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  • OCLC 466141758, 797961552, 1004206874
  • ISSN 1071-0426; OCLC 759620677 (all editions)

Hughs Lynching

  • Ninety-four years, seven months, and sixteen days years later,
  • 94 years, 7 months, and 16 days years later,
  • Ninety-four years later,

George Hughes (1889–1930), a Black man accused of raping Pearl Farlow (née Pearl Inice Atnip; 1901–1943),


a married White woman, was lynched – specifically burned alive in the Grayson County Courthouse holding cell from an arsonists fire started by members of a White mob. The holding cell was a steel vault, concrete-lined. The arsonists, J. B. "Screw" McCasland (né James Robert McCaseland; 1912–1997) and Alvin Gordon, aged 15, had poured a five gallon can of gasoline into the open window of the County Clerk's office and ignited it. When the fire department arrived to put out the fire the angry mob slashed their hoses and the whole courthouse burnt to the ground. The courthouse was evacuated through the windows, and everyone who knew the combination to the vault where George was had left the building.

Alleged lynching conspirators

[edit]
  • Jeff "Slim" Jones, bootlegger and member of the Ku Klux Klan
  • Raymond C. Hart (né Raymond Cleo Hart; 1893–1967), member of the Ku Klux Klan
  • Susie Crist (né Susie Roxana Crist; 1912–1988), 17-year-old school-girl
  • Ruth Jones (né Ruth Joy Jones; 1910–1955), 17-year-old school-girl
  • J. R. Melton (né James Ronald Melton; 1911–1978), high school senior
  • Dan Shero (né Daniel Lawrence Shero; 1899–1970)
  • Jim Brown
  • J. B. "Screw" McCasland, aged 17, and Alvin Gordon, aged 15, poured a five gallon can of gasoline into the open window of the clerk’s office and set it on fire.
  • Slim Jones and a teenager named "Duck" Roach
  • Then an ironworker named Horace Reynolds (né Horace Lee Reynolds; 1890–) went to work on it with his welding gear
  • Slim, still up on the ladder, encouraged the good folks of Grayson County to attach a chain to George’s body and drag it behind a Model A Ford driven by Leo D. Luten four blocks up Travis Street to Mulberry Street. It was the commercial center of the segregated Black community. The procession stopped in front of the Smith Hotel at 219 E Mulberry and George was hung up in a cottonwood tree, where Slim graciously cut off his penis.
→ Oliver, Frank S. ("DoubleBarreledBob") (né Frank Sommars Oliver; born 1948) of Tuscon (March 22, 2020). "The Good Folks of Grayson County" (travel blog). Series: "Hysterical Journey to Historic Places". Retrieved May 20, 2021 – via TravelBlog.org (the author has been a chronicler of history on TravelBlog.org since October 29, 2012.){{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: postscript (link)

References

[edit]

Those indicted May 20, 1930

[edit]
Convicted on two charges
  1. J.B. McCasland (né James Robert McCasland; 1912–1997)
Charges dropped October 31, 1931, in Gainesville by Cooke County Attorney William Chaplin Culp (1883–1957)
  1. Horace Reynolds
  2. Cleo Wolf (né Cleo Melvin Wolf; 1911–2000)
  3. Jim Arnold
  4. C.E. Briggs (né Claud Eugene Briggs; 1893–1963)?
  5. Jim May (né James Robert May; 13 Jul 1916–)????
  6. Leslie Cole (né Charles Leslie Cole; 1905–1972)
  7. Alvin Morgan
  8. Bill Sofey (né William Sofey; 1907–1953)
  9. Roy Allen (né Roy Miles Allen; 1899–1977) of Van Alstyne
  10. Leonard "Bodly" O'Neal (né Albert Leonard O'Neal; 1898–1957) of Van Alstyne
Continued, but, on June 3, 1932, all dismissed by Judge Ben W. Boyd (né Benjamin Wade Boyd; 1894–1964) of Cooke County, for lack of evidence.
  1. Jeff "Slim" Jones
  2. "Webb" Purdom (né Leslie Webster Purdom; 1905–1959) of Van Alstyne
  3. Jess Roper (né Jesse William Roper; 1897–1978) of Van Alstyne
Notes
  1. Alvin Morgan and
  2. Jim May were since convicted of felony offenses not related to the riot.
As of September 11, 1930, 10 were released on bonds, each set at $5,000, and four remained in jail.
  • Maury Hughes (1894–1955) of Dallas and Ted Monroe (né Theodore Fuller Monroe; 1890–1952) of Dallas were retained to represent 13 of the indicted men. Hughes had been a member of the Dallas Ku Klux Klan, but resigned and became an opponent of the Klan.

Driver

[edit]

Leo Daniel Luton (1905–1963) drove the Ford Model A four blocks, up Travis Street to Mulberry Street, stopping in front of the Smith Hotel at 219 East Mulberry. Hughes remains were hung from a cottonwood tree and Slim Jones cut off his penis.


Smith Hotel, owned for 43 years by Charlie A. Smith (1959–1934) and his sister, Annie Smith. The Smith Hotel, in 1943, was known as the J.P. Darwin Building.
E. Payne Smith, proprietor in 1914
1914–1921: 521 East Mulberry

Commissioner's Court Judge

[edit]

Magers: Elected three terms as Mayor of Sherman is serving his second term as Commissioner's Court Judge of Grayson County.

Historical markers

[edit]
  • Butterfield Overland Mail Route Through Grayson County
Marker Title: Butterfield Overland Mail Route Through Grayson County
Year Marker Erected: 1999
Marker Location: Grayson County Courthouse lawn, Lamar & Travis
  • Grayson County
Marker Title: Grayson County
Address: Courthouse lawn
Year Marker Erected: 1969
  • Grayson County, C.S.A.
Marker Title: Grayson County, C.S.A.
Address: Courthouse lawn
Year Marker Erected: 1962
  • Ninth Texas Cavalry
Marker Title: Ninth Texas Cavalry
Address: Courthouse lawn
Year Marker Erected: 1995
  • Confederate Statue,[1] erected in 1897.
link
link
link


Convictions

[edit]

The court convicted McCasland of arson on June 5, 1931, and he received the minimum sentence allowable under the law—two years. Upon conviction, he pled guilty to a second charge of rioting, also with a two-year term of imprisonment. Officials subsequently dropped all other charges against him. The local paper observed, after reporting on the McCasland trial, "It was not considered likely that any of the other cases would be called soon." In fact, none of the other cases ever came to trial. In November 1931, a Gainesville court dismissed all charges except those against Jeff Jones, Web Purdom, and Jess Roper. In June 1932, District Judge Ben W. Boyd of Gainesville dismissed all charges against Jones, Purdom, and Roper, an action supported by Grayson County District Attorney Cox. Out of the ninety-six original indictments against fourteen defendants, there was one conviction on two counts with the minimum penalty assessed. Although it is unclear how much time McCasland actually spent in jail, it is known that he was in the state penitentiary in June 1932.

Although McCasland's conviction was for arson, not lynching, Joe Cox (né Joseph Price Cox; 1885–1970, District Attorney at Sherman who assisted in the prosecution, said that McCasland's conviction was the first in Texas growing out of mob violence against a Black man for [allegedly] attacking a White woman.

Malcolm Atnik allegedly attacked

[edit]

One of Pearl Farlow's uncles, Malcolm Atnip (1890–1965), reported having been assaulted September 29, 1925, at gunpoint by Anderson Smith, an African American tenant farmer, about 5 miles northeast of Whitewright.

Whitewright Sun, The (January 13, 1938). "Why the South Opposed Anti-Lynching Bill" (weekly). Vol. 59, no. 18. Whitewright, Texas: James Henry Waggoner (1884–1950) (editor and publisher). p. 4. Retrieved June 9, 2021 – via Newspapers.com. LCCN sn88083331 ; ISSN 0886-4322; OCLC 17542521 (all editions).

Pearl's uncle

[edit]

Pearl Farlow, the niece of a powerful law enforcement officer in Sherman, Bevie V. Atnip (1894–1981).

  • 1928, Sherman, – Police Patrolman
  • 1930, Sherman, – Police Patrolman
  • 1934, Grayson County Deputy Sheriff
  • 1938, Sherman – Police Detective
  • 1941, Sherman – Police Patrolman
  • 1946, Sherman – Assistant Chief of Police
  • 1953, Sherman – Police Detective

Sherman, Chief of Police

[edit]
  • 1938, H.G. Thompson

Businesses destroyed or damaged from the attack

[edit]
  • In addition the destruction of the Courthouse, nine other buildings, all owned by African Americans were destroyed by the White mob.

Bibliography

[edit]

See Durham, William J. (1896–1970)

References linked to notes

[edit]








DeLord bio: Keller, Michael H.; Barker, Kim (March 10, 2021). "Police Unions Won Power Using His Playbook. Now He's Negotiating the Backlash".
Print: "Architect of Police Union Power Softens Strategy" (New York ed.). March 11, 2021. p. 1 (section A).
Online: "Police Unions Won Power Using His Playbook. Now He’s Negotiating the Backlash" (updated September 23, 2021). March 10, 2021.


"Vu" "journal de la semaine" "26 juin 1930"
============
  • Stevenson, Bob (producer/director) (1995). Sherman (VHS; 30 minutes). White Crane Video Productions. OCLC 37399251 – via Austin College, Special Collection (this video is a collection of interviews, actual photographs, and live representations of the 1930 lynching of George Hughes and ensuing riot by Whites against Blacks in Sherman.){{cite book}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
Interviewees:
    1. Judge R.C. Vaughn (né Roland Carlisle Vaughn; 1915–2010)
    2. Rev. Hulen Leon Jackson (1913–1997)
    3. Judge William Ralph Elliot (1913–1998)
    4. W.C. ("Jack") DeWitt (né William Clifford DeWitt; 1913–1999)
    5. Jack Hannah (né Jack Henry Hannah; 1911–2000) (florist)
    6. Carl Adams (né Carl Ray Adams; 1914–2000) (journalist)
    7. Arthur Hickson (1904–1997)
on Facebook page: I don't own the rights to this clips all rights reserved ucc1-308 intended for lost historical education
→ Austin College Library online catalog for this holding, in the description panel, it states, "Restricted for use in Austin College Classrooms."
============


Brinkley, Douglas (June 14, 2020). "Ranger Danger". New York Times Book Review (book review): 13. ProQuest 2412496184 (U.S. Newsstream database).


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"The Negro was taken to a tree, and strung in the air. Wood and fodder were piled beneath his body and a hot fire was made. Then it was suggested that the man ought not to die too quickly, and he was let down to the ground, while a party went to Dexter, about two miles distant, to procure coal oil. This was thrown on the flames and the work completed."

xxxxxxxxxxxxxx

LCCN 34-18992 (1st ed.; 1934)
LCCN 92-6950 (1992 ed.)
ISBN 0-9383-4981-3 (1992; hardcover), ISBN 0-9383-4982-1 (1992; paperback); ISBN 0-9383-4983-X (1992; limited ed.)


  • Payne, Darwin, PhD (June 2017). "When Dallas Was the Most Racist City in America". D Magazine. Retrieved June 9, 2021 ("In the early 1920s, the city’s chapter of the Ku Klux Klan once included one out of every three eligible men.").{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: postscript (link) → This story first appeared in the spring 1997 issue of Legacies: A History Journal for Dallas and North Central Texas, under the title, "The Dallas Morning News and the Ku Klux Klan".



xxxxxxxxxxxx



  • "McCasland Gets Two-year Term In First of Sherman Riot Trials." The Dallas Morning News (June 5, 1931), p. 1.


  • "McCasland Is Convicted At Austin," Sherman Daily Democrat (June 5, 1931). p. l


  • "All Riot Cases Except Against Three Dismissed," Sherman Daily Democrat (November 2, 1931), p. 10.
  • Sherman Daily Democrat, May 4–24, 1930



  • "Rioting Cases Are Dismissed," Sherman Daily Democrat (June 3, 1932). p. 1. McCasland was eventually paroled by the governor because of his mother's illness, according to Durwood Pruden, "A Sociological Study of a Texas Lynching" (Master's Thesis, Southern Methodist University, 1935), 180.



  • Hughes, Terrell. "Removal of the Confederate Statue at Sherman Texas Court House". {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help)
Removal of Confederate Statue at Sheman Texas Court House

June 19, 2020 at 2:54 PM · Facebook for Android ·

Found on Facebook: June 19, 2020 → The United daughters of Confederacy for Grayson County AKA KKK members wives had a meeting about the petition I started to remove the Confederate monument in Sherman Texas

Durham

[edit]

10 Texas lynchings in 1930?

[edit]
  1. May 8, 1930: George Hughes, a Black man accused of raping a White woman, lynched Sherman, Texas
  2. May 16, 1930: George Johnson (1900–1930), a Black man accused of slaying his White landlord, George Forrest Fortenberry (1879–1930), after an altercation over a debt, was shot to death by a sheriff's posse after he had barricaded himself in a cabin in Honey Grove, Fannin County, Texas. White men then tied his body to a truck and dragged it through the business section of town, then into the then-called "Negro section of Honey Grove," then they publically burned his remains. Honey Grove is 50 miles east of Sherman – Fannin County is the next county over from Grayson County.
  3. June 18, 1930: William Roan, a Black man, accused of attempting rape of a White woman, was lynched in Bryan, Texas
  4. June 28, 1930: Jack Robertson, a Black man accused of shooting R.L. Egger (né Robert Lee Egger; 1896–1973), blinding him, and also accused of shooting his wife, Stella Egger (née Stella Marie Baker; 1899–1993) – both white, Mr. Egger, a dairyman said to be Robertson's employer, reportedly the result of an argument over chickens, was lynched (fatally shot) at night in Round Rock, Texas, by a posse.

Attempted lynchings in Texas in 1930

[edit]
  1. July 12, 1930, Shamrock, Texas, a posse headed by Collingsworth County Sheriff Claude Elihu McKinney (1885–1972) thwarted a mob of 200 White men attempting to lynch Jesse Lee Washington (1909–1930), a Black farmhand accused of attacking and killing a White farm woman, Ruth Vaughan (née Mabel Ruth Tackitt; 1905–1930), wife of Henry Hugh Vaughan (1906–1932). Washington was convicted of murder and sentenced to death, which was carried out by electric chair July 12, 1930, in Huntsville. His final statement: "Yes sir, White folks, I'm going to die. And, I'm asking all of you not to hold any malice against me in your hearts. The Lord has forgiven me all my sins and I am ready to go. I didn't kill the White lady, and if I had, I would tell you that I did." Henry Vaughan committed suicide September 12, 1932, in Shamrock.

Nelson

[edit]





Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Herald Democrat, June 16, 2020.
  2. ^ Gillette, April 1978, pp. 403–404.
[edit]
  • Texoma Black History Month - Part 2 The Sherman Riot of 1930
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