User:Double sharp/Dwarf planets

Sources that unequivocally call the other large TNOs "dwarf planets".

Orcus

• Barr and Schwamb (2016)
  • Wide-field surveys (Millis et al. 2002; Trujillo & Brown 2003; Elliot et al. 2005; Jones et al. 2006; Larsen et al. 2007; Brown 2008; Schwamb et al. 2010; Petit et al. 2011; Sheppard et al. 2011; Rabinowitz et al. 2012; Bannister et al. 2016; Brown et al. 2015) have completed the inventory of distant dwarf planets brighter than ∼21.5th apparent R magnitude (Schwamb, Brown & Fraser 2013; Brown et al. 2015), yielding seven bodies comparable in size to Pluto: Makemake, Haumea, Eris, Sedna, 2007 OR10, Quaoar, and Orcus.
  • At the time of writing, this consists of five dwarf planets with semimajor axes >30 au, for which we have mass and size measurements: Pluto, Quaoar, Eris, Orcus, and Haumea.
• Brown and Butler (2018)
  • A counter-example is the dwarf planet Orcus, which has a satellite—Vanth—with a fractional brightness of 9.6% and a spectrum with significantly less water ice than its primary (Brown et al. 2010).
• Grundy et al. (2019)
  • The dwarf planet Orcus was discovered at Palomar observatory in 2004 by M.E. Brown, C.A. Trujillo, and D. Rabinowitz, and provisionally designated as 2004 DW.
• Hein, Pak, Hennig, Schneiderbauer, and Plötner (2011)
  • We conclude that one of the dwarf planets Pluto, Haumea, Orcus or Quaoar and their moons should be considered as a target for the mission.
• Kiss, Farkas-Takács, Szakáts, Müller, Pál (2021)
  • In this presentation we show results from the analysis of TESS light curves of the Kuiper belt dwarf planets Eris, Makemake and Orcus.

Quaoar

• Barr and Schwamb (2016)
  • Wide-field surveys (Millis et al. 2002; Trujillo & Brown 2003; Elliot et al. 2005; Jones et al. 2006; Larsen et al. 2007; Brown 2008; Schwamb et al. 2010; Petit et al. 2011; Sheppard et al. 2011; Rabinowitz et al. 2012; Bannister et al. 2016; Brown et al. 2015) have completed the inventory of distant dwarf planets brighter than ∼21.5th apparent R magnitude (Schwamb, Brown & Fraser 2013; Brown et al. 2015), yielding seven bodies comparable in size to Pluto: Makemake, Haumea, Eris, Sedna, 2007 OR10, Quaoar, and Orcus.
  • At the time of writing, this consists of five dwarf planets with semimajor axes >30 au, for which we have mass and size measurements: Pluto, Quaoar, Eris, Orcus, and Haumea.
• Braga-Ribas et al. (2011)
  • Also know as 2002 LM60, (50000) Quaoar is a dwarf planet, discovered in 2002, that orbits the Sun at an average distance of 43.4AU.
• Foster (2019)
  • Whilst attending EPSC-DPS in Geneva, Switzerland in September this year, the author was informed of an imminent occultation of a 14th magnitude star by the Dwarf Planet Quaoar, a Trans-Neptunian Object (TNO) orbiting the sun in the Kuiper belt, and which would be observable from the author’s home location.
• Hein, Pak, Hennig, Schneiderbauer, and Plötner (2011)
  • We conclude that one of the dwarf planets Pluto, Haumea, Orcus or Quaoar and their moons should be considered as a target for the mission.

Gonggong

• Arakawa et al. (2021)
  • Tidal evolution of the eccentric moon around dwarf planet (225088) Gonggong
• Barr and Schwamb (2016)
  • Wide-field surveys (Millis et al. 2002; Trujillo & Brown 2003; Elliot et al. 2005; Jones et al. 2006; Larsen et al. 2007; Brown 2008; Schwamb et al. 2010; Petit et al. 2011; Sheppard et al. 2011; Rabinowitz et al. 2012; Bannister et al. 2016; Brown et al. 2015) have completed the inventory of distant dwarf planets brighter than ∼21.5th apparent R magnitude (Schwamb, Brown & Fraser 2013; Brown et al. 2015), yielding seven bodies comparable in size to Pluto: Makemake, Haumea, Eris, Sedna, 2007 OR10, Quaoar, and Orcus.
• Kiss et al. (2017)
  • 2007 OR₁₀ is currently the third largest known dwarf planet in the trans-Neptunian region, with an effective radiometric diameter of ~1535 km.
• Kiss et al. (2019)
  • The mass and density of the dwarf planet (225088) 2007 OR₁₀
  • Based on the newly determined system mass of 1.75 · 10²¹ kg, 2007 OR₁₀ is the fifth most massive dwarf planet after Eris, Pluto, Haumea and Makemake.
• China Daily (2020)
  • The largest unnamed dwarf planet in the solar system has recently been named after the Chinese water god Gonggong by the International Astronomical Union.

Sedna

• Barr and Schwamb (2016)
  • Wide-field surveys (Millis et al. 2002; Trujillo & Brown 2003; Elliot et al. 2005; Jones et al. 2006; Larsen et al. 2007; Brown 2008; Schwamb et al. 2010; Petit et al. 2011; Sheppard et al. 2011; Rabinowitz et al. 2012; Bannister et al. 2016; Brown et al. 2015) have completed the inventory of distant dwarf planets brighter than ∼21.5th apparent R magnitude (Schwamb, Brown & Fraser 2013; Brown et al. 2015), yielding seven bodies comparable in size to Pluto: Makemake, Haumea, Eris, Sedna, 2007 OR10, Quaoar, and Orcus.
• Barucci et al. (2010)
  • The dwarf planet (90377) Sedna (diameter of ~1300 km) is one of the most remote solar system objects accessible to investigations, and one of the reddest.
• Dalle Ore et al. (2010)
  • The peculiar TNO (90377) Sedna is one of the most remote solar system objects accessible to investigations (current heliocentric distance 88AU). This dwarf planet is one of the reddest objects following the taxonomic group RR.
• Malhotra (2009)
  • Efforts to place in context several new discoveries of trans-Neptune dwarf planets, such as Sedna and Haumea, are probing collisional physics in the ice-rock parameter regime as well as the role of dynamical chaos or possibly undetected massive perturbers at the edge of our solar system.
• Rabinowitz et al. (2011)
  • We have used the SMARTS 1.3m telescope extensively to photometrically characterize the new dwarf planet population (including Eris and Sedna) discovered with the QUEST camera.
• Trujillo and Sheppard (2014)
  • The 1,000-kilometre-diameter dwarf planet Sedna was discovered ten years ago and was unique in that its closest approach to the Sun (perihelion) is 76 AU, far greater than that of any other Solar System body.
• Zubko (2022)
  • The fastest routes of approach to dwarf planet Sedna for study its surface and composition at the close range

Multiple among the above

• The Pluto System (2021: 41) "making this dwarf planet [Sedna] very different from Pluto," (p.460) "satellites were being discovered around most of the other dwarf planets, including Haumea ..., Eris ..., Quaoar ... and Orcus", (p.525 'Other dwarf planets in the Kuiper belt') "Notable among these detections are methane ice on Eris and Quaoar, extensive methane ice on Makemake, and water ice on Haumea, Quaoar, Orcus, and Gonggong." (thanks kwami!)
• Holler (2021)
  • The largest TNO dwarf planets, those officially recognized by the IAU, plus others like Sedna, Quaoar, and Gonggong, are large enough to support volatile ices on their surfaces in the present day.

Others

• Iorio (2014), 2012 VP113
  • The recent discovery of the Sedna-like dwarf planet 2012 VP₁₁₃ by Trujillo and Sheppard has revamped the old-fashioned hypothesis that a still unseen trans-Plutonian object of planetary size, variously dubbed over the years as Planet X, Tyche and Telisto, might lurk in the distant peripheries of the Solar system.
• Sheppard (2017), (532037) 2013 FY27
  • A Satellite Search of a Newly Discovered Dwarf Planet
  • But this is not a journal article, rather a HST proposal. But also there is
• Sheppard, Fernandez, and Moullet (2018), (532037) 2013 FY27
  • The Albedos, Sizes, Colors and Satellites of Dwarf Planets Compared with Newly Measured Dwarf Planet 2013 FY27

We ignore one source as being very out of step with all the others and itself:

• Runyon, Holler, and Balister (2020), lots
  • There are an estimated 130 dwarf planets—objects >400 km in diameter—beyond Neptune. In or near this region, between -20° and 20° in heliocentric ecliptic latitude, there are five potential dwarf planets that Interstellar Probe could fly by: 2002 MS4, Quaoar, Gonggong, Pluto, and Ixion (Figure 1).

The problem is that the figure lists 47171 Lempo, which is a binary and whose largest component is not even >400 km in diameter. It also does not follow the usual definition; others seem unwilling to call smaller objects DPs. E.g. Barr and Schwamb above, who draw a distinction with Orcus as the smallest DP: We note there may be a continuum of KBO densities up to our proposed primordial density for the dwarf planet-sized bodies. Mid-sized bodies like Varda and Salacia have densities greater than 1 g cm⁻³ and less than 1.5 g cm⁻³ (Stansberry et al. 2012; Grundy et al. 2015). Bodies with radii less than ~400 km, including 2002 UX25 and Typhon, have measured densities less than 1 g cm⁻³ (Grundy et al. 2008; Brown 2013). The inclusion of (55637) 2002 UX25 in Runyon et al.'s Fig. 1 (with its low density) shows that this source is using a different criterion from most of the other scientists being quoted here, and that of Lempo shows that it is not even following its own criterion. So, we feel free to ignore this one.

Conclusion

It appears to be consistent with the current scientific literature to generally include Orcus, Quaoar, Gonggong, and Sedna together with Ceres, Pluto, Haumea, Makemake, and Eris as DPs. Smaller bodies from Salacia on down are subject to some dispute and are not generally included.