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Geum radiatum

Emilykfost/sandbox
	Blooming Geum radiatum
Conservation status
	; Imperiled (NatureServe)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Subkingdom:	Viridiplantae
Superdivision:	Embryophyta
Division:	Tracheophyta
Class:	Magnoliopsida
Family:	Rosaceae
Genus:	Geum L.
Species:	G. radiatum
Binomial name
	Geum radiatum; Michaux, A. 1803. http://legacy.tropicos.org/Publication/1265
	Range includes western North Carolina and eastern Tennessee

Geum radiatum, also known as spreading avens, is a perennial herb endemic to the Appalachian mountains. The herb grows 8-20 inches tall and is characterized by its yellow flowers and small leaves.^[1] The species was listed as endangered in 1990 under the Endangered Species Act. Although the populations are stable, the species still remains endangered^[1]^[2].

Description

Life history

Despite the low number of populations, spreading avens has a 90% adult plant survival rate. Additionally, there is a 25% seedling survival rate^[3]. Spreading avens reproduces via sexual and asexual reproduction. When reproducing asexually, Geum radiatum uses rhizomes, which spread horizontally on the ground. The rhizomes also help the plant anchor to the ground^[3]. Almost all larger plants in a Geum radiatum population flower from June to September^[1].

Habitat

There is currently no critical habitat documented for spreading avens. The plant species thrives in habitats with strong winds and harsh winters. It inhabits the southeastern region of the United States. It prefers shallow and acidic soils that are often wet from fog and downhill drainage. The species is found on wet, shady, near-vertical cliffs with elevations between 4500 - 6000 ft ^[1]^[2]. Spreading avens lives in one of the coolest and wettest areas in the southern Appalachians. At some sites, precipitation can exceed 78 inches each year. The average temperature is between 42 – 48ºF, and the daily high is almost always below 75ºF.^[3]

Niche

Many spreading avens plants have mutualistic relationships with insects. The insects serve as their pollinators. The mutualistic relationship allows the plant to reproduce sexually.^[4]

Distribution

Historical

The Geum radiatum ancestral taxon originated during the Pleistocene glaciation 10,000 years ago. The ancestral taxon's range spread throughout the Appalachian region. The species' ancestor moved to higher peaks in the southern Appalachian mountains as temperatures increased. The species' historical distribution may explain the low genetic diversity.^[4]

Present

Spreading avens inhabits the Appalachian mountains of eastern Tennessee and western North Carolina. Out of the fifteen existing populations, thirteen of them occur in North Carolina. One occurs in Tennessee, and one occurs on the border of Tennessee and North Carolina. The species is found in Ashe, Avery, Transylvania, Watatuga, Buncombe, Yancey, and Mitchell counties in North Carolina. In Tennessee, the plant is found in Servier and Carter counties. Each of the plant populations range from a handful of plants to around 1,000 individuals.^[1] A distribution map of the current Geum radiatum range is available on the species profile.

Status and Conservation

Under the Endangered Species Act, the spreading avens is listed as “endangered wherever found"^[2]. The species is not currently listed in the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN).

Major threats

Trampling and vegetation succession are major threats^[2]^[5]. Additionally, human impact and acid rain are contributing factors to habitat loss. Climate change is another large threat to the species, with the total area of habitat suitable for the species predicted to decline in the next several decades due to rising temperatures. Some models predict that the amount of suitable habitat will decrease by 58 – 83%.^[3] The rising temperatures result in warmer, drier summers. Without the cooler, humid climate, the plant dries out and can experience earlier death. Extreme weather events also threaten the population stability.^[2]^[5]

Human impact

Heightened trail usage in alpine residential and recreational areas threatens the habitat. Trail usage includes the development of ski slopes. The public has access to eight populations of spreading avens. Recent analysis showed that trampling is especially prevalent among those eight populations. Trampling occurs even if barriers separate trails from plant populations. Furthermore, trampling causes soil erosion in the habitat of Geum radiatum.^[5]

Current conservation efforts

The recovery plan for spreading avens details how the species is studied. Additionally, it outlines the efforts made to help the species grow in the number of populations. The goal of the plan is to reach 16 populations and to track current population development^[6]. (8) Protected trails have been created to prevent the disturbance of the species by the general public. Ongoing trail management is working to minimize the negative effects of trampling from activity on the trails. The United States Forest Service (USFS) issued a policy which prohibits damaging or removing an endangered plant on USFS land. Unfortunately, there is not enough funding to enforce this policy effectively. One issue with current conservation efforts is the lack of clear population measurements. The lack of standard measurements creates discrepancies in the population counts. Because the species lives on cliff faces, some populations are difficult to survey accurately.^[2]^[5]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Benjamin, Pete. "Biological Opinion Addressing Effects of Section 10(a)(1)(A) Permitting on Spreading Avens (Geum radiatum). PDF File. USFWS. ecos.fws.gov. 8 July 2014. https://esadocs.defenders-cci.org/ESAdocs/consultation/20140708_Biol_Opin_Geum_radiatum_permit.pdf
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Bibb, Kelly et al. “Spreading Avens (Geum Radiatum) 5-Year Review: Summary and Evaluation.” PDF File. ecos.fws.gov, USFWS, 2008, https://esadocs.defenders-cci.org/ESAdocs/five_year_review/doc4343.pdf.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Ulrey, Christopher; Quintana-Ascencio, Pedro F.; Kauffman, Gary; Smith, Adam B.; Menges, Eric S. (2016-08-01). "Life at the top: Long-term demography, microclimatic refugia, and responses to climate change for a high-elevation southern Appalachian endemic plant". Biological Conservation. 200: 80–92. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2016.05.028. ISSN 0006-3207.
^ ^a ^b Godt, Mary Jo W.; Johnson, Bart R.; Hamrick, J. L. (1996). "Genetic Diversity and Population Size in Four Rare Southern Appalachian Plant Species". Conservation Biology. 10 (3): 796–805. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1739.1996.10030796.x. ISSN 1523-1739.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Bibb, Kelly et al. “Spreading Avens (Geum Radiatum) 5-Year Review: Summary and Evaluation, Addendum.” PDF File. ecos.fws.gov, USFWS, Mar. 2020, https://ecos.fws.gov/docs/five_year_review/doc6381.pdf
^ Murdock, Nora A. “Recovery Plan for Spreading avens (Geum radiatum) Rafinesque.” PDF File. ecos.fws.gov, USFWS, http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/recovery_plan/930428.pdf .

External links

radiatum Category:Plants described in 1803 Category:Flora of North Carolina Category:Flora of Tennessee

[:0-1] Benjamin, Pete. "Biological Opinion Addressing Effects of Section 10(a)(1)(A) Permitting on Spreading Avens (Geum radiatum). PDF File. USFWS. ecos.fws.gov. 8 July 2014. https://esadocs.defenders-cci.org/ESAdocs/consultation/20140708_Biol_Opin_Geum_radiatum_permit.pdf

[:1-2] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Bibb, Kelly et al. “Spreading Avens (Geum Radiatum) 5-Year Review: Summary and Evaluation.” PDF File. ecos.fws.gov, USFWS, 2008, https://esadocs.defenders-cci.org/ESAdocs/five_year_review/doc4343.pdf.

[:2-3] Ulrey, Christopher; Quintana-Ascencio, Pedro F.; Kauffman, Gary; Smith, Adam B.; Menges, Eric S. (2016-08-01). "Life at the top: Long-term demography, microclimatic refugia, and responses to climate change for a high-elevation southern Appalachian endemic plant". Biological Conservation. 200: 80–92. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2016.05.028. ISSN 0006-3207.

[:3-4] Godt, Mary Jo W.; Johnson, Bart R.; Hamrick, J. L. (1996). "Genetic Diversity and Population Size in Four Rare Southern Appalachian Plant Species". Conservation Biology. 10 (3): 796–805. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1739.1996.10030796.x. ISSN 1523-1739.

[:4-5] Bibb, Kelly et al. “Spreading Avens (Geum Radiatum) 5-Year Review: Summary and Evaluation, Addendum.” PDF File. ecos.fws.gov, USFWS, Mar. 2020, https://ecos.fws.gov/docs/five_year_review/doc6381.pdf

[6] Murdock, Nora A. “Recovery Plan for Spreading avens (Geum radiatum) Rafinesque.” PDF File. ecos.fws.gov, USFWS, http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/recovery_plan/930428.pdf .

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