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Phonology

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Consonants

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The table below shows the 18 consonant phonemes of Papuan Malay. The voiceless stops are usually unreleased at the end of a syllable. The phoneme /r/ has three allophones: a voiced alveolar trill, a voiceless alveolar trill, and a voiced alveolar tap.

Papuan Malay consonant phonemes[1]
Labial Dental/
Alveolar
Palatal Velar Glottal
Plosive
voiceless p t k
voiced b d ɡ
Affricate
voiceless t͡ʃ
voiced d͡ʒ
Nasal m n ɲ ŋ
Fricative voiceless s h
Rhotic r
Lateral approximant l
Approximant w j

Vowels

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There are 5 vowel phonemes in Papuan Malay.[2]

Papuan Malay vowel phonemes
Front Central Back
Close i u
Open-mid ɛ ɔ
Open a

Vowel allophones

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Below are the allophones of Papuan Malay vowels.[2]

Phoneme Allophone
/i/ [i], [ɪ], [e]
/u/ [u], [ʊ], [o]
/ɛ/ [ɛ], [ɛ̞], [ə]
/ɔ/ [ɔ], [ɔ̞]
/a/ [a], [ɐ]

Vowels in closed syllables are centralized:

Orthographic Phonetic Translation
tinggi [tɪŋ.gi] 'be high'[3]

In the closed syllable [tɪŋ], the phoneme /i/ is realized as [ɪ]. In the open syllable [gi], the phoneme is realized as [i].

References

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Kluge, Angela (2017). A Grammar of Papuan Malay. Studies in Diversity Linguistics 11. Berlin: Language Science Press. doi:10.5281/zenodo.376415. ISBN 978-3-944675-86-2.

  1. ^ Kluge 2017, p. 66.
  2. ^ a b Kluge 2017, p. 71.
  3. ^ Kluge 2017, p. 77.