books (NYPL).
New (1850) → With Notes by J. Jay Smith (né John Jay Smith; 1798–1881)
Robert P. Smith (Robert Pearsall Smith; 1827–1898), Philadelphia
G.P. Putnam (George Palmer Putnam; 1814–1872), New York
Kite & Walton, Printers
1. Vol. 1. 1850 – via HathiTrust (Alberta).
2. Vol. 1. 1850 – via Google Books (British Library).
3. Vol. 2. 1850 – via HathiTrust (Alberta).
4. Vol. 3. 1850 – via HathiTrust (Alberta).
Robert P. Smith, 15 Minor Street, Philadelphia, Publisher
Kite & Walton, Printers
1. Vol. 2. 1852 – via HathiTrust (NYPL).
2. Vol. 2. 1852 – via Google Books (NYPL).
Robert P. Smith (Robert Pearsall Smith; 1827–1898), Philadelphia
Kite & Walton, Printers
1. Vol. 1. 1853 – via HathiTrust (NYPL).
2. Vol. 1. 1853 – via Internet Archive (Smithsonian).
3. Vol. 1. 1853 – via Google Books (Harvard).
4. Vol. 2. 1853 – via HathiTrust (NYPL).
5. Vol. 2. 1853 – via Internet Archive (Smithsonian).
6. Vol. 3. 1853 – via Internet Archive (Smithsonian).
7. Vol. 3. 1853 – via Google Books (Harvard).
Robert P. Smith, Philadelphia
1. Vol. 1. 1855 – via HathiTrust (NYPL).
2. Vol. 1. 1855 – via Google Books (NYPL).
3. Vol. 2. 1855 – via HathiTrust (NYPL).
4. Vol. 2. 1855 – via Google Books (NYPL).
5. Vol. 3. 1855 – via HathiTrust (NYPL).
6. Vol. 3. 1855 – via Google Books (NYPL).
D. Rice & A.N. Hart (Daniel Rice) (Aaron North Hart; 1813–1883), 27 Minor Street, Philadelphia (3 Vols.)
1. Vol. 1. 1857 – via HathiTrust (Michigan).
2. Vol. 2. 1857 – via HathiTrust (Michigan).
3. Vol. 2. 1857 – via Google Books (Michigan).
4. Vol. 3. 1857 – via HathiTrust (Michigan).
D. Rice & A.N. Hart, 525 Minor Street, Philadelphia (3 Vols.)
1. Vol. 1. 1859 – via HathiTrust (Michigan).
2. Vol. 1. 1859 – via Google Books (Harvard).
3. Vol. 1. 1859 – via Google Books (Michigan).
4. Vol. 1. 1859 – via Google Books (Harvard).
5. Vol. 2. 1859 – via HathiTrust (Michigan).
6. Vol. 2. 1859 – via Internet Archive (Harvard).
7. Vol. 2. 1859 – via Google Books (Harvard).
8. Vol. 2. 1859 – via Google Books (Michigan).
9. Vol. 3. 1859 – via HathiTrust (Michigan).
10. Vol. 3. 1859 – via Internet Archive (Michigan).
11. Vol. 3. 1859 – via Google Books (Michigan).
Rice, Rutter & Co. (William Rutter; 1830–1895), 525 Minor Street, Philadelphia (3 Vols.)
1. Vol. 1. 1865 – via Internet Archive (Pittsburgh).
2. Vol. 1. 1865 – via Internet Archive (Harvard).
3. Vol. 1. 1865 – via Internet Archive (USDA).
4. Vol. 1. 1865 – via Google Books (Harvard).
5. Vol. 2. 1865 – via Internet Archive (USDA).
6. Vol. 2. 1865 – via Internet Archive (Pittsburgh).
7. Vol. 3. 1865 – via Internet Archive (USDA).
8. Vol. 3. 1865 – via Internet Archive (Pittsburgh).
Wm. Rutter & Co., Seventh & Cherry Streets (Sherman's Building, 124 N. 7th), Philadelphia (3 Vols.)
1. Vol. 1. 1871 – via HathiTrust (Michigan).
2. Vol. 1. 1871 – via Google Books (Michigan).

New volumes by Nuttall (in English)

• Nuttall, Thomas. The North American Syvia; Or, a Description of the Forrest Trees of the United States, Canada, and Nova Scotia, Not Described in the Work of F. Andrew Michaux, and Containing All the Forest Trees Discovered in the Rocky Mountains, the Territory of Oregon, Down to the Shores of the Pacific, and Into the Confines of California, as Well as in Various Parts of the United States. Illustrated by 122 Colored Plates.

J. Dobson (Judah Dobson; 1792–1850), 106 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia (3 Vols.) OCLC 3187932, 84098858
1. Vol. 1. 1842 ("4th Vol. of Michaux & Nuttall's North America Sylva) – via HathiTrust (Alberta).
2. Vol. 1. 1842 ("4th Vol. of Michaux & Nuttall's North America Sylva) – via HathiTrust (NYPL).
3. Vol. 1. 1842 ("4th Vol. of Michaux & Nuttall's North America Sylva) – via Internet Archive (Alberta).
4. Vol. 1. 1842 ("4th Vol. of Michaux & Nuttall's North America Sylva) – via Google Books (NYPL).
Smith & Wistar, 15 Minor Street, Philadelphia (Vols. 4–6)
1. Vol. 2. 1849 ("6th Vol. of Michaux & Nuttall's North America Sylva) – via HathiTrust (Alberta).
2. Vol. 2. 1849 ("6th Vol. of Michaux & Nuttall's North America Sylva) – via HathiTrust (NYPL).
3. Vol. 2. 1849 ("6th Vol. of Michaux & Nuttall's North America Sylva) – via Google Books (British Library).
4. Vol. 2. 1849 ("6th Vol. of Michaux & Nuttall's North America Sylva) – via Google Books (NYPL).
5. Vol. 3. 1849 ("6th Vol. of Michaux & Nuttall's North America Sylva) – via HathiTrust (Alberta).
6. Vol. 3. 1849 ("6th Vol. of Michaux & Nuttall's North America Sylva) – via HathiTrust (NYPL).
7. Vol. 3. 1849 ("6th Vol. of Michaux & Nuttall's North America Sylva) – via Google Books (British Library).
8. Vol. 3. 1849 ("6th Vol. of Michaux & Nuttall's North America Sylva) – via Google Books (NYPL).
Robert P. Smith (Robert Pearsall Smith; 1827–1898), 15 Minor Street, Philadelphia (Vols. 4–6)
Kite & Walton, Printers
1. Vol. 1. 1852 ("4th Vol. of Michaux & Nuttall's North America Sylva) – via HathiTrust (Harvard).
2. Vol. 1. 1852 ("4th Vol. of Michaux & Nuttall's North America Sylva) – via Internet Archive (Harvard).
3. Vol. 2. 1852 ("5th Vol. of Michaux & Nuttall's North America Sylva) – via HathiTrust (Harvard).
4. Vol. 2. 1852 ("5th Vol. of Michaux & Nuttall's North America Sylva) – via Internet Archive (Harvard).
5. Vol. 2. 1852 ("5th Vol. of Michaux & Nuttall's North America Sylva) – via Google Books (Harvard).
6. Vol. 2. 1852 ("5th Vol. of Michaux & Nuttall's North America Sylva) – via Google Books (Harvard).
7. Vol. 3. 1852 ("6th Vol. of Michaux & Nuttall's North America Sylva) – via HathiTrust (Harvard).
8. Vol. 3. 1852 ("6th Vol. of Michaux & Nuttall's North America Sylva) – via Internet Archive (Harvard).
9. Vol. 3. 1852 ("6th Vol. of Michaux & Nuttall's North America Sylva) – via Google Books (Harvard).
10. Vol. 3. 1852 ("6th Vol. of Michaux & Nuttall's North America Sylva) – via Google Books (Harvard).
11. Vol. 3. 1852 ("6th Vol. of Michaux & Nuttall's North America Sylva) – via Google Books (Harvard).




Robert P. Smith (Robert Pearsall Smith; 1827–1898), 15 Minor Street, Philadelphia (Vols. 4–6)
R. Baldwin, London; H. Bossange, Paris; Perthes, Besser and Mauke, Hamburg

A re-print of the 1852 edition was destroyed by fire at the bindery in 1854. But, the copperplates, which were in another building, were preserved and were used in the later combined edition issued by Rice and Hart.

Philadelphia: D. Rice and A. N. Hart, 1857. Full dark brown morocco with embossed decoration to boards, 5 raised bands with debossed decoration and gilt particulars to spine. All edges gilt. Stated in the preface to this edition:

"The whole of the sheets of the last imprint were destroyed by a fire at the bindery, wither they had been sent for collation; but fortunately the French copper-plates were in another building. This has enabled the new publishers to issue the work in a much improved style, and has allowed for opportunity for additional notes and remarks".

Michaux's volumes contain 156 hand colored plates, all protected with tissue guards; and Nuttall's volumes contain 121 hand colored plates, also protected with tissue guards. Nuttall's title: The North American Sylva... and Nova Scotia, Not Described in the Work of F. Andrew Michaux, and Containing All the Forest Trees Discovered in the Rocky Mountains, the Territory of Oregon, Down to the Shores of the Pacific, and Into the Confines of California, as Well as in Various Parts of the United States. Firm gutters and hinges. A handsome and supple set. Foxing to frontispiece of Michaux volume 1.

1. Vol. 1. 1853 ("4th Vol. of Michaux & Nuttall's North America Sylva) – via HathiTrust (Alberta).
2. Vol. 1. 1853 ("4th Vol. of Michaux & Nuttall's North America Sylva) – via Internet Archive (Harvard).
3. Vol. 2. 1853 ("5th Vol. of Michaux & Nuttall's North America Sylva) – via HathiTrust (Alberta).
4. Vol. 2. 1853 ("5th Vol. of Michaux & Nuttall's North America Sylva) – via Internet Archive (Vancouver).
5. Vol. 3. 1853 ("6th Vol. of Michaux & Nuttall's North America Sylva) – via HathiTrust (Alberta).
6. Vol. 3. 1853 ("6th Vol. of Michaux & Nuttall's North America Sylva) – via Internet Archive (Vancouver).

Robert P. Smith (Robert Pearsall Smith; 1827–1898), 15 Minor Street, Philadelphia (Vols. 4–6)

1. Vol. 1. 1855 ("4th Vol. of Michaux & Nuttall's North America Sylva) – via HathiTrust (NYPL).
2. Vol. 1. 1855 ("4th Vol. of Michaux & Nuttall's North America Sylva) – via Google Books (NYPL).
3. Vol. 2. 1855 ("5th Vol. of Michaux & Nuttall's North America Sylva) – via HathiTrust (NYPL).
4. Vol. 2. 1855 ("5th Vol. of Michaux & Nuttall's North America Sylva) – via Google Books (NYPL).
5. Vol. 3. 1855 ("6th Vol. of Michaux & Nuttall's North America Sylva) – via HathiTrust (NYPL).

D. Rice & A.N. Hart, 27 Minor Street, Philadelphia (2 Vols.)

1. Vol. 1. 1857 ("4th Vol. of Michaux & Nuttall's North America Sylva) – via HathiTrust (Michigan).

D. Rice & A.N. Hart, 525 Minor Street, Philadelphia (2 Vols.)

1. Vol. 1. 1859 ("4th Vol. of Michaux & Nuttall's North America Sylva) – via HathiTrust (Michigan).
2. Vol. 1. 1859 ("4th Vol. of Michaux & Nuttall's North America Sylva) – via HathiTrust (Harvard).
3. Vol. 1. 1859 ("4th Vol. of Michaux & Nuttall's North America Sylva) – via Google Books (Michigan).
4. Vol. 2. 1859 ("5th Vol. of Michaux & Nuttall's North America Sylva) – via HathiTrust (Michigan).
5. Vol. 2. 1859 ("5th Vol. of Michaux & Nuttall's North America Sylva) – via Google Books (Michigan).

Rice, Rutter & Co., 525 Minor Street, Philadelphia (2 Vols.)

1. Vol. 1. 1865 ("4th Vol. of Michaux & Nuttall's North America Sylva) – via Internet Archive (Pittsburgh).
2. Vol. 1. 1865 ("4th Vol. of Michaux & Nuttall's North America Sylva) – via Google Books (Harvard).
3. Vol. 2. 1865 ("5th Vol. of Michaux & Nuttall's North America Sylva) – via Internet Archive (Pittsburgh).

Wm. Rutter & Co., Seventh & Cherry Streets (Sherman's Building), Philadelphia (2 Vols.)

1. Vol. 1. 1871 ("4th Vol. of Michaux & Nuttall's North America Sylva) – via HathiTrust (Vancouver).
2. Vol. 1. 1871 ("4th Vol. of Michaux & Nuttall's North America Sylva) – via Internet Archive (Vancouver).
3. Vol. 2. 1871 ("5th Vol. of Michaux & Nuttall's North America Sylva) – via HathiTrust (Vancouver).
4. Vol. 2. 1871 ("5th Vol. of Michaux & Nuttall's North America Sylva) – via Internet Archive (Vancouver).
5. Vol. 2. 1871 ("5th Vol. of Michaux & Nuttall's North America Sylva) – via Google Books (Iowa).

––––––––––––––––––––

Initial reception

"During twelve years he [Michaux] explored the regions of North America with the most commendable diligence, between the Gulf of Mexico and Hudson's Bay. The result of his minute and extensive inquiries makes a very important body of intelligence ... Michaux's work may be said to form an era in the botany of our country. It is made to conform to the Linnaean system. It facilitates exceedingly almost every inquiry into the history of our vegetables, both indigenous imported. It is the guide for surveying of our states and territories. With regions with an ease and advantage American Flora was published."

See also

• John C. Clark, Printer (biography)
• Michaux, F.A. (1810). North American Sylva, or, A description of the Forest Trees of the United States, Canada and Nova Scotia. Vol. 1. Paris: Printed by C. D'Hautel. Retrieved July 17, 2024 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.

Bibliography

References

Books, journals, magazines, websites, papers

• ProQuest 6135069

• Spero, Patrick Keho (born 1978) (September 17, 2024). The Scientist Turned Spy: André Michaux, Thomas Jefferson, and the Conspiracy of 1793. Jeffersonian America Series. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) LCCN 2024-5180 (ebook), LCCN 2024-5181; ISBN 978-0-8139-5218-5, 0-8139-5218-2; OCLC 1419875993 (all editions).

• Hoeniger, Judith F.M., PhD (née Judith Frances Moore Whitaker; 1924–1987) (1966). "Michaux, André". Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online (revised 1983). Vol. 5 (of 11). Halpenny, Francess Georgina CC FRSC (1919–2017), general editor. University of Toronto Press. pp. 1801–1820.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) Retrieved November 11, 2015. ISBN 0-8020-3398-9 (regular ed.; Vols. 1–11); ISBN 0-8020-3398-9 (Vol. 5); OCLC 22442973 (all editions) (print).

1. Online ed..
2. Via Internet Archive.
See Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Hoeniger was a Professor who researched Canadian Science, especially 19th Century Botany and Exploration. She a faculty member of the Department of Microbiology, University of Toronto. Her husband, Frederick David Julius Hoeniger (1921–2016) was a Shakespearian School at the University of Toronto. She was the sister of Canadian Army War Hero Denis Whitaker (1915–1901).

• Robbins, William Jacob, PhD (1890–1978); Howson, Mary Christine (married name as of 1960: Christine Roth; 1931–2017) (August 27, 1958). "André Michaux's New Jersey Garden and Pierre Paul Saunier, Journeyman Gardener". Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. 102 (4): 351–370. Retrieved August 24, 2024.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) ISSN 0003-049X (journal); OCLC 15556356 (all editions) (journal); JSTOR 985220 (article); OCLC 36099611, 9974170553 (article).

• Hyde, Elizabeth (2022). "André Michaux, Thomas Jefferson, and the 'Injunction of Science'". Transactions of the American Philosophical Society (contribution from University of Pennsylvania Press: "The Spirit of Inquiry in the Age of Jefferson"). 110 (2): 111–128. Retrieved August 23, 2024. OCLC 0065-9746 (journal); JSTOR 45400907 (article); OCLC 9771927932 (article); OCLC 1255522431 (original source).

• "Manuscript Subscription List Put Forward by Jefferson to Support a Proposed Scientific Expedition Under Andre Michaux". APS Legacy ID: 728.001 APSimg1138. American Philosophical Society Archives. 1793. Retrieved August 23, 2024.

Signatory parties:
1. George Washington (1732–1799)
2. John Adams (1797–1801)
3. Thomas Jefferson (1801–1809)
4. James Madison (1809–1817)
5. Alexander Hamilton (1757–1804)
6. Robert Morris (1734–1806)
1. Manuscript.

• "American Philosophical Society’s Instructions to André Michaux" (ca. April 30, 1793). APS Legacy ID: 728.001 APSimg1138. American Philosophical Society Archives. Retrieved August 23, 2024.

Original source: Catanzariti, John, ed. (1992). The Papers of Thomas Jefferson Vol. 25, 1 January – 10 May 1793. Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp. 624–626. JSTOR j.ctv346qmc (Vol. 25); ISBN 978-0-6911-8530-9, 0-6911-8530-1; OCLC 1043843969.
1. Transcription.

• Editorial Note: Jefferson and André Michaux’s Proposed Western Expedition Jefferson and André Michaux’s Proposed Western Expedition. Founders Online, National Archives. Founders Online.

Original source: Catanzariti, John, ed. (1992). The Papers of Thomas Jefferson. January 1, 1793 – May 10, 1793. Vol. 25. Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp. 75–81. JSTOR j.ctv346qmc (Vol. 25); ISBN 978-0-6911-8530-9, 0-6911-8530-1; OCLC 1043843969.

• Pluchet, Régis (December 1, 2004). "Michaux Mysteries Clarified". Castanea. Occasional Papers in Eastern Botany: No. 2. The Proceedings of the André Michaux International Symposium. 69(sp2). Southern Appalachian Botanical Society: 228–232. Retrieved August 21, 2024. LCCN agr3-700033; ISSN 0008-7475 (print); ISSN 1938-4386 (web); OCLC 183413013 (all editions); JSTOR 26797077; ProQuest 201690973.
  The author, Pluchet, is a great-great-great nephew of André Michaux

• Edwards, Sydenham Teast (1768–1819) (1815). "Magnolia Cordata". The Botanical Register: Consisting of Coloured Figures of Exotic Plants, Cultivated in British Gardens; With the History and Mode of Treatment (in Latin & English). 4. London: Printed for James Ridgway, Picadilly. Printed by S. Gosnell, London: 325–326.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)

• Arnold, Chester Arthur (1901–1977) (1969). Ewan, Joseph Andorfer (1909–1999) (ed.). A Short History of Botany in the United States. New York: Hafner Publishing Company. Retrieved August 21, 2024 – via Internet Archive (U.C. Santa Barbara).{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)

This book provides a detailed account of the history of botany in the United States and includes a discussion on the contributions of André and François André Michaux. Ewan highlights the Michauxs' role in cataloging North American flora and their influence on both European and American botanical science.

• Dupree, Anderson Hunter, PhD (1921–2019) (1957). Science in the Federal Government: A History of Policies and Activities to 1940. Cambridge: Belknap Press of the Harvard University Press. Retrieved August 21, 2024 – via Internet Archive (Purdue University).{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)

This book discusses the early contributions to American science, including the work of the Michauxs, and positions their contributions as foundational in the scientific study of North American flora.

• Stafleu, Frans Antonie (1921–1997); Cowan, Richard Sumner (1921–1997) (1981). Taxonomic Literature: A Selective Guide to Botanical Publications and Collections with Dates, Commentaries, and Types ("Michaux, André". pp. 456–459. "Michaux, Frangois-André". pp. 459–464. "Nuttall, Thomas". pp. 781–787). Vol. 3 "Lh–O" (2nd ed.). Utrecht: Bohn, Scheltema & Holkema. Retrieved August 21, 2024 – via Internet Archive (Smithsonian).{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)

This is a key resource in botanical literature that often references significant contributions by botanists like the Michauxs.

• "Local Intelligence" ... "Mr. James Gill Clark". Philadelphia Inquirer (obituary). Vol. 108. May 10, 1883. p. 3 (column 1; middle) – via Newspapers.com. Retrieved August 14, 2024.

1. Via Newspapers.com.
2. Via FultonHistory.com (PDF).

• Tyrrell, Katherine (January 2, 2019). "Botanical Art & Artists". London. Retrieved August 14, 2024. Website → www.botanicalartandartists.com OCLC 1087496769, 1090959807, 1155175339, and 1160184340.

• La Trotteur : ex France chevaline : organe spécial des courses au trot : paraissant samedis et les jours des courses au trot [La Trotteur: Ex France Chevaline: Special Organ for Trotting Races: Published on Saturdays and Trotting Race Days]. 1732.

• Très Belle Illustration Botanique Gravée en Couleurs et Rehaussée à la Main [Very Beautiful Botanical Illustration Engraved in Color and Enhanced by Hand].

• New Harmony Manuscripts, 1812–1871 (url is set to "Document View"). Cataloging completed May 15, 1951, at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign under the direction of [Professor] Arthur Eugene Bestor, Jr. [PhD] (1908–1994), by Ian Charles Cargill Graham [PhD → 1955] (1919–1976), and Josephine M. Elliott, (née Josephine Mirabella; 1912–2002). Indiana University.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link) Via IU Archives Online. OCLC 247391535.

1. New Harmony Manuscripts, 1812–1871: Document View.
1. New Harmony Correspondence, 1816.
2. Roger D. Branigin-Kenneth Dale Owen Collection, 1825-1896, (bulk 1825–1859).

• Amphlett, William (1773–1848) (ed.). The Disseminator of Useful Knowledge; Containing Hints to the Youth of the United States – From the "School of Industry" (semi-monthly). New Harmony, Indiana: William Maclure (1763–1840), publisher.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: editors list (link) LCCN sn82-15011, LCCN 2009-238907; OCLC 8807269 (all editions), OCLC 459796011 (all editions).

• Bacon, Leonard (1802–1881) (1833). Funeral Discourse, Pronounced at the Interment of the Hon. James Hillhouse, January 2, 1833 (pamphlet). First published in the Quarterly Christian Spectator, June 1833. New Haven: Baldwin & Ellis.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) OCLC 27417864.

1. Via Internet Archive (Library of Congress).
First published as: Art. IV. "Sketch of the Life and Character of the Hon. James Hillhouse. Quarterly Christian Spectator. Vol. 5, no. 2. June 1833. pp. 238–247 – via Google Books (Minnesota). LCCN sf88-93593; OCLC 08660240 (all editions), OCLC 567820858, 987641349.

• Bulletin des Lois du Royaume de France, X^e Série. Regne de Louis-Phillipe 1^er, Roi des Français [Bulletin of the Laws of the Kingdom of France, 10th Series. Reign of Louis-Phillipe I, King of the French]. Série 9. Partie Supplémentaire 10. Tome Dixième, Contesant Les Ordonnances de Intérèt Local Ou Particulier Publieés Pendant Le Deuxième Semestre de 1836. N^os 213 à 258 (in French). Paris: de l'Imprimerie Royale. March 1837. pp. 23–25. Retrieved July 17, 2024. ISSN 1272-6397; OCLC 24426150; OCLC 1411824 (all editions).

1. Via Google Books (Ghent University).

• Bacon, Leonard, D.D. (1802–1881) (June 1859). "James Hillhouse". American Journal of Education. 6 (17): 325–366.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) Retrieved July 13, 2024. ISSN 1077-7032; OCLC 9216534 (all editions) (journal).

1. Via Google Books (Cal Berkeley).

• Bacon, Leonard, D.D. (1802–1881) (1860). Sketch of the Life and Public Services of Hon. James Hillhouse of New Haven; With a Notice of His Son, Augustus Lucas Hillhouse (from Henry Barnard's American Journal of Education).{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) Retrieved July 13, 2024. LCCN 17-23212; OCLC 1681992 (all editions).

1. Via Google Books (Cal Berkeley).

Rev. Leonard Bacon was a son of David Bacon (1771–1817).

• Bishop, John Leander (1820–1868) (1868). "John C. Clark, Philadelphia". A History of American Manufactures From 1608 to 1860 (3 Vols.) (3rd ed.). Philadelphia: Edward Young & Co. pp. 641–642.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) Retrieved July 14, 2024. LCCN 32-12896; OCLC 475807661 (all editions).

1. Vol. 1. Via Internet Archive (Trent University).
2. Vol. 1. Via Google Books (Harvard).

• Book review → "The North American Sylva; Or a Description of the Forest Trees of the United States, Canada, and Nova Scotia; Considered Particularly With Respect to Their Use in the Arts and Their Introduction Into Commerce. To Which Is Added a Description of the Most Useful European Forest Trees, Illustrated by 156 Colored Engravings by F. Andrew Michaux and J. Jay Smith". The North American Review. 86 (179). University of Northern Iowa: 359–368. April 1858. Retrieved July 14, 2024. ISSN 0029-2397 (journal); JSTOR 25107259 (article); OCLC 9970075451, 9969887203 (article).

1. Via Google Books (Bavarian State Library).

• Deleuze, Joseph-Philippe-François (1753–1835) (1804). "Notice Historique Sur André Michaux" [Historical Notice on André Michaux]. Annales du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Par Les Professeurs de Cet Etablissement – Ouvrage Orné de Gravures [Annals of the National Museum of Natural History, By the Professors of this Establishment – Work Decorated With Engravings]. 3. Year XII (1804) → [twelfth year of the French Republican calendar]. Paris: National Museum of Natural History: 191–227.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) ISSN 1256-2599; OCLC 9137885 (all editions); OCLC 1039516294 (all editions).

1. Via Google Books (National Museum of Natural History).

• Deleuze, Joseph-Philippe-François (1753–1835) (1805). "The Annotated Memoirs of the Life and Botanical Travels of André Michaux". Annals of Botany. 1. Originally in French: "Notice Historique Sur André Michaux". Translated by the editors, Charles Konig, FLS (1774–1851) and John Sims, FLS (1749–1831). London: R. Taylor and Co. (Richard Taylor; 1781–1858): 321–355.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) OCLC 1644096 (all editions) (journal).

1. Via HathiTrust (Harvard).
2. Via Internet Archive (Harvard).
3. Via Google Books (Michigan).

• Durand, Elias (1794–1873) (1860). "Biographical Memoir of the Late François André Michaux". Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, Held at Philadelphia, for Promoting Useful Knowledge. New Series. 11. American Philosophical Society, Publisher. William S. Young, Printer: xvii–xxviii. JSTOR 3231923. Retrieved July 13, 2024.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) LCCN 12-30301; ISSN 0065-9746; ISSN 2325-9264; OCLC 56728037 (all editions); OCLC 2382293 (all editions).

• Fretageot, Nora Chadwick (née Nora Chadwick; 1858–1937); Mangrum, William Valentine (1873–1966) (1914). Historic New Harmony: Official Guide (Centennial ed.).{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) Retrieved July 24, 2024. LCCN 14-13272; OCLC 6162640 (all editions).

1. Via Google Books (Columbia).

• Hillhouse Family Papers (MS 282). Series VIII (of 16): "Augustus Lucas Hillhouse (1791–1859), 1805–1859". Compiled by Bruce P. Stark, William E. Brown, Jr., and John Espy; revised in June 2022 by Michelle Peralta. Manuscripts and Archives, Yale University Library.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link) OCLC 1000596142 (all editions)

• James, Isabella (née Isabella Batchelder; 1810–1901) (February 1865). Fowler, John A. (1829–1911) (ed.). "Our American Sylva". The American Exchange and Review. 6 (6): 376–385.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) Retrieved July 24, 2024. LCCN 08-15182; OCLC 2790408 (all editions).

1. Via Google Books (Harvard).

Isabella James was the daughter of inventor Samuel Batchelder, Jr. (1784–1879) and wife of botanist Thomas Potts James (1803–1882).

• Journal of the House of Representatives of the United States, at the First Session of the Fifth Congress (The Twenty-First Year of the Independence of the United States. Speaker of the House, Jonathan Dayton, of New Jersey; Speaker pro tempore, George Dent, of Maryland, elected April 20, 1798; Clerk of the House, Jonathan William Condy, of Pennsylvania). Begun and Held at the City of Philadelphia, From May 15, 1797, to July 10, 1797. Philadelphia: Printed by W[illiam] Ross (1746–1829), near Congress Hall (152 pages). 1797. LCCN 15-14418; ISSN 2380-0828; ISSN 2380-0836; OCLC 62839051 (all editions).

1977 re-print: Michael Glazier, Inc. Wilmington, Delaware. LCCN 78-646662; OCLC 7387539, 7387515, 17155158; OCLC 4336198 (all editions).
1. Via Google Books (Stanford).

• Kane, Judge John Kintzing (1795–1858) (July–December 1856). "Stated Meeting, January 5". Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, Held at Philadelphia, for Promoting Useful Knowledge. 6 (56). American Philosophical Society, Publisher. John C. Clark & Son, Printer (John C. Clark & J. Ross Clark): 221–228.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) Retrieved July 13, 2024. LCCN 12-30301; ISSN 0065-9746; ISSN 2325-9264; OCLC 56728037 (all editions); OCLC 2382293 (all editions).
  John C. Clark (1787–1882) was a stepson of William Ross (1746–1829), printer for Library of Congress at the Loganian Library (1754–1776) – close to Independence Hall on 6th Street, Philadelphia. One of Clark's sons, John Ross Clark (1824–1891) was a partner. Hufnal, Kezia Ridgway (née Kezia Ridgway Bunting; 1859–1957) (1897). Register of Burials in the Grave Yards of the First Presbyterian Church, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Bank Street and Pine Street; 1808 to 1867 (Hufnal was Clerk and Transcriber of the Genealogical Society of Pennsylvania until December 1913). Genealogical Society of Pennsylvania.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) OCLC 866434627 (all editions).

1. Via Google Books (Harvard).

• McElroy’s Philadelphia City Directory for 18[XX]. Containing the Names of the Inhabitants of the Consolidated City, Their Occupations, Places of Business, and Dwelling Houses; A Business Directory; A List of the Streets, Lanes, Alleys, the City Offices, Public Institutions, Banks, Etc. Philadelphia: E.C. & J. Biddle & Co. Retrieved July 21, 2024.

1. 1860 (23rd ed.) – via Internet Archive (Philadelphia Museum of Art).
2. 1863 (26th ed.) – via Google Books (Bavarian State Library).

• MacPhail, Ian R. (1923–2014); Sutton, Marjorie (1931–2020) (June 1998). "William Maclure as Publisher in the New Harmony Reform Tradition". Indiana Magazine of History. 94 (2). Indiana University Press: 167–177.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) LCCN 06-24674 (journal); ISSN 0019-6673 (journal); JSTOR 27792091 (article); OCLC 9972692457, 55896370 (article).

1. Via Indiana University Press.

MacPhail, at the Morton Arboretum, was (a) Librarian from 1969 to 1985, (b) Research Fellow & Curator of Rare Books from 1985 to 1993 and (c) thereafter, Curator Emeritus of Rare Books. Sutton was formerly librarian at the Kingwood Center. She was the widow of Arthur Taylor Dickinson, Jr. (1925–1977), who had been Mansfield-Richland County Public Library Director from 1964 until his death.

• Michaux, André (1746–1802) (1801). Histoire des chênes de l'Amérique, ou, Descriptions et figures de toutes les espèces et variétés de chênes de l'Amérique septentrionale, considérées sous les rapports de la botanique, de leur culture et de leur usage [The Oaks of North America, or, Descriptions and Figures of All the Species and Varieties of Oaks of North America, Considered in Relation to Botany, Their Cultivation and Their Use] (in French). Paris: de l'Imprimerie de Chapelet. Year 9 of the French Revolutionary Calendar.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) Retrieved July 11, 2024. OCLC 6039463 (all editions).

1. Via Internet Archive (Austrian National Library).

• Michaux, André (1746–1802) (1803). Flora Boreali-Americana: Sistens Caracteres Plantarum Quas in America Septentrionali [Boreal-American Flora: Containing the Characters of the Plants Which He Collected and Discovered in North America] (11th year of the French Revolutionary Calendar). (2 Vols.) (in Latin). Paris: Apud fratres Levrault (The Levrault Brothers). Year 11 of the French Revolutionary Calendar.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) Retrieved July 11, 2024. OCLC 8753830 (all editions).

1. Vol. 1 – via Internet Archive (Missouri Botanical Garden).
2. Vol. 1 – via Google Books (Lyon Public Library).
3. Vol. 2 – via Google Books (Austrian National Library).

• Michaux, André (January–July 1889). "Portions of the Journal of André Michaux, Botanist, Written During His Travels in the United States and Canada, 1785 to 1796". Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, Held at Philadelphia, for Promoting Useful Knowledge (Read Before the American Philosophical Society, October 19, 1888). ("Journal de Andre Michaux. 2d Cahier. 1787 [2nd Notebook. 1787]. Avril, 1787") [in French]. 26 (129). Introduction and Explanatory Notes [in English] by Charles Sprague Sargent (1841–1927), ed. Philadelphia: Printed for the Society by Press of Mac Calla & Company: 1–145. Retrieved August 23, 2024. ISSN 0003-049X (journal); OCLC 15556356 (all editions), and 78808460, 9974522016 (article).

1. Via Internet Archive (Cal Berkeley).
2. Via Google Books (Illinois).

• Mitchell, Samuel L[atham]., M.D. (1764–1831) (1814). "A Discourse Delivered Before the New York Historical Society, at Their Anniversary Meeting, 6th December, 1813". Collections of the New York Historical Society. 2. Van Winkle and Wiley (printer): 151–215.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) ISSN 1050-608X; OCLC 795892758 (all editions) (journal); OCLC 1061275 (all editions) (article).

1. Via Google Books (NYPL).

• Pasko, Wesley Washington, Jr. (1840–1897), ed. (1894). American Dictionary of Printing and Bookmaking, Containing a History of These Arts in Europe and America, With Definitions of Technical Terms and Biographical Sketches. New York: Howard Lockwood & Co. p. 99.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: editors list (link) Retrieved July 14, 2024. LCCN 05-3663; OCLC 776258733 (all editions).

1. Via Google Books (NYPL).

• "Review: Book Review: The North American Sylva; Or a Description of the Forest Trees of the United States, Canada, and Nova Scotia, Considered Particularly With Respect to Their Use in the Arts, and Their Introduction Into Commerce; To Which Is Added a Description of the Most Useful of the European Forest Trees; Illustrated by 156 Colored Engravings". The North American Review. 59 (124). Boston: Otis, Broader, and Co.: 189–238 April 1858. JSTOR 25099735. Retrieved July 22, 2024. ISSN 2329-1907; ISSN 0029-2397; OCLC 9970075451.

1. Via Google Books (Bavarian State Library).

• "Review: The North American Sylva; Or a Description of the Forest Trees of the United States, Canada, and Nova Scotia; Considered Particularly with Respect to Their Use in the Arts and Their Introduction into Commerce. To Which Is Added a Description of the Most Useful European Forest Trees, Illustrated by 156 Colored Engravings by F. Andrew Michaux and J. Jay Smith". The North American Review. 86 (179). Boston: Crosby, Nichols, and Company: 359–368. April 1858. JSTOR 25107259. Retrieved July 22, 2024. ISSN 2329-1907; ISSN 0029-2397; OCLC 9969887203.

1. Via Internet Archive.
2. Via Google Books (Michigan).

• Rich, Obadiah (1777–1850), ed. (1835–1846). Bibliotheca Americana Nova: A Catalogue of Books in Various Languages, Relating to America, Printed Since the Year 1700, Including Voyages to the Pacific and Round the World and Collections of Voyages and Travels.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: editors list (link) Retrieved July 18, 2024.

1. Vol 2 (re-print). New York: Burt Franklin (1903–1972) (publisher). New York: Noble Offset Printers, Inc. (printer). pp. 363–364 – via Internet Archive (UC Irvine).
2. Vol 2. London: Rich and Sons. pp. 363–364 – via Google Books (NYPL).

• Sabin, Joseph (1821–1881), ed. (1880). Bibliotheca Americana: A Dictionary of Books Relating to America, From Its Discovery to Its Present Time (Sabin Bibliography No. 48695). New York: J. Sabin's Son.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: editors list (link) Retrieved July 18, 2024. LCCN 01-26958; OCLC 1204121 (all editions).

1. Vol 12: "Mémoire to Nederland". p. 138 – via Google Books (NYPL).

• Smith, John Jay (1798–1881) (1892). Recollections of John Jay Smith. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott Company.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) Retrieved July 14, 2024. OCLC 34843286 (all editions).

1. Smith, Elizabeth Pearsall (1825–1914). "In Memorandum. John Jay Smith" – via Google Books (University of Minnesota).{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
2. Via Google Books (University of Minnesota).

Elizabeth Pearsall Smith was John Jay Smith's daughter.

• Urban, Sylvanus (pseudonym of William Edward Flaherty), ed. (March 1858). "Obituary – Robert Baldwin, Esq". The Gentleman's Magazine and Historical Review. 204. Founding editor: Sylvanus Urban (pseudonym of Edward Cave; 1691–1754). London: John Henry and James Parker: 332–334. Retrieved July 13, 2024. OCLC 257459629 (all editions) (journal).

1. Via Internet Archive.
2. Via Google Books (University of Wisconsin, Madison).

Other books about Trees of North America

• Browne, Daniel Jay (1804–1867) (1846). The Trees of America: Native and Foreign, Pictorially and Botanically Delineated, and Scientifically and Popularly Described. New York: Harper & Brothers.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) OCLC 15867102 (all editions).

1. Via Google Books (Michigan).
2. Via Google Books (Harvard).

• The Trees of North America – Michaux and Redouté's American Masterpiece. Foreword by Gregory Long; Introduction by Marta McDowell; Preface by Susan M. Fraser; Afterword by David Allen Sibley. New York Botanical Garden: Abbeville Press. 2016 [2017; 2021].{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link) Retrieved July 15, 2024. LCCN 2016-36494; ISBN 978-0-7892-1276-4, 0789-2-1276-5; ISBN 978-0-7892-5458-0, 0-789-2-5458-1 (notecard set; 2021 ed.); OCLC 956584009 (all editions).

• Britton, Nathaniel Lord (1859–1934); Shafer, John Adolph (1863–1918) (1908). North American Trees; Being Descriptions and Illustrations of the Trees Growing Independently of Cultivation in North America, North of Mexico and the West Indies. New York: Henry Holt and Company.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) Retrieved July 15, 2024. OCLC 1033456 (all editions).

1. Via Internet Archive (University of Toronto).
2. Via Google Books (University of Michigan).

• Britton, Nathaniel Lord (1859–1934) (1901). Manual of the Flora of the Northern States and Canada. New York: Henry Holt and Company, Publisher. Robert Drummond, Printer.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) Retrieved July 15, 2024. LCCN 01-25513; OCLC 769535 (all editions).

1. Via Internet Archive (New York Botanical Garden).
2. Via Google Books (Harvard).