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Sarajevo (/ˌsærəˈjeɪvoʊ/ SARR-ə-YAY-voh) is the capital and largest city of Bosnia and Herzegovina, with a population of 275,524 in its administrative limits. The Sarajevo metropolitan area including Sarajevo Canton, East Sarajevo and nearby municipalities is home to 555,210 inhabitants. Located within the greater Sarajevo valley of Bosnia and Herzegovina, it is surrounded by the Dinaric Alps and situated along the Miljacka River in the heart of the Balkans, a region of Southeastern Europe.

The Sarajevo Tunnel (Serbo-Croatian: Sarajevski tunel, Сарајевски тунел), also known as the Tunnel of Salvation (Serbo-Croatian: Tunel spasa, Тунел спаса) and the Tunnel of Hope, was a tunnel constructed between March and June 1993 during the Siege of Sarajevo, in the now capital city, in the midst of the Bosnian War. It was built by the Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina (ARBiH) in order to link the city of Sarajevo, which was entirely cut off by the Army of Republika Srpska (VRS), with ARBiH-held territory on the other side of the Sarajevo Airport, an area controlled by the United Nations.

The tunnel linked the Sarajevo neighbourhoods of Dobrinja and Butmir (giving it the name "Tunnel D-B"), allowing food, war supplies, and humanitarian aid to come into the city, and allowing people to get out. The tunnel became a major way of bypassing the international arms embargo and providing the city defenders with weaponry.

Edin Džeko (Bosnian pronunciation: [ědin dʒêːko]; born 17 March 1986) is a Bosnian professional footballer who plays as a striker for and captains both Süper Lig club Fenerbahçe and the Bosnia and Herzegovina national team.

Džeko was named Bosnian Footballer of the Year for three years in a row. He has been nicknamed "Bosnian Diamond" (Bosnian: Bosanski dijamant) or simply "Diamond" (Dijamant) by football fans and journalists in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Prior to joining Fenerbahçe, he played for Manchester City, Roma and Inter Milan, but he made a name for himself while playing for German club VfL Wolfsburg, with whom he won the Bundesliga in the 2008–09 season. He was the second-highest goalscorer with 26 goals. In the 2009–10 season, Džeko was the top scorer with 22 goals. He also registered ten assists in both seasons.

The Bosnia and Herzegovina national football team (Bosnian: Fudbalska reprezentacija Bosne i Hercegovine; Croatian: Nogometna reprezentacija Bosne i Hercegovine; Serbian: Фудбалска репрезентација Босне и Херцеговине) represents Bosnia and Herzegovina in men's international football competitions, and is governed by the Football Association of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Until 1992, Bosnian footballers played for Yugoslavia.

Bosnia and Herzegovina achieved their best result when they reached the 2014 FIFA World Cup as winners of their qualifying group. They were eliminated after narrow group stage losses to Argentina and Nigeria and a win over Iran.

The Bosnia and Herzegovina national team has never taken part in a UEFA European Championship.

The team's highest FIFA World Ranking was 13th, achieved in August 2013.

Born in Cagliari, Barella is a youth exponent from Cagliari Calcio. He made his first appearance on 15 January 2015, playing against Parma at the Tardini in the Coppa Italia, which resulted in a 2–1 loss. His debut in Serie A came on 4 May 2015 again against Parma, replacing Diego Farias after 68 minutes in a 4–0 home win.

Overview

Chocolate, or cocoa, is a food made from roasted and ground cacao seed kernels that is available as a liquid, solid, or paste, either on its own or as a flavoring agent in other foods. Cacao has been consumed in some form for at least 5,300 years starting with the Mayo-Chinchipe culture in what is present-day Ecuador. Later Mesoamerican civilizations also consumed chocolate beverages before being introduced to Europe in the 16th century.

The Arecaceae were the first modern family of monocots to appear in the fossil record around 80 million years ago (Mya), during the late Cretaceous period. The first modern species, such as Nypa fruticans and Acrocomia aculeata, appeared 69 Mya, as evidenced by fossil Nypa pollen. Palms appear to have undergone an early period of adaptive radiation. By 60 Mya, many of the modern, specialized genera of palms appeared and became widespread and common, much more widespread than their range today. Because palms separated from the monocots earlier than other families, they developed more intrafamilial specialization and diversity. By tracing back these diverse characteristics of palms to the basic structures of monocots, palms may be valuable in studying monocot evolution. Several species of palms have been identified from flowers preserved in amber, including Palaeoraphe dominicana and Roystonea palaea. Fossil evidence^{[clarification needed]} of them can also be found in samples of petrified palmwood.^{[citation needed]}

Phylogenetic Tree:

The relationship between the subfamilies is shown in the following cladogram:^{[citation needed]}

Arecaceae

Calamoideae Nypoideae Coryphoideae Ceroxyloideae Arecoideae

Overview of St.Louis

St. Louis (/seɪnt ˈluːɪs, sənt-/ saynt LOO-iss, sənt-) is an independent city in the U.S. state of Missouri. It is located near the confluence of the Mississippi and the Missouri rivers. In 2020, the city proper had a population of 301,578, while its bi-state metropolitan area, which extends into Illinois, had an estimated population of over 2.8 million. It is the largest metropolitan area in Missouri and the second largest in Illinois. The city's combined statistical area (CSA) is the 20th largest in the United States.

The land that is now St. Louis had been occupied by Native American cultures for thousands of years before European settlement. The city was founded on February 14, 1764, by French fur traders Gilbert Antoine de St. Maxent, Pierre Laclède and Auguste Chouteau. They named it for king Louis IX of France, and it quickly became the regional center of the French Illinois Country. In 1804, the United States acquired St. Louis as part of the Louisiana Purchase. In the 19th century, St. Louis developed as a major port on the Mississippi River; from 1870 until the 1920 census, it was the fourth-largest city in the country. It separated from St. Louis County in 1877, becoming an independent city and limiting its political boundaries. In 1904, it hosted the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, also known as the St. Louis World's Fair, and the Summer Olympics.

Early Career

Jala started making rap music in 2004 at his improvised house-studio. Later, he formed a Hip hop group Bluntbylon with Smayla and several other members. Their career started mostly on YouTube. He also made a few solo-works at that period. In 2011, he released his first EP Replay, on which his first song with Buba Corelli appeared.

Overview of Amar Hodžić Fame

Amar Hodžić (born 22 September 1989), known by his stage name Buba Corelli, is a Bosnian rapper, songwriter, record producer and entrepreneur. He is best known for his collaborative efforts with Jala Brat, with whom he also founded their record label Imperia.

Outside of his own musical career, Buba Corelli has also attained significant success as a producer working for well known regional artists such as Maya Berović, Milan Stanković and Severina.

AADACL2

Evolution

Figure 5: The graph above depicts the corrected sequence divergence vs median date of divergence. The blue line and dots indicate AADACL2. Purple indicates the Fibrinogen alpha, and the orange indicates Cytochrome C.

Ortholog

AADACL2 is found only in mammals, it is not found in any invertebrate. Below is a table with some of the orthologs of the gene

AADACL2	Genus and Species	Common Name	Taxonomic Group	Median Date of Divergence (MYA)	Accession #	Sequence Length (aa)	Sequence Identity to Human Protein (%)	Sequence Similarity to Human Protein (%)
Primates	Homo sapiens	Human	Primates	0	NP_997248.2	401	100.0	100.0
	Macaca mulatta	Rhesus monkey	Primates	28.8	XP_001106757.2	401	98	99.3
	Rhinopithecus roxellana	Golden snub-nosed monkey	Primates	28.8	XP_010370407.2	401	97.3	99.0
	Sapajus apella	Tufted capuchin	Primates	43	XP_032118900.1	401	94	96.3
	Aotus nancymaae	Nancy Ma's monkey	Primates	43	XP_012292432.2	401	94.5	96.5
	Microcebus murinus	Gray mouse lemur	Primates	74	XP_012646764.1	402	72.1	81.8
Flying Lemurs	Cynocephalus volans	Philippine flying lemur	Dermoptera	74	XP_062934601.1	401	82.5	89.0
Bats	Rhinolophus ferrumequinum	Greater Horseshoe Bat	Bats	94	XP_032991506.1	401	81.0	87.8
	Pteropus alecto	Black flying fox	Chiroptera	94	XP_006926324.1	343	50.5	63.6
Rabbits & Hares	Ochotona princeps	American Pika	Lagomorpha	87	XP_004598151.2	401	80.5	88.3
Rodents	Octodon degus	Degu	Rodentia	87	XP_004643988.1	401	80.0	89.0
	Mus musculus	Mouse	Rodentia	87	NP_001121563	401	79.1	89.5
	Marmota monax	Woodchuck	Rodentia	87	XP_046287168.1	401	65.1	78.1
Insectivores	Condylura cristata	Star-nosed Mole	Eulipotyphla	94	XP_004682396.1	401	78.8	86.3
Afrotheria	Trichechus manatus latirostris	Florida Manatee	Sirenia	99	XP_004379276.3	402	78.4	88.1
	Elephas maximus indicus	Indian Elephant	Proboscideans	99	XP_049723395.1	402	78.1	86.8
Carnivores	Lontra canadensis	Northern American River Otter	Carnivora	94	XP_032708555.1	401	75.1	84.0
	Phoca vitulina	Harbor Seal	Carnivora	94	XP_032265082.1	400	73.8	82.0
	Ursus maritimus	Polar Bear	Carnivora	94	XP_008705296.2	401	73.6	83.3
	Mustela putorius furo	Domestic Ferret	Carnivora	94	XP_004755622.1	401	73.6	82.5
	Canis lupus dingo	Dingo	Carnivora	94	XP_025291970.3	403	73.4	81.9
	Ailuropoda melanoleuca	Giant Panda	Carnivora	94	XP_002916395.1	397	72.1	81.0
	Odobenus rosmarus divergens	Pacific Walrus	Carnivora	94	XP_004405057.1	400	70.3	80.5
Even-Toed Ungulates	Hippopotamus amphibius kiboko	Common Hippopotamus	Artiodactyls	94	XP_057593784.1	416	70.0	79.4
	Camelus dromedarius	Arabian Camel	Artiodactyls	94	XP_010985013.1	401	63.8	78.1
Odd-Toed Ungulates	Equus caballus	Horse	Perissodactyla	94	XP_014587028.1	587	49.6	56.6

Gene Expression Summary

RNA Sequence Data:

According to NCBI Gene HPA RNA-seq normal tissues, AADACL2 is tissue specific (Figure 1). AADACL2 is expressed at a very high level in skin tissues. It is found at low levels in placenta, esophagus, small intestine and colon (Graph A). It is also found in circular RNA induction during fetal development at higher levels at the intestines at 10 weeks and in the intestines at 20 weeks. And is found at lower levels in: adrenal (10 & 18 & 20 weeks), intestine (17 weeks), lung (10 & 17 & 20 weeks), and in the stomach (10 & 20 weeks)(Graph B). In total RNA found in 20 tissues was highly expressed in the placenta, esophagus, trachea, and lungs. RNA was expressed low in the heart, liver, salivary gland, stomach, thymus, thyroid, and uterus (Graph C).

Figure 1. AADACL2 RNA sequence data from NCBI gene database. Graph A depicts AADACL2 in HPA RNA-seq normal tissues. Graph B depicts AADACL2 in tissue-specific circular RNA induction during human fetal development. And graph C represents RNA sequencing of total RNA from 20 human tissues.

Conditions:

Macrophage migration inhibitory factor depletion effect on kidney cell line

AADACL2 response to MIF depletion.

The graph for this study is located on the left handed side down below. The results of this study indicated that the knockdown of MIF expression led to the inhibition of the cell cycle and cell proliferation. It can be seen from the graph that the MIF depletion led AADACL2 to be expressed at lower levels than in the control, where it was moderately expressed.

Monocyte response to influenza A infection ex vivo

AADACL2 immune response with the presence of influenza A

The graph for this study was located in the middle. This study found that monocytes were susceptible to viral infection among blood mononuclear cells, with the purpose of activating antiviral response and immunity. It can be seen that when there was a presence of influenza A, the amount of AADACL2 expressed was fairly low. As compared to the control, which showed moderate presence of AADACL2 with no virus present.

Effect of ZNF750 silencing on differentiated keratinocytes

AADACL2’s response to the silencing of ZNF750

The graph for this study was located all the way to the right. This study’s goal was to understand the molecular cascades governing keratinocyte terminal differentiation. They have found that ZNF750 is strongly activated and essential for keratinocyte terminal differentiation. It can be seen in the graph that when there is the silencing of the ZNF750 gene there is low expression of AADACL2. And when ZNF750 isn’t silenced, AADACL2 is relatively highly expressed.