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User:Donald Trung/Zhou Dynasty coinage (2020 expansion)

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This page serves as "the editing history" of the English Wikipedia article "Zhou dynasty coinage" and is preserved for attribution.

Original draft

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{{Use mdy dates|date = February 2019}} {{Short description|Historical coinage of China}} {{Use American English|date = February 2019}} [[File:Three Bronze Wampum Covered with Gold Leaf.jpg|thumb|right|Three Bronze [[Wampum]] Covered with Gold Lead on display at the China Numismatic Museum.]] '''Chinese coinage during the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods''' includes some of the earliest coins produced in the world. However, they were mostly not the typical round shape of modern coins. They included [[cowrie shell]]s, [[Ant-nose coin|ant nose money]], [[Spade money|spade-shaped money]] and [[Knife money|knife-shaped money]]. == Cowrie shell == Before the [[Spring and Autumn period]], during the [[Shang dynasty]], cowrie shells had been used as an early type of money. In the [[Zhou period]], their use became more stylised with replica shells made of [[porcelain]], [[jade]] or metal coming into use. Some sources suggest that early round coins were a highly stylised representation of the cowrie shells.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://chinesechinese.net/HistoryofChina.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=May 21, 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120503202130/http://www.chinesechinese.net/HistoryofChina.html |archivedate=May 3, 2012 }} A snap shot view of THE HISTORY OF CHINA by YK Kwan</ref><ref>[http://www.travelchinaguide.com/intro/focus/currency.htm Shell Money before Qin Dynasty]</ref> == Gold money == [[File:Ying yuan, Guangdong Museum.JPG|thumb|180px|Gold coins marked with "Ying yuan". "Ying" being the name of the Chu capital.]] {{Main|Ying Yuan}} The [[State of Chu]] produced rough squares of gold, stamped with one or two characters which were used as money. In Chinese they are known as ''Ying Yuan'' ({{zh|c=[[wikt:郢|郢]][[wikt:爰|爰]]|hp=yǐng yuán}}).{{citation needed|date=September 2019}} == Spade money == {{Main|Spade money}}[[File:Square Shoulder Spade.jpg|thumb|Spade money]] The shape of spade money ({{ zh| c=布币| hp=bù bì| l=| links=yes}}) is similar to spade, an agricultural tool. The pronunciation of "spade" in Chinese is "bo" ({{ zh| c=镈| hp=bó| l=| links=no}}), which is very close to "bu" ({{ zh| c=布| hp=bù| l=| links=no}}), and it is where spade money derived its name. During the Spring and Autumn period, spade money was used mainly in Shanxi and Zhou royal family. There are two primary types of spade money, Kong Shou Bu (空首布), the early one, and Ping Shou Bu ({{ zh| c=平首布| hp=Píng shǒu bù| l=| links=no}}), the late one. During the currency process, each kingdom had developed their techniques for producing money with the great growth of the national economy. As a result, big changes had taken place in spade money, from big and thick one to small and thin one.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/chinesecoins.html|title= Chinese coins – 中國錢幣 |date=16 November 2016|accessdate=13 June 2017|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> Spade money began to be used in the Spring and Autumn period and ended in the late Warring States. Today, there are few remaining and it has become the emphasis of collectors. [[File:Three-hole bu money.jpg|thumb|Three-hole spade money]] [[Zhongshan (state)|Zhongshan]] kingdom ({{ zh| c=中山国| hp=zhōngshān guó| l=| links=no}}) (nearly in the 4th century BC), a small vassal state in the mid-Warring States period, first invented and used the early three-hole spade money ({{ zh| c=三孔布币| hp=sān kǒng bù bì| l=| links=no}}), whose contour looked like a mountain. At that time, the handicraft industry, business, iron-smelting industry and bronze casting industry in that kingdom were developed. Usually, people threaded the money together through these holes, which made it easier for people to carry, more convenient for the money to circulate. As a result, the three-hole spade money was well received among people at that time. Due to continuous wars, Zhongshan kingdom fell down and most of the three-hole spade money got lost. Today, there are few left and we can hardly find even in some nationalized large-scale museums.<ref>Calgary Coins & Antique Gallery [http://www.dmudd.net/hist696/images/china.pdf Ancient Chinese Coinage 700 BC to 255 BC.] Retrieved: 13 June 2017.</ref> == Knife money == {{Main|Knife money}}[[File:Knife Money Yan.jpg|thumb|right| 200px| Yan (state)| Yan State knife money (燕国刀币)]] During the early [[Warring States]], the state of [[Qi (state)|Qi]] was one of the strongest in all of China. To show the strength of their kingdom and inherit the tradition of the fondness of knives as the northern grassland nationality, Qi carried out knife-money-system policy.<ref>[[Stanford University]] [https://www.princeton.edu/~pswpc/pdfs/scheidel/020803.pdf The monetary systems of the Han and Roman Empires.] February 2008. Retrieved: 13 June 2017.</ref> In 279 BC, in the charge of Tian Dan ({{ zh| c=田单| hp=tián dān| l=| links=no}}), the senior general, Qi successfully wiped out the enemy unit, the alliance of [[Han (state)|Han]], [[Zhao (state)|Zhuo]], [[Wei (state)|Wei]], [[Qin (state)|Qin]], [[Chu (state)|Chu]] and retook the lost land. Moreover, Qi Xiangwang ({{ zh| c=齐襄王| hp=qí xiāng wáng| l=| links=no}}), the leader of [[Qi]], returned to his own land after the five-year exile from his kingdom. In order to celebrate the great victory and the return of Qi Xiangwang, Qi produced the six-word knife money (六字大刀).<ref>{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/blog/2014/12/09/state-of-qi-six-character-knife-money/|title= State of Qi Six Character Knife Money. |date=9 December 2014|accessdate=13 June 2017|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture) }}</ref> Besides the six-word one, there is three-word, four-word and five-word knife money as well. == Early round coins == {{Main|List of Chinese cash coins by inscription#Warring states period}} From 350 BC onwards, round coins started to be used. The round coins from the areas that previously used spade money, had round holes in their center. The round coins from the knife money areas typically had square holes. There are only two coins known to be exceptions to this general rule.{{citation needed|date=September 2019}} == Other coinages == [[File:Bridge Money (a.k.a. Ch'ing or Tingle-tangle) - Scott Semans.jpg|thumb|right|An example of Zhou dynasty era "bridge money".]] <nowiki> There were other coinages where no contemporary historical sources mentions them.<ref name="PrimaltrekQiHeritageMuseum">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/blog/2014/12/02/ancient-chinese-coin-exhibit-at-the-qi-heritage-museum/|title= Ancient Chinese Coin Exhibit at the Qi Heritage Museum.|date=2 December 2014|accessdate=22 February 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> For this reason the validity of these objects as a form of currency is called into question.<ref name="PrimaltrekQiHeritageMuseum"/> Because it is unknown if they were or weren't forms of ancient Chinese money, they are usually referred to as "pseudo money" or "odd shaped money" ({{zh|t= 異形幣 |s= 异形币| hp= yì xíng bì | l= | links=yes}}).<ref name="PrimaltrekQiHeritageMuseum"/> These currency are often named based on their shape, for example there is "[[fish money]]" (魚幣), "[[halberd money]]" (戟幣), and "[[bridge money]]" (橋幣).<ref name="PrimaltrekQiHeritageMuseum"/> Some specimens of "bridge money" are further subdivided into more categories such as "tiger head bridge money" and "dragon head bridge money" based on their shape.<ref name="PrimaltrekQiHeritageMuseum"/>

See also

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References

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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Coins of the Zhou Dynasty.
Preceded by:
Cowrie shells
Reason: Adoption of metallic money systems. 		Currency of China
771 BC – 221 BC 		Succeeded by:
Ancient Chinese coinage
(Ban Liang coins)
Reason: Unification of China under the Qin.

Category:Coins of ancient China Coins Category:Zhou dynasty .

</nowiki>

Standard reference templates

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March 2020.
  • <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= March 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= March 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>
February 2020.
  • <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= February 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= February 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>
January 2020.
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To use

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  • <ref name="Brill2015">[https://www.academia.edu/28400259/_Silver_Copper_Rice_and_Debt_Monetary_Policy_and_Office_Selling_in_China_during_the_Taiping_Rebellion_in_Money_in_Asia_1200_1900_Small_Currencies_in_Social_and_Political_Contexts_ed._by_Jane_Kate_Leonard_and_Ulrich_Theobald_Leiden_Brill_2015_343-395 “Silver, Copper, Rice, and Debt: Monetary Policy and Office Selling in China during the Taiping Rebellion,” in Money in Asia (1200–1900): Small Currencies in Social and Political Contexts, ed.] by Jane Kate Leonard and Ulrich Theobald, [[Leiden]]: Brill, 2015, 343-395.</ref>
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  • <ref name="LondonSchoolOfEconomicsDebinMa">{{cite web|url= http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/41940/1/WP159.pdf|title= Money and Monetary System in China in the 19th-20th Century: An Overview. (Working Papers No. 159/12)|date=January 2012|accessdate=26 January 2020|author= Debin Ma|publisher= Department of Economic History, [[London School of Economics]]|language=en}}</ref>
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  • <ref name="LondonSchoolOfEconomicsXunYan">{{cite web|url= http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3307/1/Yan_In_Search_of_Power.pdf|title= In Search of Power and Credibility - Essays on Chinese Monetary History (1851-1845).|date=March 2015|accessdate=8 February 2020|author= Xun Yan|publisher= Department of Economic History, [[London School of Economics|London School of Economics and Political Science]]||language=en}}</ref>
    • <ref name="LondonSchoolOfEconomicsXunYan"/>

More sources

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  • <ref name="PrimaltrekQiHeritageMuseum">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/blog/2014/12/02/ancient-chinese-coin-exhibit-at-the-qi-heritage-museum/|title= Ancient Chinese Coin Exhibit at the Qi Heritage Museum.|date=2 December 2014|accessdate=22 February 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>
  • https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:MobileDiff/942459096  Done. --Donald Trung (talk) 20:22, 24 February 2020 (UTC) .
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