User:Donald Trung/Manchukuo Yuan (Expansion - 2018)
This is an experimental sandbox that serves as the editing history for the historical record of Manchukuo yuan. I will gradually re-word and import more content here from John E. Sandrock. please refer to User:Donald Trung/Sources to use, for the source regarding this currency đ˛ (and other subjects) that I had found during my block/permaban on the English Wikipedia. The source is from John E. Sandrock
Due to an issue with Microsoft Edge on my cell.-phone I am unable to view .pdf files đ, I will continue this project once this issue is fixed. --Donald Trung 
(No fake news 
) (Articles 
) Respect mobile users. 
12:36, 5 March 2018 (UTC)
Original draft
[edit]= The article to expand = {{Infobox Currency | currency_name_in_local = <small></small> | image_1 = Bank of Manchukuoă1Yuan 1932.JPG | image_title_1 = Central Bank of Manchukuo 1 yuan (1932) | image_2 = | image_title_2 = | iso_code = | using_countries = {{flagicon|Manchukuo}} [[Manchukuo]] | subunit_ratio_1 = 1/1000 | subunit_name_1 = [[Cash (unit)|lĂ]] | subunit_ratio_2 = 1/100 | subunit_name_2 = [[Candareen|fÄn]] | subunit_ratio_3 = 1/10 | subunit_name_3 = [[Jiao (currency)|jiÇo]] | symbol = | symbol_subunit_1 = | plural = | plural_subunit_1 = | used_coins = 5 lĂ, 1, 5 fÄn, 1 jiÇo | nickname = | used_banknotes = 1, 5, 10, 100, 1000 yuan | issuing_authority = [[Central Bank of Manchou]] | issuing_authority_website = | printer = | mint = | obsolete_notice = Y }} The '''Manchukuo yuan''' (ćťżć´˛ĺĺ) was the official unit of [[currency]] of the [[Manchukuo|Empire of Manchukuo]], from June 1932 to August 1945. The monetary unit was based on one basic pure [[silver]] patron of 23.91 grammes. It replaced the Chinese [[Haikwan tael]], the local monetary system in common and regular use in [[Manchuria]] before the [[Mukden incident]], as [[legal tender]]. == History == Initially [[banknote]]s and [[coin]]s were produced [[Mint (coin)|mint]]ed by the [[Bank of Japan]], but were later issued from the mint of the [[Central Bank of Manchou]] in the Manchukuo capital of [[Hsinking]] (now [[Changchun]]) with branch offices in [[Harbin]], [[Mukden]], [[Jilin (city)|Jilin]], and [[Tsitsihar]]. The Central Bank of Manchuo was opened on 1 July 1932 with a ceremony attended by the Emperor of Manchukuo in person, the new central bank acquired the assets and continued the responsibilities of the previous four banknote issuing banks in the region of Manchuria. The currency that circulated in Manchuria prior to the introduction of the Manchukuo yuan consisted of the banknotes of various provincial banks as well as commercial banks, silver smelting shops (known as yinchang), and [[pawn shops]]. Types of old banknotes recovered and later destroyed included high denomination banknotes, banknotes denominated copper coins, official provincial notes issued by the banks of the provincial government, small denomination coin notes, ''[[Cash (Chinese coin)#Stringing of cash coins|diĂ o]]'' denominated notes, ''[[Jiao (currency)|jiÇo]]'' denominated notes and others. The 15 different types of currency that circulated in Manchuria prior to the introduction of the Manchukuo yuan were allowed to be exchanged for the new currency by degree for a period of three years, using this method ninety-five point four percent of all previous Manchurian currency that was still in circulation, and the destruction of these old banknotes was handled by officials from the Department of Finance of the government of Manchukuo. The old banknotes were first shredded by machines and then burned, but the number of banknotes that had to be destroyed proved so numerous and new hearths would have to be constructed to burn all the old paper money.<ref>The Currency Collector [http://thecurrencycollector.com/pdfs/Japanese_Sponsored_Coin_and_Bank_Note_Issues_for_the_Occupied_Regions_of_China.pdf JAPANESE SPONSORED COIN AND BANK NOTE ISSUES FOR THE OCCUPIED REGIONS OF CHINA] by John E. Sandrock. Retrieved: 11 April 2018.</ref> Due to worldwide fluctuations in the price of silver during the 1930s, Manchukuo took the ''yuan'' off the [[silver standard]] in 1935 and subsequently [[Fixed exchange rate|pegged]] the ''yuan'' to, and later reached approximate exchange [[Par value#Currency|parity]] with, the [[Japanese yen]]. In 1940 the Manchukuo yuan was being used to measure Manchukuo exports and imports to countries that included America,<ref>[http://ann.sagepub.com/cgi/pdf_extract/211/1/138 Future of American Trade with Manchukuko], [[Roy Hidemichi Akagi|Roy H Akagi]], 3 June 1940, accessed September 2009</ref> Germany and Japan.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=lzisAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA143&lpg=PA143&dq=%22Manchukuo+yuan%22&source=bl&ots=jxY00UeL46&sig=0c6yIEkXzncrFjha-7gHLd67qv0&hl=en&ei=_XvCSuz2NMW24QbI2s2LCA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=7#v=onepage&q=%22Manchukuo%20yuan%22&f=false Germany and republican China], William C. Kirby 1984, p143, accessed September 2009</ref> Throughout this period about half the value of the issued notes was backed by specie reserves. The notes issued were in five denominations, one hundred, ten, five and one ''yuan'' and five ''chiao'' (one-half ''yuan''), and typically depicted [[Qing dynasty]] rulers of China on the [[obverse]]. To keep up with the [[inflation]]ary pressures typically experienced by Japanese-controlled areas towards the end of [[World War II]], a 1,000 ''yuan'' note was issued in 1944. [[Image:Manchukuo fiber coin.jpg|thumb|200px|Manchukuo 5-fen fibre coin]] The Yuan was subdivided into 10 ''[[jiao (currency)|chiao]]'' (č§), 100 ''fen'' (ĺ) or 1000 ''li'' (é). [[Coin]]s were issued in denominations of 5 ''li'' up to 10 ''fen''. In 1944 and 1945, Manchukuo issued coins (1 and 5 ''fen'') made of what the "[[Standard Catalog of World Coins]]" describes as "red or brown fiber", resembling [[Corrugated fiberboard|cardboard]]. These are a rare example of non-metallic coins. As a matter of policy, the United States prevented any trading in the currency. This made it more difficult for the nation to access the American credit market.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Barnhart|first1=Michael A|title=Japan Prepares for Total War: The Search for Economic Security, 1919â1941|date=July 8, 1988|publisher=Cornell University|location=1094|isbn=978-0801495298|accessdate=16 January 2018}}</ref> In 1948, after the end of [[World War II]], approximately 12 billion ''yuan'' of Central Bank of Manchou notes were redeemed by the Tung Pei Bank. == Banknotes == Initially banknotes were printed the Japanese but also by the Manchu Imperial Printing Bureaus after the old Chinese mint in the city of Mukden was repaired. <div style="width: 460px;right;margin-left:10px;"> <div style="width: 100%;">[[Image:Manchukuo 10 Yuan 1937 front.jpg|thumb|left|300px|10 Yuan note, 1937 (front) depicting the [[Cai Shen]]]][[Image:Manchukuo 10 Yuan 1937 back.jpg|thumb|right|300px|10 Yuan note, 1937 (back), depicting the [[Central Bank of Manchou]] headquarters]]</div> <div style="width: 100%;">[[Image:Manchukuo 100 Yuan 1944 front.jpg|thumb|left|300px|100 Yuan note, 1944 (front) depicting [[Confucius]]]][[Image:Manchukuo 100 Yuan 1944 back.jpg|thumb|right|300px|100 Yuan note, 1944 (back), depicting [[soy bean]] [[silo]]s]]</div> </div>{{clear}} == See also == * [[Central Bank of Manchou]] * [[Qing dynasty coinage]] == References == {{reflist}} *{{numis cite SCWC|date=1991}} *{{numis cite SCWPM|date=1994}} {{Chinese currency and coinage}} [[:Category:Currencies of Asia]] [[:Category:Currencies of China]] [[:Category:Modern obsolete currencies]] [[:Category:Currency introduced in 1932]] [[:Category:1945 disestablishments in China]] [[:Category:Economy of Manchukuo]] .