User:Eurodog/sandbox327
Hughs Lynching
- Ninety-four years, three months, and twenty-six days years later,
- 94 years, 3 months, and 26 days years later,
- Ninety-four years later,
George Hughes (1889–1930), a Black man accused of raping Pearl Farlow (née Pearl Inice Atnip; 1901–1943),
Alleged lynching conspirators
[edit]- Jeff "Slim" Jones, bootlegger and member of the Ku Klux Klan
- Raymond C. Hart (né Raymond Cleo Hart; 1893–1967), member of the Ku Klux Klan
- Susie Crist (né Susie Roxana Crist; 1912–1988), 17-year-old school-girl
- Ruth Jones (né Ruth Joy Jones; 1910–1955), 17-year-old school-girl
- J. R. Melton (né James Ronald Melton; 1911–1978), high school senior
- Dan Shero (né Daniel Lawrence Shero; 1899–1970)
- Jim Brown
- J. B. "Screw" McCasland, aged 17, and Alvin Gordon, aged 15, poured a five gallon can of gasoline into the open window of the clerk’s office and set it on fire.
- Slim Jones and a teenager named "Duck" Roach
- Then an ironworker named Horace Reynolds (né Horace Lee Reynolds; 1890–) went to work on it with his welding gear
- Slim, still up on the ladder, encouraged the good folks of Grayson County to attach a chain to George’s body and drag it behind a Model A Ford driven by Leo D. Luten four blocks up Travis Street to Mulberry Street. It was the commercial center of the segregated Black community. The procession stopped in front of the Smith Hotel at 219 E Mulberry and George was hung up in a cottonwood tree, where Slim graciously cut off his penis.
- → Oliver, Frank S. ("DoubleBarreledBob") (né Frank Sommars Oliver; born 1948) of Tuscon (March 22, 2020). "The Good Folks of Grayson County" (travel blog). Series: "Hysterical Journey to Historic Places". Retrieved May 20, 2021 – via TravelBlog.org (the author has been a chronicler of history on TravelBlog.org since October 29, 2012.)
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: postscript (link)
References
[edit]- "Oliver, Frank S". Who's Who of Emerging Leaders in America, 1993–1994 (4th ed.). New Providence, New Jersey: Marquis Who's Who (1992).
- "Oliver, Frank S". Who's Who in the West, 1989–1990 (22nd ed.). Wilmette, Illinois: Marquis Who's Who (1989).
Those indicted May 20, 1930
[edit]- Convicted on two charges
- J.B. McCasland (né James Robert McCasland; 1912–1997)
- Charges dropped October 31, 1931, in Gainesville by Cooke County Attorney William Chaplin Culp (1883–1957)
- Horace Reynolds
- Cleo Wolf (né Cleo Melvin Wolf; 1911–2000)
- Jim Arnold
- C.E. Briggs (né Claud Eugene Briggs; 1893–1963)?
- Jim May (né James Robert May; 13 Jul 1916–)????
- Leslie Cole (né Charles Leslie Cole; 1905–1972)
- Alvin Morgan
- Bill Sofey (né William Sofey; 1907–1953)
- Roy Allen (né Roy Miles Allen; 1899–1977) of Van Alstyne
- Leonard "Bodly" O'Neal (né Albert Leonard O'Neal; 1898–1957) of Van Alstyne
- Continued, but, on June 3, 1932, all dismissed by Judge Ben W. Boyd (né Benjamin Wade Boyd; 1894–1964) of Cooke County, for lack of evidence.
- Jeff "Slim" Jones
- "Webb" Purdom (né Leslie Webster Purdom; 1905–1959) of Van Alstyne
- Jess Roper (né Jesse William Roper; 1897–1978) of Van Alstyne
- Notes
- Alvin Morgan and
- Jim May were since convicted of felony offenses not related to the riot.
- As of September 11, 1930, 10 were released on bonds, each set at $5,000, and four remained in jail.
- Fort Worth Star-Telegram (November 1, 1931). "10 Men in Sherman Riot Case Freed". Vol. 51, no. 274. p. 3 (column 2). Retrieved June 9, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
- Maury Hughes (1894–1955) of Dallas and Ted Monroe (né Theodore Fuller Monroe; 1890–1952) of Dallas were retained to represent 13 of the indicted men. Hughes had been a member of the Dallas Ku Klux Klan, but resigned and became an opponent of the Klan.
Driver
[edit]Leo Daniel Luton (1905–1963) drove the Ford Model A four blocks, up Travis Street to Mulberry Street, stopping in front of the Smith Hotel at 219 East Mulberry. Hughes remains were hung from a cottonwood tree and Slim Jones cut off his penis.
- Smith Hotel, owned for 43 years by Charlie A. Smith (1959–1934) and his sister, Annie Smith. The Smith Hotel, in 1943, was known as the J.P. Darwin Building.
- E. Payne Smith, proprietor in 1914
- 1914–1921: 521 East Mulberry
Commissioner's Court Judge
[edit]Magers: Elected three terms as Mayor of Sherman is serving his second term as Commissioner's Court Judge of Grayson County.
Historical markers
[edit]- Butterfield Overland Mail Route Through Grayson County
- Marker Title: Butterfield Overland Mail Route Through Grayson County
- Year Marker Erected: 1999
- Marker Location: Grayson County Courthouse lawn, Lamar & Travis
- Grayson County
- Marker Title: Grayson County
- Address: Courthouse lawn
- Year Marker Erected: 1969
- Grayson County, C.S.A.
- Marker Title: Grayson County, C.S.A.
- Address: Courthouse lawn
- Year Marker Erected: 1962
- Ninth Texas Cavalry
- Marker Title: Ninth Texas Cavalry
- Address: Courthouse lawn
- Year Marker Erected: 1995
- Confederate Statue,[1] erected in 1897.
Convictions
[edit]The court convicted McCasland of arson on June 5, 1931, and he received the minimum sentence allowable under the law—two years. Upon conviction, he pled guilty to a second charge of rioting, also with a two-year term of imprisonment. Officials subsequently dropped all other charges against him. The local paper observed, after reporting on the McCasland trial, "It was not considered likely that any of the other cases would be called soon." In fact, none of the other cases ever came to trial. In November 1931, a Gainesville court dismissed all charges except those against Jeff Jones, Web Purdom, and Jess Roper. In June 1932, District Judge Ben W. Boyd of Gainesville dismissed all charges against Jones, Purdom, and Roper, an action supported by Grayson County District Attorney Cox. Out of the ninety-six original indictments against fourteen defendants, there was one conviction on two counts with the minimum penalty assessed. Although it is unclear how much time McCasland actually spent in jail, it is known that he was in the state penitentiary in June 1932.
Although McCasland's conviction was for arson, not lynching, Joe Cox (né Joseph Price Cox; 1885–1970, District Attorney at Sherman who assisted in the prosecution, said that McCasland's conviction was the first in Texas growing out of mob violence against a Black man for [allegedly] attacking a White woman.
Malcolm Atnik allegedly attacked
[edit]One of Pearl Farlow's uncles, Malcolm Atnip (1890–1965), reported having been assaulted September 29, 1925, at gunpoint by Anderson Smith, an African American tenant farmer, about 5 miles northeast of Whitewright.
- Whitewright Sun, The (October 1, 1925). "Farmer Attacked by Negro Tenant" (weekly). Vol. 45, no. 8. Whitewright, Texas: James Henry Waggoner (1884–1950) (editor and publisher). p. 1. Retrieved June 9, 2021 – via Newspapers.com. LCCN sn88083331 ; ISSN 0886-4322; OCLC 17542521 (all editions).
Whitewright Sun, The (January 13, 1938). "Why the South Opposed Anti-Lynching Bill" (weekly). Vol. 59, no. 18. Whitewright, Texas: James Henry Waggoner (1884–1950) (editor and publisher). p. 4. Retrieved June 9, 2021 – via Newspapers.com. LCCN sn88083331 ; ISSN 0886-4322; OCLC 17542521 (all editions).
Pearl's uncle
[edit]Pearl Farlow, the niece of a powerful law enforcement officer in Sherman, Bevie V. Atnip (1894–1981).
- 1928, Sherman, – Police Patrolman
- 1930, Sherman, – Police Patrolman
- 1934, Grayson County Deputy Sheriff
- 1938, Sherman – Police Detective
- 1941, Sherman – Police Patrolman
- 1946, Sherman – Assistant Chief of Police
- 1953, Sherman – Police Detective
- Teague, Hollie A., PhD (July 5, 2018). "Black and Blue in North Texas: The Long Neglected History of Anti-Black Police Violence in North Texas, 1880–1930". Journal of Black Studies. 49 (8). Sage Publications: 756–781. doi:10.1177/0021934718785631. S2CID 149506941.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) LCCN 77-22565 (publication); ISSN 1552-4566 (publication); OCLC 7775115412, 7788628258 (article) (subscription required).
- "Texas – Cities: Sherman (Grayson Co.)". The Police Blue Book, 1939–40. International Association of Chiefs of Police. 1939. p. 191. Retrieved June 22, 2021 – via Internet Archive (re: "B. V. Atnip"
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: postscript (link) OCLC 1050796806 (all editions), OCLC 234780092 (all editions).
- Boessenecker, John (2016). Texas Ranger – The Epic Life of Frank Hamer, The Man Who Killed Bonnie and Clyde. St. Martin's Press. pp. 355–356, 358, 361, 363, 366, 370, 374, 376, 495. LCCN 2015-48659; ISBN 978-1-4668-7986-7 (e-book); OCLC 1112255061 (all editions).
- Davies, Dave (June 8, 2020). "Cult of Glory Reveals the Dark History of the Texas Rangers". NPR. Retrieved July 3, 2020.
Sherman, Chief of Police
[edit]- 1938, H.G. Thompson
Businesses destroyed or damaged from the attack
[edit]- The law office of William J. Durham (1896–1970)[2]
- In addition the destruction of the Courthouse, nine other buildings, all owned by African Americans were destroyed by the White mob.
Bibliography
[edit]See Durham, William J. (1896–1970)
References linked to notes
[edit]
- Montgomery, Benjamin Andrew (born 1978) (2018). Chapter 7: "Rubble and Race". The Man Who Walked Backward: An American Dreamer's Search for Meaning in the Great Depression (limited preview). Little, Brown Spark. Retrieved April 18, 2022 – via Google Books.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) LCCN 2018-948994; ISBN 0-3164-3806-5, 978-0-3164-3806-3; OCLC 1019634559 (all editions).
- Landrum, Graham Gordon, PhD (1922–1995) (1960). "Things We Have Talked About". Grayson County; An Illustrated History of Grayson County, Texas (1st ed.). Fort Worth, Texas: University Supply & Equipment Company. pp. 92–94. Retrieved April 18, 2022 – via The Portal to Texas History.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) LCCN 67-9213 (2nd ed.; 1967); OCLC 1144576893 (all editions).</ref>
- Caldwell, Clifford R.; DeLord, Ron (2015). Eternity at the End of a Rope: Executions, Lynchings and Vigilante Justice in Texas; 1819–1923 (limited preview). Santa Fe, New Mexico: Sunstone Press. Retrieved April 5, 2024 – via Google Books. LCCN 2015-33715; ISBN 978-1-6329-3088-0, 1-6329-3088-9 (soft cover); ISBN 978-1-6329-3089-7, 1-6329-3089-7 (case bound); OCLC 922970745 (all editions).
- DeLord bio: Keller, Michael H.; Barker, Kim (March 10, 2021). "Police Unions Won Power Using His Playbook. Now He's Negotiating the Backlash".
- Print: "Architect of Police Union Power Softens Strategy" (New York ed.). March 11, 2021. p. 1 (section A).
- Online: "Police Unions Won Power Using His Playbook. Now He’s Negotiating the Backlash" (updated September 23, 2021). March 10, 2021.
- d'Erleigh, Jean (pseudonym of Gyula Halász; 1899–1994) (June 26, 1930). "Rope and Faggott". Vu: journal de la semaine (fr) (Parait Le Mercredi; 3ème Année; N° 106) (in French). 3 (106) (the article, among other things, reviews Walter Francis White's 1929 book, Rope and Faggot: A Biography of Judge Lynch. → Mi-Carême (fr) caricature on the cover.)
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: postscript (link) OCLC 472968350 (all editions)
- "Vu" "journal de la semaine" "26 juin 1930"
- White, Walter Francis (1929). Rope and Faggot: A Biography of Judge Lynch. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. LCCN 69-18545 (1969 re-print by Arno Press); LCCN 2001-37600 (2001 re-print by the University of Notre Dame Press); ISBN 0-2680-4006-0, 0-2680-4007-9 (2001 re-print by the University of Notre Dame Press); OCLC 1136582684 (all editions).
- ============
- Stevenson, Bob (producer/director) (1995). Sherman (VHS; 30 minutes). White Crane Video Productions. OCLC 37399251 – via Austin College, Special Collection (this video is a collection of interviews, actual photographs, and live representations of the 1930 lynching of George Hughes and ensuing riot by Whites against Blacks in Sherman.)
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
- Interviewees:
- Judge R.C. Vaughn (né Roland Carlisle Vaughn; 1915–2010)
- Rev. Hulen Leon Jackson (1913–1997)
- Judge William Ralph Elliot (1913–1998)
- W.C. ("Jack") DeWitt (né William Clifford DeWitt; 1913–1999)
- Jack Hannah (né Jack Henry Hannah; 1911–2000) (florist)
- Carl Adams (né Carl Ray Adams; 1914–2000) (journalist)
- Arthur Hickson (1904–1997)
- on Facebook page: I don't own the rights to this clips all rights reserved ucc1-308 intended for lost historical education
- → Austin College Library online catalog for this holding, in the description panel, it states, "Restricted for use in Austin College Classrooms."
- * Herald Democrat, The (June 18, 2020). "Petitions, Protests Continue Over Confederate Monument in Sherman". Sherman, Texas. Retrieved June 9, 2021.
- ============
Brinkley, Douglas (June 14, 2020). "Ranger Danger". New York Times Book Review (book review): 13. ProQuest 2412496184 (U.S. Newsstream database).
- "Doug Swanson" (bio). University of Pittsburgh, Department of English. n.d. Retrieved June 9, 2021.
xxxxxxxxxxxxx
- Crittenden, Micah Carlson (May 2020). "In the Tall Grass West of Town: Racial Violence in Denton County During the Rise of the Second Ku Klux Klan" (PDF) (Master of Arts thesis). University of North Texas. Retrieved June 9, 2021.
- Nation, The (August 29, 1901). "The Lynching Horror". The Nation. 73 (whole no. 1887). New York Evening Post Company: 162. Retrieved June 9, 2021 – via Google Books (the article condemns 1901 lynching by a mob of 300 White men who, on August 20, 1901, in Grayson County, burned alive Alfred Wilder, an African American man for allegedly murdering Mrs. Caldwell, a White woman who had been married only six months.).
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
- "The Negro was taken to a tree, and strung in the air. Wood and fodder were piled beneath his body and a hot fire was made. Then it was suggested that the man ought not to die too quickly, and he was let down to the ground, while a party went to Dexter, about two miles distant, to procure coal oil. This was thrown on the flames and the work completed."
xxxxxxxxxxxxxx
- Douglas, C[laude] L[eroy] (1901–1968) (1992) [1934]. The Gentlemen in the White Hats – Dramatic Episodes in the History of the Texas Rangers. Dallas: Southwest Press (1934); State Wide Press (1992) – via Google Books → 1992 edition → snippet view.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
- ISBN 0-9383-4981-3 (1992; hardcover), ISBN 0-9383-4982-1 (1992; paperback); ISBN 0-9383-4983-X (1992; limited ed.)
- Swanson, Douglas J[ules] (born 1953) (June 2020). "The Horrible Truth of Love Field's Texas Ranger Statue". D Magazine. Retrieved June 9, 2021 (includes an excerpt from the 2020 book, Cult of Glory).
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: postscript (link)
- Payne, Darwin, PhD (June 2017). "When Dallas Was the Most Racist City in America". D Magazine. Retrieved June 9, 2021 ("In the early 1920s, the city’s chapter of the Ku Klux Klan once included one out of every three eligible men.").
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: postscript (link) → This story first appeared in the spring 1997 issue of Legacies: A History Journal for Dallas and North Central Texas, under the title, "The Dallas Morning News and the Ku Klux Klan".
- Payne, Darwin, PhD (Spring 1997). "The Dallas Morning News and the Ku Klux Klan". Legacies: A History Journal for Dallas and North Central Texas. 9 (1). a joint publication of the Dallas County Heritage Society, the Dallas Historical Society, and The Sixth Floor Museum: 16–27. Retrieved June 9, 2021 – via Portal to Texas History.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ISSN 2169-5318; OCLC 759620677 (all editions).
xxxxxxxxxxxx
- Davies, David (né Albert Ernest Davies III; born 1953) (host / interviewer); Swanson, Doug (né Douglas Jules Swanson; born 1953) (interviewee) (June 8, 2020). "Cult Of Glory Reveals the Dark History of The Texas Rangers" (streaming archive of a radio broadcast → 36 minutes; and transcript). Fresh Air (Book review: Cult of Glory). NPR; co-produced by WHYY Public Media. OCLC 1161980345. Retrieved August 28, 2020.
{{cite web}}
:|first=
has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
- "McCasland Gets Two-year Term In First of Sherman Riot Trials." The Dallas Morning News (June 5, 1931), p. 1.
- "McCasland Is Convicted At Austin," Sherman Daily Democrat (June 5, 1931). p. l
- "All Riot Cases Except Against Three Dismissed," Sherman Daily Democrat (November 2, 1931), p. 10.
- Sherman Daily Democrat, May 4–24, 1930
- Fredericksburg Standard (July 3, 1931). "Sherman Rioter Given Two Years". Vol. 21, no. 41. Fredricksburg, Texas. p. 6. Retrieved June 9, 2021 – via Newspapers.com. LCCN sn86089412 ; OCLC 14279865.
- "Rioting Cases Are Dismissed," Sherman Daily Democrat (June 3, 1932). p. 1. McCasland was eventually paroled by the governor because of his mother's illness, according to Durwood Pruden, "A Sociological Study of a Texas Lynching" (Master's Thesis, Southern Methodist University, 1935), 180.
- Removal of Confederate Statue at Sheman Texas Court House
June 19, 2020 at 2:54 PM · Facebook for Android ·
- Found on Facebook: June 19, 2020 → The United daughters of Confederacy for Grayson County AKA KKK members wives had a meeting about the petition I started to remove the Confederate monument in Sherman Texas
Durham
[edit]- Gillette, Michael L. (April 1978). "The Rise of the NAACP in Texas". Southwestern Historical Quarterly. 81 (4). Texas State Historical Association: 393–416. Retrieved June 14, 2021 – via Portal to Texas History. ISSN 0038-478X (publication); OCLC 38528646, 5542919727 (article).
- Whitewright Sun (May 15, 1930). "Mob Burns Courthouse at Sherman." "Treason, Mob's Action Called". Vol. 51, no. 41. Whitewright, Texas: James Henry Waggoner (1884–1950) (editor and publisher). pp. 1, 7. Retrieved June 14, 2021 – via Portal to Texas History. LCCN sn88083331 ; ISSN 0886-4322; OCLC 17542521 (all editions).
10 Texas lynchings in 1930?
[edit]- May 8, 1930: George Hughes, a Black man accused of raping a White woman, lynched Sherman, Texas
- May 16, 1930: George Johnson (1900–1930), a Black man accused of slaying his White landlord, George Forrest Fortenberry (1879–1930), after an altercation over a debt, was shot to death by a sheriff's posse after he had barricaded himself in a cabin in Honey Grove, Fannin County, Texas. White men then tied his body to a truck and dragged it through the business section of town, then into the then-called "Negro section of Honey Grove," then they publically burned his remains. Honey Grove is 50 miles east of Sherman – Fannin County is the next county over from Grayson County.
- June 18, 1930: William Roan, a Black man, accused of attempting rape of a White woman, was lynched in Bryan, Texas
- June 28, 1930: Jack Robertson, a Black man accused of shooting R.L. Egger (né Robert Lee Egger; 1896–1973), blinding him, and also accused of shooting his wife, Stella Egger (née Stella Marie Baker; 1899–1993) – both white, Mr. Egger, a dairyman said to be Robertson's employer, reportedly the result of an argument over chickens, was lynched (fatally shot) at night in Round Rock, Texas, by a posse.
Attempted lynchings in Texas in 1930
[edit]- July 12, 1930, Shamrock, Texas, a posse headed by Collingsworth County Sheriff Claude Elihu McKinney (1885–1972) thwarted a mob of 200 White men attempting to lynch Jesse Lee Washington (1909–1930), a Black farmhand accused of attacking and killing a White farm woman, Ruth Vaughan (née Mabel Ruth Tackitt; 1905–1930), wife of Henry Hugh Vaughan (1906–1932). Washington was convicted of murder and sentenced to death, which was carried out by electric chair July 12, 1930, in Huntsville. His final statement: "Yes sir, White folks, I'm going to die. And, I'm asking all of you not to hold any malice against me in your hearts. The Lord has forgiven me all my sins and I am ready to go. I didn't kill the White lady, and if I had, I would tell you that I did." Henry Vaughan committed suicide September 12, 1932, in Shamrock.
- Fort Worth Star-Telegram (September 13, 1930). "One Taken and the Other Left by Death Chair" (AP). Vol. 50, no. 224 (Home ed.). p. 15. Retrieved June 28, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
Nelson
[edit]- Nelson, Kevin M[ichael] (born 1979). The Bending of the Legal System – Lynching and the Law. Albany Law School.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) Lua error in Module:LCCN at line 53: Template:LCCN: You must provide an ID..; Parameter error in {{ISBN}}: Missing ISBN.; .
- Nelson, Kevin M[ichael] (born 1979). The Bending of the Legal System – Lynching and the Law. Albany Law School.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) Lua error in Module:LCCN at line 53: Template:LCCN: You must provide an ID..; Parameter error in {{ISBN}}: Missing ISBN.; .
- Raper, Arthur Franklin (1899–1979) (1933). "Chapter 16: Burning Down the Courthouse – Sherman, Grayson County, Texas". The Tragedy of Lynching. Social Studies Series. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, Social Studies Series, presented by the Southern Commission on the Study of Lynching. pp. 319–355. Retrieved June 28, 2021 – via HathiTrust.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) LCCN 33-9073 (1933), LCCN 69-14943 (1969); LCCN 72-90191 (1969), LCCN 69-16568 (1960), OCLC 2018078 (all editions), 1081157881, 1081157881, 1068181841.
- Niedermeier, Lynn Eleanor (born 1956) (2007). Eliza Calvert Hall: Kentucky Author and Suffragist (PDF). Lexington: University Press of Kentucky. Retrieved June 28, 2021 (note 13 on p. 261)
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: postscript (link) LCCN 2007-16756; ISBN 978-0-8131-2470-4; OCLC 1058643253 (all editions).
Notes
[edit]- ^ Herald Democrat, June 16, 2020.
- ^ Gillette, April 1978, pp. 403–404.
External links
[edit]- Sherman Riot of 1930 Historical Marker Initiative official website
- Texoma Black History Month - Part 2 The Sherman Riot of 1930
- Jeremy Thomas (host). The Sherman Riot of 1930 (original airdate: February 10, 2019). Texoma Black History Month (Part 2 of 3). Sherman, Texas: News 12 Forum (KXII), Gray Media Group, Inc. Retrieved April 18, 2022 – via YouTube.