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North American Sylva is the English title of the 1810 book set in three volumes – Histoire des Arbres Forestiers de l'Amérique Septentrionale, by François André Michaux (Pronounced → frahn-swah ahn-dray mee-show; 1770–1855) – translated in 1816. Michaux was a French botanist who, in this work, described trees and forests of North America.

History

Purpose

The period followed the French Revolution – in the throes of the Age of Reason, followed by Science in the Age of Enlightenment. France had plundered its forests for lumber used for, among other things, the construction of French Navy ships. Under the auspices of the King, France was keenly interested in finding other sources for lumber and whether there were superior trees to cultivate for ship building.

Michaux, having been accompanied by his father André Michaux (1746–1802), was dispatched by France to the United States in the early 19th century primarily to identify trees suitable for cultivation in France. André's works were published in Latin in 1801, Histoire des Chênes de l'Amérique ou Déscriptions et Figures de Toutes Espèceset Variétés des Chênes de l'Amérique Septentrionale [The Oaks of North America], and posthumously in Latin in 1803, Flora Boreali-Americana [The Flora of North America], in two volumes.

John Jay Smith, in the preface of F.A. Michaux's 1953 edition, stated, "The Foundation of the North American Sylva, was laid by the laborious researches of the elder Michaux [that is, André Michaux, father of François André Michaux]".

François holds the distinction of authoring the first published flora of the North America. André is the namesake of the Michaux State Forest in Pennsylvania. Both men belonged to the American Philosophical Society.

François Michaux departed America permanently in 1808 and settled in Paris, dedicating himself to refining his seminal manuscript. Titled the North American Sylva, the work was initially published in French across three volumes in Paris between 1810 and 1813, later translated and published in English in 1819, also in Paris. During one of his journeys, William Maclure (1763–1840) encountered Michaux in Paris and upon arriving in New York in July 1825, Maclure corresponded with his friend Benjamin Silliman (1779–1864), the founder of the American Geological Society.

Having purchased the original copperplates derived from artworks by Pierre-Joseph Redouté (1759–1840) and Pancrace Bessa (1772–1846), Maclure asserted that no further editions could be produced in France. His aim was to issue a new American edition, evident from the prospectus issued as early as 1828. This document proposed the publication of Michaux's "Sylva Americana",' a title in Latin never appearing on any title page. The prospectus reiterated Maclure's previous communications to Silliman, adding that his intention was not only to distribute the copies acquired from Michaux but also to produce a new edition. With full ownership of the copper plates capable of printing thousands of copies, Maclure planned a subscription-based release in installments of five plates, each colored true to nature, at one dollar per installment. Additionally, he intended to include several tree species omitted by Michaux to enhance the work's completeness, planning to commence publication upon securing one hundred subscribers.

Maclure's pessimistic forecast regarding the extinction of native North American trees proved unfounded, despite his observations of trees being regularly felled for agriculture and construction. Notably, every American tree species described by Michaux remains extant in the wild, with the exception of Franklinia, a species Michaux himself had never encountered outside of cultivated gardens.

The North American Sylva represented a significant undertaking at New Harmony, distinguished by its comprehensive scope and extensive content. Unlike other works printed there, it was appealing for early printing due to its completed text and prepared engraved plates ready for printing.

In a letter dated January 2, 1829, Marie Duelos Fretageot, Maclure's agent, detailed the initial preparations for printing the Sylva, writing to Maclure who had relocated to Mexico due to his dissatisfaction with the climate in southwestern Indiana.

1842 edition

"The second part of the first volume was published in 1843. — Michaux's work was first published in French, in 1810, translated into English by August Lucas Hillhouse (1791–1859), and published with the same plates in Paris, in 1819. — Not long after, the remaining copies and coppers, were purchased by Mr. Maclure, and sent to the United States. Id 1840, a new edition of the English translation was printed at New Harmony, on very bad paper, and with a worn out type, and, contrary to the intentions of Mr. Maclure, put at so high a price, that few copies were sold. — Latterly, all the remaining copies were destroyed by a fire on the premises where they were stored. — The present work is intended to be a continuation or rather completion of that work, containing all the trees and shrubs which were omitted by Michaux, or have been discovered since. But Mr. Nuttall having returned to England to take possession of an ample family inheritance, it is to be feared that the work will not be completed, notwithstanding that he committed the whole of the manuscript to the hands of the publisher, before be left the United States. — The paper and typography of this part are good, and the coloured lithographic plates respectable ; it is therefore to be hoped, that the publisher will find sufficient encouragement to go on with it".

Background

The Scottish merchant and philanthropist William Maclure joined the Owenite (utopian) colony at New Harmony in the 1820s, bringing with him a band of scientists and intellectuals from Philadelphia, including the ichthyologist Charles Alexandre Lesueur (1778–1846) and the entomologist and conchologist Thomas Say (1787–1834).

"Maclure supported their work in New Harmony and bought a small hand-press on which, between 1827 and 1843, were printed the monographic publications of Say and Lesueur as well as some of his own works and two by David Dale Owen, one of the sons of Robert Owen, who became a celebrated geologist. The most notable work to come off Maclure's press was the first American edition of François André Michaux's North American Sylva. Maclure had bought the remaining copies of the Paris edition himself, together with the original copper plates, while he was living in France in 1824".

The title-pages indicate that the Harmonists intended to add the three supplemental volumes by Thomas Nuttall,

"but these were not in fact printed with this edition. It was not until 1842–1849 that the three volumes by Nuttall were published in Philadelphia, each by a different publisher. It seems odd for Amphlet[t] to have included a mention ... but he clearly thought that he would have Nuttall's manuscript in hand before he completed the New Harmony edition"

The work proceeded slowly, and the first of the two volumes was completed in 1841 and the second in 1842, according to the exist- ing title page dates. Some copies were sent to Judah Dobson, the Philadelphia bookseller. The title page of the New Harmony edition announces a supplement to the work with additions of western trees by Thomas Nuttall, the English plant explorer, but in fact none of Nuttall’s work appears in the New Harmony edition. The unbound sheets, enough for 381 copies, were stored in Alexander Maclure’s house in New Harmony and there on the night of January 21,1844, they were destroyed by fire. As a result, the New Harmony edition of Michaux’s Sylva is a very rare work indeed, and only a few copies survive in American libraries.

Editions

Micheax, in 1810, completed Histoire des Arbres Forestiers de l'Amérique Septentrionale and first published it in twenty-four parts, issued in pairs from July 1810 to March 1813, before being collected into three volumes. An English edition of the Sylva was originally planned in six half-volumes, but a seventh was added to help accommodate the extra plates and the corresponding text.

Illustrators

Engravers

Color stipple engravings by:

• Marie Joseph Bessin (wikidata Q90025549) (French; 1765–1838)
• Georges François Marie Gabriel (1775–1865)
• Jean-Augustin Renard (fr) (French; 1744–1807)
• P.A. Cally
• Pierre-Jean Boquet (wikidata Q20049231) (see Boquet family) (French; 1751–1817), student of Auguste-Xavier Leprince (1799–1826)

Félix Boquet (1852–1929)

• Du Breuil

Dubreuil, C. engraver

Boquet's younger brother: 40 jours d’incendie des habitations de la plaine du Cap Français

Passage Des Onze Jours de Pillage de la Ville du Cap is the work of J.L. Boquet, the same French painter who created one of most striking images featured in the New York Times' recent in-depth coverage of the Haitian debt in the years following the Haitian Revolution (1791-1804). Both the JCB’s and the NYT-featured image, a print entitled “Vue des 40 jours d'incendie des habitations de la plaine du Cap Français,” were based on paintings Boquet created during the years he lived in Cap Français (today Cap Haïtien), which included the early years of the Haitian Revolution.

Boquet made at least three paintings of the explosive events of the Haitian Revolution as they were taking place, and before he lost almost everything and returned to France in the 1790s. All three paintings were later engraved by Jean-Baptiste Chapuy, and there is evidence that the three prints were then hand-colored and sold together as a set as early as 1799.

• Jean Nicolas Joly (French; 1774–1836)

Artists

• Jacquinot, Lse. Fse. (French; née Louise Françoise Jacquinot; active Paris, 1789–1805)

Botanical illustrations by:

• Pancrace Bessa (wikidata Q2559115) (French; 1772–1846), student of Gerard van Spaendonck (1746–1822) and Pierre-Joseph Redoute
• Pierre-Joseph Redouté (wikidata Q551638) (Austrian Netherlands → present-day Belgium; 1759–1840), older brother of Henri-Jospeh
• Henri-Joseph Redouté (fr) (wikidata Q3130410) (Austrian Netherlands → present-day Belgium; 1766–1852), younger brother of Pierre-Joseph
• ??? Antoine Ferdinand Redouté (wikidata) (Austrian Netherlands → present-day Belgium; 1756–1809), older brother of Pierre-Joseph and Henri-Joseph
• Adèle Riché (wikidata Q18615871) (French; 1791–1878)

Translation

Michaux's Histoire des chênes de l'Amérique was first translated from French to English (North American Sylva) in 1817 by Augustus Lucas Hillhouse (1792–1859).

Histoire des Arbres Forestiers de l'Amérique Septentrionale (French eds.)

• Michaux, F. Andrew (François André) (1777–1855). Histoire des Arbres Forestiers de l'Amérique Septentrionale: Considérés Principalement sous les Rapports de Leur Usage dans les Arts et de Leur Introduction dans le Commerce, Ainsi que d'Après les Avantages qu'Ils Peuvent Offrir aux Gouvernemens en Europe et aux Personnes Qui Veulent Former de Grandes Plantations [History of the Forest Trees of North America: Considered Mainly in Relation to Their Use in the Arts and Their Introduction Into Commerce, as Well as From the Advantages Which They Can Offer to Governments in Europe and to People Who Want to Form Large Plantations] (in French).{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)

L. Haussmann and d'Hautel, Paris (3 Vols.)
1. Vol. 1. 1810 – via Internet Archilve (John Carter Brown Library).
2. Vol. 1. 1810 – via Google Books (Harvard).
3. Vol. 1. 1810 – via Google Books (Austria).
4. Vol. 1. 1810 – via Google Books (Austria).
5. Vol. 1. 1810 – via Google Books (Lyon Public Library).
6. Vol. 2. 1811 – via Internet Archive (Harvard).
L. Haussmann, Paris (3 Vols.)
1. Vol. 2. 1812 – via HathiTrust (Astor Library).
2. Vol. 2. 1812 – via Internet Archive (Pittsburgh).
3. Vol. 2. 1812 – via Internet Archive (John Carter Brown Library).
4. Vol. 2. 1812 – via Google Books (Austria).
5. Vol. 2. 1812 – via Google Books (Astor Library).
6. Vol. 2. 1812 – via Google Books (Austria).
7. Vol. 2. 1812 – via Google Books (Lyon Public Library).
8. Vol. 1. 1813 – via Internet Archive (Pittsburgh).
9. Vol. 1. 1813 – via Internet Archive (Alberta).
10. Vol. 2. 1813 – via Internet Archive (Alberta).
11. Vol. 2. 1813 – via Google Books (Harvard).
12. Vol. 3. 1813 – via HathiTrust (Astor Library).
13. Vol. 3. 1813 – via Internet Archive (Pittsburgh).
14. Vol. 3. 1813 – via Google Books (Astor Library).
15. Vol. 3. 1813 – via Google Books (Harvard).
16. Vol. 3. 1813 – via Google Books (Austria).
17. Vol. 3. 1813 – via Google Books (Austria).

North American Sylva (translated English eds.)

• Michaux, F. Andrew (François André) (1777–1855). The North American Sylva, or a Description of the Forest Trees of the United States, Canada and Nova Scotia: Considered Particularly With Respect to Their Use in the Arts, and Their Introduction Into Commerce: To Which Is Added a Description of the Most Useful of the European Forest Trees: Illustrated by 156 Coloured Engravings. Translated by Augustus Lucas Hillhouse (1792–1859).{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) ISBN 978-0-6653-8578-0, 0-6653-8578-1; OCLC 243557555 (all editions).

C. d'Hautel (Charles-Louis d'Hautel; 1780–1843), Paris (3 Vols.)
1. Vol. 1. 1817 – via Google Books (British Library).
2. Vol. 2. 1818 – via HathiTrust (Harvard).
3. Vol. 2. 1818 – via Google Books (British Library).
1. Vol. 1. 1819 – via HathiTrust (Harvard).
2. Vol. 1. 1819 – via HathiTrust (Michigan).
3. Vol. 1. 1819 – via HathiTrust (Alberta).
4. Vol. 1. 1819 – via Internet Archive (Alberta).
5. Vol. 1. 1819 – via Internet Archive (Harvard).
6. Vol. 1. 1819 – via Internet Archive (Pittsburgh).
7. Vol. 1. 1819 – via Google Books (Harvard).
8. Vol. 1. 1819 – via Google Books (Michigan).
9. Vol. 2. 1819 – via HathiTrust (Alberta).
10. Vol. 2. 1819 – via Internet Archive (Pittsburgh).
11. Vol. 3. 1819 – via HathiTrust (Harvard).
12. Vol. 3. 1819 – via Internet Archive (Pittsburgh).

Added: 122 Finely Coloured Plates by Thomas Nutterall, F.L.S.

• Michaux, F. Andrew (François André) (1777–1855). The North American Sylva; Or, a Description of the Forest Trees of the United States, Canada, and Nova Scotia ("The Whole Forming Six Volumes, and Comprising 278 Plates"). 122 Finely Coloured Plates by Thomas Nutterall, F.L.S.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) LCCN s180-32

J. Dobson (Judah Dobson; 1792–1850), 106 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia (3 Vols.)
Printed by William Amphlett, New Harmony, Indiana
Revised English translation by Hillhouse
The 1841 edition, printed in New Harmony, was the first truly American edition, albeit a reprint of the Paris edition using the original engraved copper plates. William Maclure had acquired the plates during a trip to Paris with the intention of producing an American edition. Hillhouse, in the 1841 edition, revised the English translation and the title page announced three supplemental volumes (fourth, fifth, and sixth) by Thomas Nuttall that describe trees from the "Trans-Mississippi" region, the Rocky Mountains, and the western United States.
1. Vol. 1. 1841: Plates 1–50 – via HathiTrust (NYPL).
2. Vol. 1. 1841: Plates 1–50 – via Google Books (NYPL).
3. Vol. 2. 1841: Plates 51–100 – via HathiTrust (NYPL).
4. Vol. 2. 1841: Plates 51–100 – via Google Books (NYPL).
5. Vol. 3. 1842: Plates 101–156 – via HathiTrust (NYPL).
6. Vol. 3. 1842: Plates 101–156 – via Google Books (NYPL).
New (1850) → With Notes by J. Jay Smith (né John Jay Smith; 1798–1881)
Robert P. Smith (Robert Pearsall Smith; 1827–1898), Philadelphia
G.P. Putnam (George Palmer Putnam; 1814–1872), New York
Kite & Walton, Printers
1. Vol. 1. 1850 – via HathiTrust (Alberta).
2. Vol. 1. 1850 – via Google Books (British Library).
3. Vol. 2. 1850 – via HathiTrust (Alberta).
4. Vol. 3. 1850 – via HathiTrust (Alberta).
Robert P. Smith, 15 Minor Street, Philadelphia, Publisher
Kite & Walton, Printers
1. Vol. 2. 1852 – via HathiTrust (NYPL).
2. Vol. 2. 1852 – via Google Books (NYPL).
Robert P. Smith (Robert Pearsall Smith; 1827–1898), Philadelphia
Kite & Walton, Printers
1. Vol. 1. 1853 – via HathiTrust (NYPL).
2. Vol. 1. 1853 – via Internet Archive (Smithsonian).
3. Vol. 1. 1853 – via Google Books (Harvard).
4. Vol. 2. 1853 – via HathiTrust (NYPL).
5. Vol. 2. 1853 – via Internet Archive (Smithsonian).
6. Vol. 3. 1853 – via Internet Archive (Smithsonian).
7. Vol. 3. 1853 – via Google Books (Harvard).
Robert P. Smith, Philadelphia
1. Vol. 1. 1855 – via HathiTrust (NYPL).
2. Vol. 1. 1855 – via Google Books (NYPL).
3. Vol. 2. 1855 – via HathiTrust (NYPL).
4. Vol. 2. 1855 – via Google Books (NYPL).
5. Vol. 3. 1855 – via HathiTrust (NYPL).
6. Vol. 3. 1855 – via Google Books (NYPL).
D. Rice & A.N. Hart (Daniel Rice) (Aaron North Hart; 1813–1883), 27 Minor Street, Philadelphia (3 Vols.)
1. Vol. 1. 1857 – via HathiTrust (Michigan).
2. Vol. 2. 1857 – via HathiTrust (Michigan).
3. Vol. 2. 1857 – via Google Books (Michigan).
4. Vol. 3. 1857 – via HathiTrust (Michigan).
D. Rice & A.N. Hart, 525 Minor Street, Philadelphia (3 Vols.)
1. Vol. 1. 1859 – via HathiTrust (Michigan).
2. Vol. 1. 1859 – via Google Books (Harvard).
3. Vol. 1. 1859 – via Google Books (Michigan).
4. Vol. 1. 1859 – via Google Books (Harvard).
5. Vol. 2. 1859 – via HathiTrust (Michigan).
6. Vol. 2. 1859 – via Internet Archive (Harvard).
7. Vol. 2. 1859 – via Google Books (Harvard).
8. Vol. 2. 1859 – via Google Books (Michigan).
9. Vol. 3. 1859 – via HathiTrust (Michigan).
10. Vol. 3. 1859 – via Internet Archive (Michigan).
11. Vol. 3. 1859 – via Google Books (Michigan).
Rice, Rutter & Co. (William Rutter; 1830–1895), 525 Minor Street, Philadelphia (3 Vols.)
1. Vol. 1. 1865 – via Internet Archive (Pittsburgh).
2. Vol. 1. 1865 – via Internet Archive (Harvard).
3. Vol. 1. 1865 – via Internet Archive (USDA).
4. Vol. 1. 1865 – via Google Books (Harvard).
5. Vol. 2. 1865 – via Internet Archive (USDA).
6. Vol. 2. 1865 – via Internet Archive (Pittsburgh).
7. Vol. 3. 1865 – via Internet Archive (USDA).
8. Vol. 3. 1865 – via Internet Archive (Pittsburgh).
Wm. Rutter & Co., Seventh & Cherry Streets (Sherman's Building, 124 N. 7th), Philadelphia (3 Vols.)
1. Vol. 1. 1871 – via HathiTrust (Michigan).
2. Vol. 1. 1871 – via Google Books (Michigan).

New volumes by Nuttall (in English)

• https://books.google.com/books?id=yDBFAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP7

• Nuttall, Thomas. The North American Syvia; Or, a Description of the Forrest Trees of the United States, Canada, and Nova Scotia, Not Described in the Work of F. Andrew Michaux, and Containing All the Forest Trees Discovered in the Rocky Mountains, the Territory of Oregon, Down to the Shores of the Pacific, and Into the Confines of California, as Well as in Various Parts of the United States. Illustrated by 122 Colored Plates.

J. Dobson (Judah Dobson; 1792–1850), 106 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia (3 Vols.) OCLC 3187932, 84098858
1. Vol. 1. 1842 ("4th Vol. of Michaux & Nuttall's North America Sylva) – via HathiTrust (Alberta).
2. Vol. 1. 1842 ("4th Vol. of Michaux & Nuttall's North America Sylva) – via HathiTrust (NYPL).
3. Vol. 1. 1842 ("4th Vol. of Michaux & Nuttall's North America Sylva) – via Internet Archive (Alberta).
4. Vol. 1. 1842 ("4th Vol. of Michaux & Nuttall's North America Sylva) – via Google Books (NYPL).
Smith & Wistar, 15 Minor Street, Philadelphia (Vols. 4–6)
1. Vol. 2. 1849 ("6th Vol. of Michaux & Nuttall's North America Sylva) – via HathiTrust (Alberta).
2. Vol. 2. 1849 ("6th Vol. of Michaux & Nuttall's North America Sylva) – via HathiTrust (NYPL).
3. Vol. 2. 1849 ("6th Vol. of Michaux & Nuttall's North America Sylva) – via Google Books (British Library).
4. Vol. 2. 1849 ("6th Vol. of Michaux & Nuttall's North America Sylva) – via Google Books (NYPL).
5. Vol. 3. 1849 ("6th Vol. of Michaux & Nuttall's North America Sylva) – via HathiTrust (Alberta).
6. Vol. 3. 1849 ("6th Vol. of Michaux & Nuttall's North America Sylva) – via HathiTrust (NYPL).
7. Vol. 3. 1849 ("6th Vol. of Michaux & Nuttall's North America Sylva) – via Google Books (British Library).
8. Vol. 3. 1849 ("6th Vol. of Michaux & Nuttall's North America Sylva) – via Google Books (NYPL).
Robert P. Smith (Robert Pearsall Smith; 1827–1898), 15 Minor Street, Philadelphia (Vols. 4–6)
Kite & Walton, Printers
1. Vol. 1. 1852 ("4th Vol. of Michaux & Nuttall's North America Sylva) – via HathiTrust (Harvard).
2. Vol. 1. 1852 ("4th Vol. of Michaux & Nuttall's North America Sylva) – via Internet Archive (Harvard).
3. Vol. 2. 1852 ("5th Vol. of Michaux & Nuttall's North America Sylva) – via HathiTrust (Harvard).
4. Vol. 2. 1852 ("5th Vol. of Michaux & Nuttall's North America Sylva) – via Internet Archive (Harvard).
5. Vol. 2. 1852 ("5th Vol. of Michaux & Nuttall's North America Sylva) – via Google Books (Harvard).
6. Vol. 2. 1852 ("5th Vol. of Michaux & Nuttall's North America Sylva) – via Google Books (Harvard).
7. Vol. 3. 1852 ("6th Vol. of Michaux & Nuttall's North America Sylva) – via HathiTrust (Harvard).
8. Vol. 3. 1852 ("6th Vol. of Michaux & Nuttall's North America Sylva) – via Internet Archive (Harvard).
9. Vol. 3. 1852 ("6th Vol. of Michaux & Nuttall's North America Sylva) – via Google Books (Harvard).
10. Vol. 3. 1852 ("6th Vol. of Michaux & Nuttall's North America Sylva) – via Google Books (Harvard).
11. Vol. 3. 1852 ("6th Vol. of Michaux & Nuttall's North America Sylva) – via Google Books (Harvard).




Robert P. Smith (Robert Pearsall Smith; 1827–1898), 15 Minor Street, Philadelphia (Vols. 4–6)
R. Baldwin, London; H. Bossange, Paris; Perthes, Besser and Mauke, Hamburg

A re-print of the 1852 edition was destroyed by fire at the bindery in 1854. But, the copperplates, which were in another building, were preserved and were used in the later combined edition issued by Rice and Hart.

Philadelphia: D. Rice and A. N. Hart, 1857. Full dark brown morocco with embossed decoration to boards, 5 raised bands with debossed decoration and gilt particulars to spine. All edges gilt. Stated in the preface to this edition:

"The whole of the sheets of the last imprint were destroyed by a fire at the bindery, wither they had been sent for collation; but fortunately the French copper-plates were in another building. This has enabled the new publishers to issue the work in a much improved style, and has allowed for opportunity for additional notes and remarks".

Michaux's volumes contain 156 hand colored plates, all protected with tissue guards; and Nuttall's volumes contain 121 hand colored plates, also protected with tissue guards. Nuttall's title: The North American Sylva... and Nova Scotia, Not Described in the Work of F. Andrew Michaux, and Containing All the Forest Trees Discovered in the Rocky Mountains, the Territory of Oregon, Down to the Shores of the Pacific, and Into the Confines of California, as Well as in Various Parts of the United States. Firm gutters and hinges. A handsome and supple set. Foxing to frontispiece of Michaux volume 1.

1. Vol. 1. 1853 ("4th Vol. of Michaux & Nuttall's North America Sylva) – via HathiTrust (Alberta).
2. Vol. 1. 1853 ("4th Vol. of Michaux & Nuttall's North America Sylva) – via Internet Archive (Harvard).
3. Vol. 2. 1853 ("5th Vol. of Michaux & Nuttall's North America Sylva) – via HathiTrust (Alberta).
4. Vol. 2. 1853 ("5th Vol. of Michaux & Nuttall's North America Sylva) – via Internet Archive (Vancouver).
5. Vol. 3. 1853 ("6th Vol. of Michaux & Nuttall's North America Sylva) – via HathiTrust (Alberta).
6. Vol. 3. 1853 ("6th Vol. of Michaux & Nuttall's North America Sylva) – via Internet Archive (Vancouver).

Robert P. Smith (Robert Pearsall Smith; 1827–1898), 15 Minor Street, Philadelphia (Vols. 4–6)

1. Vol. 1. 1855 ("4th Vol. of Michaux & Nuttall's North America Sylva) – via HathiTrust (NYPL).
2. Vol. 1. 1855 ("4th Vol. of Michaux & Nuttall's North America Sylva) – via Google Books (NYPL).
3. Vol. 2. 1855 ("5th Vol. of Michaux & Nuttall's North America Sylva) – via HathiTrust (NYPL).
4. Vol. 2. 1855 ("5th Vol. of Michaux & Nuttall's North America Sylva) – via Google Books (NYPL).
5. Vol. 3. 1855 ("6th Vol. of Michaux & Nuttall's North America Sylva) – via HathiTrust (NYPL).

D. Rice & A.N. Hart, 27 Minor Street, Philadelphia (2 Vols.)

1. Vol. 1. 1857 ("4th Vol. of Michaux & Nuttall's North America Sylva) – via HathiTrust (Michigan).

D. Rice & A.N. Hart, 525 Minor Street, Philadelphia (2 Vols.)

1. Vol. 1. 1859 ("4th Vol. of Michaux & Nuttall's North America Sylva) – via HathiTrust (Michigan).
2. Vol. 1. 1859 ("4th Vol. of Michaux & Nuttall's North America Sylva) – via HathiTrust (Harvard).
3. Vol. 1. 1859 ("4th Vol. of Michaux & Nuttall's North America Sylva) – via Google Books (Michigan).
4. Vol. 2. 1859 ("5th Vol. of Michaux & Nuttall's North America Sylva) – via HathiTrust (Michigan).
5. Vol. 2. 1859 ("5th Vol. of Michaux & Nuttall's North America Sylva) – via Google Books (Michigan).

Rice, Rutter & Co., 525 Minor Street, Philadelphia (2 Vols.)

1. Vol. 1. 1865 ("4th Vol. of Michaux & Nuttall's North America Sylva) – via Internet Archive (Pittsburgh).
2. Vol. 1. 1865 ("4th Vol. of Michaux & Nuttall's North America Sylva) – via Google Books (Harvard).
3. Vol. 2. 1865 ("5th Vol. of Michaux & Nuttall's North America Sylva) – via Internet Archive (Pittsburgh).

Wm. Rutter & Co., Seventh & Cherry Streets (Sherman's Building), Philadelphia (2 Vols.)

1. Vol. 1. 1871 ("4th Vol. of Michaux & Nuttall's North America Sylva) – via HathiTrust (Vancouver).
2. Vol. 1. 1871 ("4th Vol. of Michaux & Nuttall's North America Sylva) – via Internet Archive (Vancouver).
3. Vol. 2. 1871 ("5th Vol. of Michaux & Nuttall's North America Sylva) – via HathiTrust (Vancouver).
4. Vol. 2. 1871 ("5th Vol. of Michaux & Nuttall's North America Sylva) – via Internet Archive (Vancouver).
5. Vol. 2. 1871 ("5th Vol. of Michaux & Nuttall's North America Sylva) – via Google Books (Iowa).

––––––––––––––––––––

Initial reception

"During twelve years he [Michaux] explored the regions of North America with the most commendable diligence, between the Gulf of Mexico and Hudson's Bay. The result of his minute and extensive inquiries makes a very important body of intelligence ... Michaux's work may be said to form an era in the botany of our country. It is made to conform to the Linnaean system. It facilitates exceedingly almost every inquiry into the history of our vegetables, both indigenous imported. It is the guide for surveying of our states and territories. With regions with an ease and advantage American Flora was published."

See also

• John C. Clark, Printer (biography)
• Michaux, F.A. (1810). North American Sylva, or, A description of the Forest Trees of the United States, Canada and Nova Scotia. Vol. 1. Paris: Printed by C. D'Hautel. Retrieved July 17, 2024 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.

Bibliography

References

Books, journals, magazines, websites, papers

Re: Dubrieul, Paris, Francia, 1738

• La France chevaline, journal des intérêts hippiques, haras, remonte militaire, concours, foires : moniteur officiel des courses [La France Chevaline, Journal of Equestrian Interests, Stud Farms, Military Remounts, Competitions, Fairs: Official Racing Monitor] (Mario Capovilla). January 1, 1929.

• La Trotteur : ex France chevaline : organe spécial des courses au trot : paraissant samedis et les jours des courses au trot [La Trotteur: Ex France Chevaline: Special Organ for Trotting Races: Published on Saturdays and Trotting Race Days]. 1732.

• Très Belle Illustration Botanique Gravée en Couleurs et Rehaussée à la Main [Very Beautiful Botanical Illustration Engraved in Color and Enhanced by Hand].

• New Harmony Manuscripts, 1812–1871 (url is set to "Document View"). Finding aid prepared under the direction of Arthur E. Bester, Jr. by I.C.C. Graham, and Josephine M. Elliott. Indiana University.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link) Via IU Archives Online.

1. New Harmony Manuscripts, 1812–1871: Document View.
1. New Harmony Correspondence, 1816.
2. Roger D. Branigin-Kenneth Dale Owen Collection, 1825-1896, (bulk 1825–1859).

• Amphlett, William (1773–1848) (ed.). The Disseminator of Useful Knowledge; Containing Hints to the Youth of the United States – From the "School of Industry" (semi-monthly). New Harmony, Indiana: William Maclure (1763–1840), publisher.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: editors list (link) LCCN sn82-15011, LCCN 2009-238907; OCLC 8807269 (all editions), OCLC 459796011 (all editions).

• Bacon, Leonard (1802–1881) (1833). Funeral Discourse, Pronounced at the Interment of the Hon. James Hillhouse, January 2, 1833 (pamphlet). First published in the Quarterly Christian Spectator, June 1833. New Haven: Baldwin & Ellis.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) OCLC 27417864.

1. Via Internet Archive (Library of Congress).
First published as: Art. IV. "Sketch of the Life and Character of the Hon. James Hillhouse. Quarterly Christian Spectator. Vol. 5, no. 2. June 1833. pp. 238–247 – via Google Books (Minnesota). LCCN sf88-93593; OCLC 08660240 (all editions), OCLC 567820858, 987641349.

• Bulletin des Lois du Royaume de France, X^e Série. Regne de Louis-Phillipe 1^er, Roi des Français [Bulletin of the Laws of the Kingdom of France, 10th Series. Reign of Louis-Phillipe I, King of the French]. Série 9. Partie Supplémentaire 10. Tome Dixième, Contesant Les Ordonnances de Intérèt Local Ou Particulier Publieés Pendant Le Deuxième Semestre de 1836. N^os 213 à 258 (in French). Paris: de l'Imprimerie Royale. March 1837. pp. 23–25. Retrieved July 17, 2024. ISSN 1272-6397; OCLC 24426150; OCLC 1411824 (all editions).

1. Via Google Books (Ghent University).

• Bacon, Leonard, D.D. (1802–1881) (June 1859). "James Hillhouse". American Journal of Education. 6 (17): 325–366.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) Retrieved July 13, 2024. ISSN 1077-7032; OCLC 9216534 (all editions) (journal).

1. Via Google Books (Cal Berkeley).

• Bacon, Leonard, D.D. (1802–1881) (1860). Sketch of the Life and Public Services of Hon. James Hillhouse of New Haven; With a Notice of His Son, Augustus Lucas Hillhouse (from Henry Barnard's American Journal of Education).{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) Retrieved July 13, 2024. LCCN 17-23212; OCLC 1681992 (all editions).

1. Via Google Books (Cal Berkeley).

Rev. Leonard Bacon was a son of David Bacon (1771–1817).

• Bishop, John Leander (1820–1868) (1868). "John C. Clark, Philadelphia". A History of American Manufactures From 1608 to 1860 (3 Vols.) (3rd ed.). Philadelphia: Edward Young & Co. pp. 641–642.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) Retrieved July 14, 2024. LCCN 32-12896; OCLC 475807661 (all editions).

1. Vol. 1. Via Internet Archive (Trent University).
2. Vol. 1. Via Google Books (Harvard).

• Book review → "The North American Sylva; Or a Description of the Forest Trees of the United States, Canada, and Nova Scotia; Considered Particularly With Respect to Their Use in the Arts and Their Introduction Into Commerce. To Which Is Added a Description of the Most Useful European Forest Trees, Illustrated by 156 Colored Engravings by F. Andrew Michaux and J. Jay Smith". The North American Review. 86 (179). University of Northern Iowa: 359–368. April 1858. Retrieved July 14, 2024. ISSN 0029-2397 (journal); JSTOR 25107259 (article); OCLC 9970075451, 9969887203 (article).

1. Via Google Books (Bavarian State Library).

• Deleuze, Joseph-Philippe-François (1753–1835) (1804). "Notice Historique Sur André Michaux" [Historical Notice on André Michaux]. Annales du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Par Les Professeurs de Cet Etablissement – Ouvrage Orné de Gravures [Annals of the National Museum of Natural History, By the Professors of this Establishment – Work Decorated With Engravings]. 3. Year XII (1804) → [twelfth year of the French Republican calendar]. Paris: National Museum of Natural History: 191–227.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) ISSN 1256-2599; OCLC 9137885 (all editions); OCLC 1039516294 (all editions).

1. Via Google Books (National Museum of Natural History).

• Deleuze, Joseph-Philippe-François (1753–1835) (1805). "The Annotated Memoirs of the Life and Botanical Travels of André Michaux". Annals of Botany. 1. Originally in French: "Notice Historique Sur André Michaux". Translated by the editors, Charles Konig, FLS (1774–1851) and John Sims, FLS (1749–1831). London: R. Taylor and Co. (Richard Taylor; 1781–1858): 321–355.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) OCLC 1644096 (all editions) (journal).

1. Via HathiTrust (Harvard).
2. Via Internet Archive (Harvard).
3. Via Google Books (Michigan).

• Durand, Elias (1794–1873) (1860). "Biographical Memoir of the Late François André Michaux". Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, Held at Philadelphia, for Promoting Useful Knowledge. New Series. 11. American Philosophical Society, Publisher. William S. Young, Printer: xvii–xxviii. JSTOR 3231923. Retrieved July 13, 2024.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) LCCN 12-30301; ISSN 0065-9746; ISSN 2325-9264; OCLC 56728037 (all editions); OCLC 2382293 (all editions).

• Fretageot, Nora Chadwick (née Nora Chadwick; 1858–1937); Mangrum, William Valentine (1873–1966) (1914). Historic New Harmony: Official Guide (Centennial ed.).{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) Retrieved July 24, 2024. LCCN 14-13272; OCLC 6162640 (all editions).

1. Via Google Books (Columbia).

• Hillhouse Family Papers (MS 282). Series VIII (of 16): "Augustus Lucas Hillhouse (1791–1859), 1805–1859". Compiled by Bruce P. Stark, William E. Brown, Jr., and John Espy; revised in June 2022 by Michelle Peralta. Manuscripts and Archives, Yale University Library.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link) OCLC 1000596142 (all editions)

• James, Isabella (née Isabella Batchelder; 1810–1901) (February 1865). Fowler, John A. (1829–1911) (ed.). "Our American Sylva". The American Exchange and Review. 6 (6): 376–385.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) Retrieved July 24, 2024. LCCN 08-15182; OCLC 2790408 (all editions).

1. Via Google Books (Harvard).

Isabella James was the daughter of inventor Samuel Batchelder, Jr. (1784–1879) and wife of botanist Thomas Potts James (1803–1882).

• Journal of the House of Representatives of the United States, at the First Session of the Fifth Congress (The Twenty-First Year of the Independence of the United States. Speaker of the House, Jonathan Dayton, of New Jersey; Speaker pro tempore, George Dent, of Maryland, elected April 20, 1798; Clerk of the House, Jonathan William Condy, of Pennsylvania). Begun and Held at the City of Philadelphia, From May 15, 1797, to July 10, 1797. Philadelphia: Printed by W[illiam] Ross (1746–1829), near Congress Hall (152 pages). 1797. LCCN 15-14418; ISSN 2380-0828; ISSN 2380-0836; OCLC 62839051 (all editions).

1977 re-print: Michael Glazier, Inc. Wilmington, Delaware. LCCN 78-646662; OCLC 7387539, 7387515, 17155158; OCLC 4336198 (all editions).
1. Via Google Books (Stanford).

• Kane, Judge John Kintzing (1795–1858) (July–December 1856). "Stated Meeting, January 5". Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, Held at Philadelphia, for Promoting Useful Knowledge. 6 (56). American Philosophical Society, Publisher. John C. Clark & Son, Printer (John C. Clark & J. Ross Clark): 221–228.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) Retrieved July 13, 2024. LCCN 12-30301; ISSN 0065-9746; ISSN 2325-9264; OCLC 56728037 (all editions); OCLC 2382293 (all editions).
  John C. Clark (1787–1882) was a stepson of William Ross (1746–1829), printer for Library of Congress at the Loganian Library (1754–1776) – close to Independence Hall on 6th Street, Philadelphia. One of Clark's sons, John Ross Clark (1824–1891) was a partner. Hufnal, Kezia Ridgway (née Kezia Ridgway Bunting; 1859–1957) (1897). Register of Burials in the Grave Yards of the First Presbyterian Church, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Bank Street and Pine Street; 1808 to 1867 (Hufnal was Clerk and Transcriber of the Genealogical Society of Pennsylvania until December 1913). Genealogical Society of Pennsylvania.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) OCLC 866434627 (all editions).

1. Via Google Books (Harvard).

• McElroy’s Philadelphia City Directory for 18[XX]. Containing the Names of the Inhabitants of the Consolidated City, Their Occupations, Places of Business, and Dwelling Houses; A Business Directory; A List of the Streets, Lanes, Alleys, the City Offices, Public Institutions, Banks, Etc. Philadelphia: E.C. & J. Biddle & Co. Retrieved July 21, 2024.

1. 1860 (23rd ed.) – via Internet Archive (Philadelphia Museum of Art).
2. 1863 (26th ed.) – via Google Books (Bavarian State Library).

• MacPhail, Ian R. (1923–2014); Sutton, Marjorie (1931–2020) (June 1998). "William Maclure as Publisher in the New Harmony Reform Tradition". Indiana Magazine of History. 94 (2). Indiana University Press: 167–177.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) LCCN 06-24674 (journal); ISSN 0019-6673 (journal); JSTOR 27792091 (article); OCLC 9972692457, 55896370 (article).

1. Via Indiana University Press.

MacPhail, at the Morton Arboretum, was (a) Librarian from 1969 to 1985, (b) Research Fellow & Curator of Rare Books from 1985 to 1993 and (c) thereafter, Curator Emeritus of Rare Books. Sutton was formerly librarian at the Kingwood Center. She was the widow of Arthur Taylor Dickinson, Jr. (1925–1977), who had been Mansfield-Richland County Public Library Director from 1964 until his death.

• Michaux, André (1746–1802) (1801). Histoire des chênes de l'Amérique, ou, Descriptions et figures de toutes les espèces et variétés de chênes de l'Amérique septentrionale, considérées sous les rapports de la botanique, de leur culture et de leur usage [The Oaks of North America, or, Descriptions and Figures of All the Species and Varieties of Oaks of North America, Considered in Relation to Botany, Their Cultivation and Their Use] (in French). Paris: de l'Imprimerie de Chapelet. Year 9 of the French Revolutionary Calendar.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) Retrieved July 11, 2024. OCLC 6039463 (all editions).

1. Via Internet Archive (Austrian National Library).

• Michaux, André (1746–1802) (1803). Flora Boreali-Americana: Sistens Caracteres Plantarum Quas in America Septentrionali [Boreal-American Flora: Containing the Characters of the Plants Which He Collected and Discovered in North America] (11th year of the French Revolutionary Calendar). (2 Vols.) (in Latin). Paris: Apud fratres Levrault (The Levrault Brothers). Year 11 of the French Revolutionary Calendar.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) Retrieved July 11, 2024. OCLC 8753830 (all editions).

1. Vol. 1 – via Internet Archive (Missouri Botanical Garden).
2. Vol. 1 – via Google Books (Lyon Public Library).
3. Vol. 2 – via Google Books (Austrian National Library).

• Mitchell, Samuel L[atham]., M.D. (1764–1831) (1814). "A Discourse Delivered Before the New York Historical Society, at Their Anniversary Meeting, 6th December, 1813". Collections of the New York Historical Society. 2. Van Winkle and Wiley (printer): 151–215.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) ISSN 1050-608X; OCLC 795892758 (all editions) (journal); OCLC 1061275 (all editions) (article).

1. Via Google Books (NYPL).

• Pasko, Wesley Washington, Jr. (1840–1897), ed. (1894). American Dictionary of Printing and Bookmaking, Containing a History of These Arts in Europe and America, With Definitions of Technical Terms and Biographical Sketches. New York: Howard Lockwood & Co. p. 99.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: editors list (link) Retrieved July 14, 2024. LCCN 05-3663; OCLC 776258733 (all editions).

1. Via Google Books (NYPL).

• "Review: Book Review: The North American Sylva; Or a Description of the Forest Trees of the United States, Canada, and Nova Scotia, Considered Particularly With Respect to Their Use in the Arts, and Their Introduction Into Commerce; To Which Is Added a Description of the Most Useful of the European Forest Trees; Illustrated by 156 Colored Engravings". The North American Review. 59 (124). Boston: Otis, Broader, and Co.: 189–238 April 1858. JSTOR 25099735. Retrieved July 22, 2024. ISSN 2329-1907; ISSN 0029-2397; OCLC 9970075451.

1. Via Google Books (Bavarian State Library).

• "Review: The North American Sylva; Or a Description of the Forest Trees of the United States, Canada, and Nova Scotia; Considered Particularly with Respect to Their Use in the Arts and Their Introduction into Commerce. To Which Is Added a Description of the Most Useful European Forest Trees, Illustrated by 156 Colored Engravings by F. Andrew Michaux and J. Jay Smith". The North American Review. 86 (179). Boston: Crosby, Nichols, and Company: 359–368. April 1858. JSTOR 25107259. Retrieved July 22, 2024. ISSN 2329-1907; ISSN 0029-2397; OCLC 9969887203.

1. Via Internet Archive.
2. Via Google Books (Michigan).

• Rich, Obadiah (1777–1850), ed. (1835–1846). Bibliotheca Americana Nova: A Catalogue of Books in Various Languages, Relating to America, Printed Since the Year 1700, Including Voyages to the Pacific and Round the World and Collections of Voyages and Travels.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: editors list (link) Retrieved July 18, 2024.

1. Vol 2 (re-print). New York: Burt Franklin (1903–1972) (publisher). New York: Noble Offset Printers, Inc. (printer). pp. 363–364 – via Internet Archive (UC Irvine).
2. Vol 2. London: Rich and Sons. pp. 363–364 – via Google Books (NYPL).

• Sabin, Joseph (1821–1881), ed. (1880). Bibliotheca Americana: A Dictionary of Books Relating to America, From Its Discovery to Its Present Time (Sabin Bibliography No. 48695). New York: J. Sabin's Son.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: editors list (link) Retrieved July 18, 2024. LCCN 01-26958; OCLC 1204121 (all editions).

1. Vol 12: "Mémoire to Nederland". p. 138 – via Google Books (NYPL).

• Smith, John Jay (1798–1881) (1892). Recollections of John Jay Smith. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott Company.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) Retrieved July 14, 2024. OCLC 34843286 (all editions).

1. Smith, Elizabeth Pearsall (1825–1914). "In Memorandum. John Jay Smith" – via Google Books (University of Minnesota).{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
2. Via Google Books (University of Minnesota).

Elizabeth Pearsall Smith was John Jay Smith's daughter.

• Urban, Sylvanus (pseudonym of William Edward Flaherty), ed. (March 1858). "Obituary – Robert Baldwin, Esq". The Gentleman's Magazine and Historical Review. 204. Founding editor: Sylvanus Urban (pseudonym of Edward Cave; 1691–1754). London: John Henry and James Parker: 332–334. Retrieved July 13, 2024. OCLC 257459629 (all editions) (journal).

1. Via Internet Archive.
2. Via Google Books (University of Wisconsin, Madison).

Other books about Trees of North America

• Browne, Daniel Jay (1804–1867) (1846). The Trees of America: Native and Foreign, Pictorially and Botanically Delineated, and Scientifically and Popularly Described. New York: Harper & Brothers.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) OCLC 15867102 (all editions).

1. Via Google Books (Michigan).
2. Via Google Books (Harvard).

• The Trees of North America – Michaux and Redouté's American Masterpiece. Foreword by Gregory Long; Introduction by Marta McDowell; Preface by Susan M. Fraser; Afterword by David Allen Sibley. New York Botanical Garden: Abbeville Press. 2016 [2017; 2021].{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link) Retrieved July 15, 2024. LCCN 2016-36494; ISBN 978-0-7892-1276-4, 0789-2-1276-5; ISBN 978-0-7892-5458-0, 0-789-2-5458-1 (notecard set; 2021 ed.); OCLC 956584009 (all editions).

• Britton, Nathaniel Lord (1859–1934); Shafer, John Adolph (1863–1918) (1908). North American Trees; Being Descriptions and Illustrations of the Trees Growing Independently of Cultivation in North America, North of Mexico and the West Indies. New York: Henry Holt and Company.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) Retrieved July 15, 2024. OCLC 1033456 (all editions).

1. Via Internet Archive (University of Toronto).
2. Via Google Books (University of Michigan).

• Britton, Nathaniel Lord (1859–1934) (1901). Manual of the Flora of the Northern States and Canada. New York: Henry Holt and Company, Publisher. Robert Drummond, Printer.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) Retrieved July 15, 2024. LCCN 01-25513; OCLC 769535 (all editions).

1. Via Internet Archive (New York Botanical Garden).
2. Via Google Books (Harvard).