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User:Donald Trung/Daqian (大錢)

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[[File:Xianfeng Coins minted in Ili.jpg|thumb|right|Various denominations of large value [[Xianfeng coinage|Xianfeng era cash coins]] produced by the [[Ili Mint]], [[Xinjiang under Qing rule|Xinjiang]].]] '''Daqian''' ([[Traditional Chinese]]: 大錢, "big cash") is a term that refers to large denomination [[Cash (Chinese coin)|cash coins]] that were produced in the [[Qing dynasty]] starting from 1853 until 1890. Large denomination cash coins were previously used in earlier Chinese dynasties and had faced similar issues as the [[19th century]] Daqian. Under the [[Xianfeng Emperor]] the government of the Qing dynasty faced large crises, most notably the [[Taiping Rebellion]], which had heavily burdened the government's expenditures, as a response the government had introduced a large number of monetary reforms including the introduction of cash coins with high [[nominal value]]s, while their [[intrinsic value]]s were significantly lower. These cash coins were not well received by the Chinese public and their circulation was not long as the market would reject them rather quickly after their introduction. After 1855 all denominations of the Daqian other than the 10 ''[[Chinese cash (currency unit)|wén]]'' ceased to be produced, while the 10 ''wén'' cash coins would continue to circulate at only 20% their nominal value. Most Daqian were [[copper-alloy]] cash coins, but [[iron]] and [[lead]] Daqian were also produced during the Xianfeng era. The Chinese Daqian happened concurrent with and may have inspired similar debasements of cash coinages in [[Tokugawa shogunate|Tokugawa]] [[Japan]], [[Joseon]] era [[Korea]], the [[Ryukyu Kingdom|Ryukyu islands]], and [[Nguyễn dynasty|Nguyễn]] period [[Vietnam]]. == History == [[File:Xian Feng Zhong Bao (咸豐重寶) - 50 Cash (Jiangxi Mint) - Scott Semans.jpg|thumb|left|A [[Xianfeng Zhongbao]] (咸豐重寶) cash coin of 50 ''[[Chinese cash (currency unit)|wén]]'' issued by the [[Jiangxi Mint]].]] === Limited resources and background === A large number of large-scale peasant uprisings, ethnic and religious minority revolts, as well as foreign invasions of China took place under the reign of the [[Xianfeng Emperor]], including [[Nian rebellion|Nian]], [[Miao Rebellion (1854–73)|Miao]], [[Panthay Rebellion|Panthay]], [[Red Turban Rebellion (1854–1856)|Red Turban]], [[Da Cheng Rebellion|Da Cheng]], and [[Taiping rebellion]]s, and the [[Second Opium War]].<ref name="HoreshQing">{{cite web|url= https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007%2F978-981-10-0622-7_54-1|title= The Monetary System of China under the Qing Dynasty.|date=28 September 2018|accessdate=29 July 2019|author= [[Niv Horesh]]|publisher= [[Springer Nature|Springer Link]]|language=en}}</ref><ref name="PrimalQing">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/chinesecoins.html#qing_dynasty_coins|title= Chinese coins – 中國錢幣 - Qing (Ch'ing) Dynasty (1644-1911)|date=16 November 2016|accessdate=30 June 2017|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> These major events all had very devastating effects on the [[economy of the Qing dynasty]] as well as disabling the government of the Qing dynasty from collecting taxes. During the height of the Taiping Rebellion the government's access to its southern copper mines was cut of by rebel forces, this inability to access its copper reserves has a profound effect on the [[Qing dynasty coinage]] of this era.<ref name="PrimalQing"/> While initially like the preceding series of Qing era cash coins the Xianfeng Tongbao was only produced with the denomination of 1 ''[[Chinese cash (currency unit)|wén]]'', the government was soon forced to produce higher denominations to continue financing its large military expenditures.<ref name="PrimalQing"/> === Monetary policy debates during the Xianfeng era === After [[Battle of Nanjing (1853)|the Taiping rebels took Nanjing in 1853]], serious debates about the monetary policy of the government of the Qing dynasty as the occupation of [[Southern China]] by the [[Taiping Heavenly Kingdom]] it cut off from several sources of revenue, including tax revenues, southern provincial grain tributes, the salt tax imposed on the Huai area, and the [[Yunnan]]ese copper mines from which the copper supplies for the Beijing imperial mints came from.<ref name="LondonSchoolOfEconomicsXunYan">{{cite web|url= http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3307/1/Yan_In_Search_of_Power.pdf|title= In Search of Power and Credibility - Essays on Chinese Monetary History (1851-1845).|date=March 2015|accessdate=8 February 2020|author= Xun Yan|publisher= Department of Economic History, [[London School of Economics|London School of Economics and Political Science]]||language=en}}</ref> These circumstances led to both shortages in the imperial silver supply (from taxation) and the supply of copper-alloy cash coins.<ref name="LondonSchoolOfEconomicsXunYan"/> Various proposals were made to remedy the lowered government income and fiscal deficits, among these proposals the majority of them concerned monetary reforms.<ref name="LondonSchoolOfEconomicsXunYan"/> Among the suggestions were proposals for the indigenous production of silver so the Qing state would be less dependent on the influx of [[Spanish dollar|foreign silver dollars]], but this proposal was met with much skepticism as it was quite difficult to set up silver mining and minting operations in China at the time, while other proposals called for the complete abolition of silver as a [[medium of exchange]] in China.<ref name="LondonSchoolOfEconomicsXunYan"/> Other proposals sought to introduce [[gold]] and even [[jade]] to the Chinese monetary system and wanted to ban all non-religious usage of [[precious metal]]s like gold and silver.<ref name="LondonSchoolOfEconomicsXunYan"/> The most influential proposals turned out to be the ones advocating for both the debasement of the copper coinage and the introduction of high denomination copper-alloy cash coins.<ref name="LondonSchoolOfEconomicsXunYan"/> Furthermore, some proposals recognised the difficulty of establishing multiple exchange rates between all the new monies and the high transaction costs that would burden low-value currencies such as the copper-alloy cash coins, these proposers advocated for the re-introduction of paper money, either convertible or inconvertible into metallic currencies.<ref name="LondonSchoolOfEconomicsXunYan"/> While the government of the Qing dynasty was initially hesitant to adopt a new monetary policy, they settled on debasing the copper-alloy currency, issuing inconvertible banknotes, and establishing new government banks.<ref name="LondonSchoolOfEconomicsXunYan"/> In reality, the new monetarily policies were rushed and their implementation differed greatly from the actual proposals, furthermore the implementation would prove to be completely incoherent.<ref name="LondonSchoolOfEconomicsXunYan"/> Eventually the monetary policy of the Qing dynasty during the Xianfeng era had degenerated to forcing a debased copper-alloy currency on the Chinese people, while creating many obstacles that would prevent these new cash coins from ever returning to the government.<ref name="LondonSchoolOfEconomicsXunYan"/> === Introduction of new monies === The measures taken during the Taiping Rebellion made the Chinese monetary system even more complicated as it introduced a large number of different types of currency which all circulated concurrently as [[legal tender]].<ref name="Brill2015">[https://www.academia.edu/28400259/_Silver_Copper_Rice_and_Debt_Monetary_Policy_and_Office_Selling_in_China_during_the_Taiping_Rebellion_in_Money_in_Asia_1200_1900_Small_Currencies_in_Social_and_Political_Contexts_ed._by_Jane_Kate_Leonard_and_Ulrich_Theobald_Leiden_Brill_2015_343-395 “Silver, Copper, Rice, and Debt: Monetary Policy and Office Selling in China during the Taiping Rebellion,” in Money in Asia (1200–1900): Small Currencies in Social and Political Contexts, ed.] by Jane Kate Leonard and Ulrich Theobald, [[Leiden]]: Brill, 2015, 343-395.</ref> The [[hyperinflation]] during the Xianfeng era was caused by the government of the Qing dynasty, in its desperate scramble for revenue, continuously debasing the copper content of its coinage. Furthermore, the banknotes it had issued were all declared to be inconvertible shortly after their issuance. The debasement of the copper content was commenced on April 24 of the year 1853 with the introduction of the Daqian (大錢, "big money").<ref name="LondonSchoolOfEconomicsDebinMa">{{cite web|url= http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/41940/1/WP159.pdf|title= Money and Monetary System in China in the 19th-20th Century: An Overview. (Working Papers No. 159/12)|date=January 2012|accessdate=26 January 2020|author= Debin Ma|publisher= Department of Economic History, [[London School of Economics]]|language=en}}</ref><ref name="LondonSchoolOfEconomicsXunYan"/> Starting in April of the year 1853 two metropolitan mints commenced the production of the Daqian, the first series had a nominal value of 10 ''wén'', these cash coins had a weight of 0.6 [[tael]] and their fineness was comparable to that of the Zhiqian (制錢, "standard cash coins"), this meant that the currency had been depreciated by about 50%.<ref name="LondonSchoolOfEconomicsXunYan"/> The introduction of the 10 ''wén'' cash coin was only reluctantly accepted by the Chinese market, and it introduction had caused rampant counterfeiting of it.<ref name="LondonSchoolOfEconomicsXunYan"/> These counterfeits did not weigh as much as the government issued 10 ''wén'' Daqian.<ref name="LondonSchoolOfEconomicsXunYan"/> Furthermore, the Daqian were all intended to circulate side-by-side with the already existing currencies in China, and then be accepted at face value and the older coinage wasn't collected by the government for re-melting.<ref name="LondonSchoolOfEconomicsXunYan"/> Eventually the weight of the 10 ''wén'' cash coins was reduced to only 0.22 taels.<ref name="LondonSchoolOfEconomicsXunYan"/> In the year 1854 new Daqian were introduced, these had denominations ranging from 5 ''wén'' to 1000 ''wén''.<ref name="Brill2015"/> During this same time the government of the Qing dynasty began issuing convertible cash bank notes, or ''guan-hao qianpiao'' (官號錢票), which were mostly backed in Daqian.<ref name="Brill2015"/> These government-issued banknotes were modeled after private bank notes, known as ''[[Zhuangpiao|sihao qianpiao]]'' (私號錢票), which would continue to circulate even after the introduction of these government notes. These banknotes were issued by nine different government banks, four of these banks newly established for their circulation.<ref name="Brill2015"/> Both the Daqian and ''guan-hao qianpiao'' were calculated using the Jingqian (京錢) unit of account, but they were complicated by the fact that the nominal value of these government banknotes denominated the debt owed to be satisfied by the payment of cash coins.<ref name="Brill2015"/> In order to finance their enormous military expenditures the government took several monetary initiatives, the government introduced the [[Da-Qing Baochao]] (大清寶鈔)<ref name="SandrockCopperCashNotes">{{cite web|url= http://thecurrencycollector.com/pdfs/Ching_Dynasty_Copper_Cash_Notes_-_Part_II.pdf|title=IMPERIAL CHINESE CURRENCY OF THE TAI'PING REBELLION - Part II - CH'ING DYNASTY COPPER CASH NOTES by John E. Sandrock.|date=1997|accessdate=20 April 2019|author= John E. Sandrock|publisher= The Currency Collector.|language=en}}</ref> copper-alloy cash-notes and the [[Hubu Guanpiao]] (戶部官票)<ref name="SandrockSilverTaelNotes">{{cite web|url= http://thecurrencycollector.com/pdfs/Ching_Dynasty_Silver_Tael_Notes_-_Part_III.pdf|title=IMPERIAL CHINESE CURRENCY OF THE TAI'PING REBELLION - PART III - CH'ING DYNASTY SILVER TAEL NOTES by John E. Sandrock.|date=1997|accessdate=29 June 2019|author= John E. Sandrock|publisher= The Currency Collector.|language=en}}</ref> silver [[tael]]-notes although the empire's silver reserves were woefully inadequate to back the new paper currency.<ref name="PrimaltrekKingOfQingDynastyCoins">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/blog/2013/01/08/the-king-of-qing-dynasty-coins/|title=The King of Qing Dynasty Coins.|date=8 January 2013|accessdate=8 January 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> The size and weight of the 1 ''wén'' Xianfeng Tongbao cash coins were reduced, this was done in order to save copper which was in short supply due to the supply lines from the copper mines of the [[Yunnan]] province being disrupted by the wars that occurred in [[Southern China]].<ref name="PrimaltrekKingOfQingDynastyCoins"/> The large denominations of [[copper-alloy]] cash coins cast during the reign of the Xianfeng Emperor ranged were 4 ''wén'', 5 ''wén'', 10 ''wén'', 20 ''wén'', 30 ''wén'', 40 ''wén'', 50 ''wén'', 80 ''wén'', 100 ''wén'', 200 ''wén'', 500 ''wén'', and 1000 ''wén''.<ref name="PrimaltrekKingOfQingDynastyCoins"/> These Daqian were in no way standardised and it wasn't uncommon for a 50 ''wén'' cash coin produced by one mint to be both larger and heavier than a 100 ''wén'' cash coin produced by another mint, or a 100 ''wén'' cash coin produced by one mint to be both larger and heavier than a 1000 ''wén'' cash coin which was produced by another mint. <ref name="PrimalQing"/> This lack of difference between the denominations was significant because most of its users were illiterate and could therefore not distinguish between them.<ref name="LondonSchoolOfEconomicsXunYan"/> Among the various mints that operated in China at the time, the [[Fuzhou mint]] was noted for casting a large number of varieties of these Daqian cash coins with local characteristics.<ref name="PrimaltrekKingOfQingDynastyCoins"/> The introduction of the large denomination Xianfeng coinages happened concurrent with the ''[[Tenpō Tsūhō]]'' 100 [[Japanese mon (currency)|mon]] coin issued by the [[Tokugawa shogunate]] in 1835 (in reaction to government deficit),<ref>TAKIZAWA Takeo, (1996) Nihon no Kahei no Rekishi (History of Japanese Currencies) [[Tokyo]], Yoshikawa Kobunkan. (Takizawa p.242).</ref> the 100 [[Korean mun|mun]] coin, known as the [[Dangbaekjeon]], by the [[Joseon]] Kingdom of [[Korea]] in 1867,<ref name="MonetaCoinsBeyondCash">{{cite web|url= http://www.moneta-coins.com/library/Korea%20-%20A%20Numismatic%20Survey%20-%20Boling.pdf|title= Korea - A Numismatic Survey. (This article has been transposed to this format from a July 1988 supplement issue included with Coin World. Its original title was: Beyond Cash - A Numismatic Survey of Korea.)|date=1988|accessdate=3 October 2019|author= Joseph E. Boling, NLG |publisher= Moneta-Coins.com|language=en}}</ref><ref name="primaltrek">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/koreancoins.html|title=Korean Coins – 韓國錢幣 - History of Korean Coinage|date=16 November 2016|accessdate=9 October 2019|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref><ref name="NIKHCurrency">{{cite web|url= http://contents.history.go.kr/front/eng/tz/view.do?levelId=tz_b25|title= Korean Currency.|date=2019|accessdate=29 September 2019|author= Not listed|publisher= [[National Institute of Korean History]]|language=en}}</ref> the [[Ryukyu Kingdom|Ryukyuan]] [[Ryukyuan mon#100 mon (琉球通寳 – 當百)|100 mon]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.history.ucsb.edu/faculty/roberts/coins/Ryuukyuucoins.html|title=Ryuukyuuan coins|date=24 October 2003|accessdate=1 June 2017|work=Luke Roberts at the [[University of California, Santa Barbara|Department of History - University of California at Santa Barbara]]|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804084213/http://www.history.ucsb.edu/faculty/roberts/coins/Ryuukyuucoins.html|archive-date=4 August 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.baxleystamps.com/litho/coin.shtml|title= Japanese Coins Circulating on Perry's Arrival and Shortly Thereafter in the Ryukyu Kingdom |accessdate=1 June 2017|work= George C. Baxley (Baxley Stamps)|language=en}}</ref> and [[Ryukyuan mon#Half Shu (琉球通寳 – 半朱)|half Shu]] cash coins,<ref>{{cite book | last1 = (日本銀行) | first1 = Nippon/Nihon Ginkō | title = Nihon Ginkou Chousakyoku ed., Zuroku Nihon no kahei, vol.1 (Tokyo: Touyou Keizai Shinpousha, 1973) | chapter = pp. 319-322 | publisher = [[Bank of Japan|Nihon Ginkō. Chōsakyoku. / Bank of Japan, Economic Research Department.,]] | year = 1973 | location = [[Tokyo]] | url = http://www.boj.or.jp/en/index.htm/ }}</ref><ref>[http://ryukyushimpo.jp/okinawa-dic/prentry-43409.html Ryūkyū Tsūhō] (in [[Japanese language|Japanese]]) Okinawa Compact Encyclopedia, 沖縄コンパクト事典, [[Ryūkyū Shimpō]], 1 March 2003. Access date = 8 June 2017.</ref><ref>Robert Hellyer, Defining Engagement, [[Harvard University Press]] (2009), 192.</ref> and the large denomination [[Tự Đức Bảo Sao]] cash coins in [[Vietnam]].<ref name="RevueNumismatique1999">Art-Hanoi [http://art-hanoi.com/library/articlethierry.pdf CURRENCY TYPES AND THEIR FACE VALUES DURING THE TỰ ĐỨC ERA.] This is a translation of the article “Monnaies et circulation monetairé au Vietnam dans l’ère Tự Đức (1848-1883) by [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里). Published in Revue Numismatique 1999 (volume # 154). Pgs 267-313. This translation is from pages 274-297. Translator: Craig Greenbaum. Retrieved: 23 August 2019.</ref><ref name="ThierryInscriptions">{{cite web|url= https://www.academia.edu/3442454/_The_Confucian_Message_on_Vietnamese_Coins_A_closer_look_at_the_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty_s_large_coins_with_moral_maxims_Numismatic_Chronicle_2011_pp._367-406|title= The Confucian Message on Vietnamese Coins, A closer look at the Nguyễn dynasty’s large coins with moral maxims », Numismatic Chronicle, 2011, pp. 367-406.|date=2011|accessdate=22 August 2019|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= [[Academia.edu]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>Sudokuone.com [https://sudokuone.com/vietnam/large_coin.htm The Large Cash Coins of the Nguyễn Emperors]. Retrieved: 23 August 2019.</ref> All of these large denomination cash coins also caused inflation on comparable levels. The nominal value of both the Daqian and the ''guan-hao qianpiao'' did not reflect reality, as for example in the year 1861 one would get only 7,500 ''wén'' in cash coins (or 750 10 ''wén'' cash coins) when cashing in government-issued cash notes of 15,000 ''wén''. Furthermore, unlike physical cash coins, the [[String of cash coins (currency unit)|"string of cash coins" currency unit]], or ''diào'' (吊), was used to represent 1000 ''wén'' in government documents, but only 500 physical cash coins were paid out per paper string.<ref name="Brill2015"/> In the year 1854 as the copper reserves of the Qing dynasty were being depleted the government of the Qing dynasty began issuing [[iron]] Daqian known as ''tieqian'' (鐡錢).<ref name="Brill2015"/> The process under which the Xianfeng inflation unfolded revealed as much about the capacity of the government of the Qing dynasty to coerce as the constraint in its monetary management.<ref name="LondonSchoolOfEconomicsDebinMa"/> Only a few years after the introduction of the above currencies, they would all start being heavily discounted on the market.<ref name="LondonSchoolOfEconomicsDebinMa"/> An example of a common Xianfeng era Daqian would weigh as much as two standard cash coins, giving it an intrinsic value of 2 ''wén'', while having a stamped value equivalent to ten ''wén''.<ref name="LondonSchoolOfEconomicsDebinMa"/> The inconvertible paper notes that were also issued and pushed through the Chinese market received the full coercive power of the central state.<ref name="LondonSchoolOfEconomicsDebinMa"/> These monetary policies led to immediate market reaction in the areas where they circulated, in fact, upon rumour, would cause the closure of local money shops and was behind a [[capital flight]] out of the capital city of Beijing.<ref name="LondonSchoolOfEconomicsDebinMa"/> Public distrust in China towards these new monies even worsened when in the end, governmental agencies refused to accept "big cash" as a form of payment.<ref name="LondonSchoolOfEconomicsDebinMa"/> === Inflation and depreciation === [[Peng Zeyi]] has distinguished three distinct phases of the [[Inflation|inflationary cycle]] during the [[Xianfeng inflation]].<ref name="Brill2015"/> First was the introduction and gradual depreciation of the new monies which was followed by a financial crash in early 1857, when standard cash, or Zhiqian (制錢), started disappearing from the Chinese market ([[Gresham's law]]), and finally the new monies suffering a steeper depreciation which was linked to a high price inflation.<ref name="Brill2015"/> Because copper-alloy cash coins had very little value they were not likely to be used as a store of value and because moving them was very heavy and expensive, copper-alloy cash coins were also not used that often for long distance trade due to their inconvenience.<ref name="LondonSchoolOfEconomicsXunYan"/> This meant that when large denomination cash coins were overvalued, the Chinese people were far more likely to melt these cash coins down for counterfeiting than they would try to export them to other regions.<ref name="LondonSchoolOfEconomicsXunYan"/> This also made it more likely for the copper-alloy cash coins that originated from the regions in close proximity to Beijing to send their cash coins to the city to be melted into counterfeit Daqian.<ref name="LondonSchoolOfEconomicsXunYan"/> Only a few years after their introduction both the Daqian and the government-issued paper money would start to be steeply discounted on the Chinese commercial markets.<ref name="LondonSchoolOfEconomicsDebinMa"/> Daqian at this time would start to be traded at their intrinsic value rather than their nominal value.<ref name="LondonSchoolOfEconomicsDebinMa"/> Because of their low intrinsic value and general inconvenience, all Daqian with denominations higher than 50 ''wén'' were discontinued within a year of their introduction.<ref name="LondonSchoolOfEconomicsXunYan"/> Very briefly after its introduction, the 10 ''wén'' cash coins were only accepted at 30% their nominal value, this downward spiral continued until it had reached only 20% of its nominal value (2 ''wén'') on the Chinese market.<ref name="LondonSchoolOfEconomicsXunYan"/> Both the Daqian and paper currencies proved to be short-lived solutions for the government of the Qing dynasty, with the acceptance of the Daqian coinage having ended within three or four years from its inception.<ref name="LondonSchoolOfEconomicsDebinMa"/> In the capital Beijing, this change would simply translate into a permanent nominal adjustment in the units of accounts used within the city, with a one-time jump in the nominal price level increasing it five fold based on the Daqian units.<ref name="LondonSchoolOfEconomicsDebinMa"/> Both the inflationary policy of debasing the copper currencies and the issuance of inconvertible paper money were also largely confined to the Beijing capital region and the immediate neighbouring provinces, this was due to the Qing government's limited political control over much of China at the time of Taiping Rebellion.{{Sfn|Peng|1965 (2007)|p=613-623}} During this era the introduction of the "big cash coins" unit in the capital city made interregional a lot more difficult to conduct because of the regional currency units that existed.<ref name="LondonSchoolOfEconomicsDebinMa"/> === After 1855 === After the year 1855 only the 10 ''wén'' Daqian would continue to be produced, but they would circulate at heavily discounted rate.<ref name="LondonSchoolOfEconomicsXunYan"/> === Qixiang era / Tongzhi era === During the early years of the [[Tongzhi Emperor]] he used the reign title "Qixiang" (祺祥) and 10 ''wén'' Daqian continued to be produced, for a brief period of time Daqian with the inscription Qixiang Zhongbao (祺祥重寶) were produced.<ref name="PrimaltrekQiXiangEngravedMothrerCoin">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/blog/2014/12/24/qi-xiang-tong-bao-engraved-mother-coin/|title= Qi Xiang Tong Bao Engraved Mother Coin.|date=24 December 2014|accessdate=10 February 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref><ref name="ShouxiNewsQixiangZhongbao">{{cite web|url= http://coin.shouxi.com/news/highlight/2013/0831/8.html|title= 清钱名珍:祺祥重宝源十母钱 方孔钱最后高峰 www.shouxi.com 2013-08-31 10:12 首席收藏网 发表评论.|date=31 August 2013|accessdate=10 February 2020|author= Unlisted|publisher= Shouxi News|language=zh-cn}}</ref> Because the Qixiang era name wasn't used for that long, cash coins with this era date were cast for such a short time, that only a small number of the government mints produced cash coins with this inscription.<ref name="PrimaltrekQiXiangEngravedMothrerCoin"/> These mints included the [[Ministry of Works (imperial China)|Ministry of Public Works]] Mint (寶源), the [[Ministry of Revenue (imperial China)|Ministry of Revenue]] Mint (寶泉), the [[Yunnan]] mint (寶雲), the [[Gansu]] mint (寶鞏), and the [[Suzhou]] mint (寶蘇).<ref name="PrimaltrekQiXiangEngravedMothrerCoin"/> When the regnal name changed to Tongzhi, the government mints withdrew or destroyed the [[mother coin]]s that contained the Qixiang inscriptions and then engraved new mother coins to produce cash coins with the inscriptions Tongzhi Tongbao (同治通寶) and Tongzhi Zhongbao (同治重寶).<ref name="PrimaltrekQiXiangEngravedMothrerCoin"/> Both Tongzhi Tongbao and Tongzhi Zhongbao Daqian were cased.<ref name="QinCaoCollectionMuseum">The Collection Museum [https://www.thecollectionmuseum.com/assets/downloads/An_introduction_and_identification_guide_to_Chinese_Qing_dynasty_coins.pdf An introduction and identification guide to Chinese Qing-dynasty coins.] by Qin Cao. Retrieved: 10 February 2020.</ref> === Guangxu era === [[File:Kuang Hsu Chung Pao (10 Cash - Board of Public Works Mint) - John Ferguson 02.jpg|thumb|right|A [[Guangxu Zhongbao]] (光緒重寶) cash coin of 10 ''wén''.]] In the year 1883 the imperial government of the Qing dynasty made an attempt to restore the copper-alloy cash coins back to their original units, because the new units had created chaos among private money shops in China who were willing to pay premium copper-alloy cash coins to call back their own [[Zhuangpiao|privately-produced banknotes]] that were issued in "Beijing cash" (Jingqian) units.<ref name="LondonSchoolOfEconomicsDebinMa"/> This was done out of a fear of the large capital cost of having to later redeem their banknotes that were based on the previous standards of copper-alloy cash coins.<ref name="LondonSchoolOfEconomicsDebinMa"/> Until the year 1890 the imperial government mints in Beijing continued producing Guangxu Zhongbao (光緒重寶) Daqian of 10 ''wén'', until they were superseded by the [[Da-Qing Tongbi]] coins which would fulfil the same role in the monetary system of China.<ref name="LondonSchoolOfEconomicsXunYan"/> == Banknotes denominated in Daqian == <gallery> Image:500 Cash (伍百文) in Daqian (大錢) - Yuquan Official Money Bureau (豫泉官錢局) issue (光緒二十七年 - 1901年) KKNews 01.jpg|A 500 ''wén'' (伍百文) banknote issued by the Yuquan Official Money Bureau (豫泉官錢局) in the year [[Guangxu Emperor|Guangxu]] 27 (1901) denominated in "Daqian". Image:500 Cash (伍百文) in Daqian (大錢) - Yuquan Official Money Bureau (豫泉官錢局) issue (光緒二十七年 - 1901年) KKNews 05.jpg|A 500 ''wén'' (伍百文) banknote issued by the Yuquan Official Money Bureau (豫泉官錢局) in the year Guangxu 27 (1901) denominated in "Daqian". Image:500 Cash (伍百文) in Daqian (大錢) - Yuquan Official Money Bureau (豫泉官錢局) issue (光緒二十七年 - 1901年) KKNews 06.jpg|A 500 ''wén'' (伍百文) banknote issued by the Yuquan Official Money Bureau (豫泉官錢局) in the year Guangxu 27 (1901) denominated in "Daqian". </gallery> == See also == * [[Vietnamese văn (currency unit)]] == References == {{Reflist}} == Sources == * Hartill, David (September 22, 2005). ''Cast Chinese Coins''. [[Trafford]], [[United Kingdom]]: Trafford Publishing. {{ISBN|978-1412054669}}. * Hartill, David, ''Qing cash'', [[Royal Numismatic Society]] Special Publication 37, [[London]], 2003. * [[Peng Xinwei]] (彭信威) (1954 [2007]). ''Zhongguo huobi shi'' (中國貨幣史) ([[Shanghai]]: Qunlian chubanshe), 580-581, 597-605. (in [[Mandarin Chinese]]). * Peng Xinwei (彭信威) (1994) ''A monetary history of China'' (translated by Edward H. Kaplan). [[Western Washington University]] ([[Bellingham, Washington|Bellingham]], [[Washington (state)|Washington]]). {{Commonscat|Xianfeng Coins}} {{Qing dynasty currency}} {{Chinese cash coin}} {{Qing dynasty topics}} {{Chinese currency and coinage}} [[:Category:Coins of China]] [[:Category:Cash coins]] [[:Category:Qing dynasty]] [[:Category:Chinese numismatics]] .

Standard reference templates

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March 2020.
  • <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= March 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= March 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>
February 2020.
  • <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= February 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= February 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>
January 2020.
  • <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= January 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= January 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>
December 2019.
  • <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= December 2019|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>
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To use

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  • <ref name="HoreshQing">{{cite web|url= https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007%2F978-981-10-0622-7_54-1|title= The Monetary System of China under the Qing Dynasty.|date=28 September 2018|accessdate=29 July 2019|author= [[Niv Horesh]]|publisher= [[Springer Nature|Springer Link]]|language=en}}</ref>
    • <ref name="HoreshQing"/>
  • <ref name="PrimalQing">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/chinesecoins.html#qing_dynasty_coins|title= Chinese coins – 中國錢幣 - Qing (Ch'ing) Dynasty (1644-1911)|date=16 November 2016|accessdate=30 June 2017|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>
    • <ref name="PrimalQing"/>
  • <ref name="PrimaltrekKingOfQingDynastyCoins">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/blog/2013/01/08/the-king-of-qing-dynasty-coins/|title=The King of Qing Dynasty Coins.|date=8 January 2013|accessdate=8 January 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>
    • <ref name="PrimaltrekKingOfQingDynastyCoins"/>
  • <ref name="CambridgeInflation">{{cite web|url= https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/bulletin-of-the-school-of-oriental-and-african-studies/article/hsienfeng-inflation/54A8F1ADDC871CC18F4DCFA828730DEB|title= The Hsien-Fêng Inflation (Published online by Cambridge University Press: 24 December 2009).|date=October 1958|accessdate=28 July 2019|author= Jerome Ch'ên|publisher= [[SOAS University of London]]|language=en}}</ref>
    • <ref name="CambridgeInflation"/>
  • <ref name="Brill2015">[https://www.academia.edu/28400259/_Silver_Copper_Rice_and_Debt_Monetary_Policy_and_Office_Selling_in_China_during_the_Taiping_Rebellion_in_Money_in_Asia_1200_1900_Small_Currencies_in_Social_and_Political_Contexts_ed._by_Jane_Kate_Leonard_and_Ulrich_Theobald_Leiden_Brill_2015_343-395 “Silver, Copper, Rice, and Debt: Monetary Policy and Office Selling in China during the Taiping Rebellion,” in Money in Asia (1200–1900): Small Currencies in Social and Political Contexts, ed.] by Jane Kate Leonard and Ulrich Theobald, [[Leiden]]: Brill, 2015, 343-395.</ref>
    • <ref name="Brill2015"/>
  • <ref name="LondonSchoolOfEconomicsDebinMa">{{cite web|url= http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/41940/1/WP159.pdf|title= Money and Monetary System in China in the 19th-20th Century: An Overview. (Working Papers No. 159/12)|date=January 2012|accessdate=26 January 2020|author= Debin Ma|publisher= Department of Economic History, [[London School of Economics]]|language=en}}</ref>
    • <ref name="LondonSchoolOfEconomicsDebinMa"/>
  • <ref name="LondonSchoolOfEconomicsXunYan">{{cite web|url= http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3307/1/Yan_In_Search_of_Power.pdf|title= In Search of Power and Credibility - Essays on Chinese Monetary History (1851-1845).|date=March 2015|accessdate=8 February 2020|author= Xun Yan|publisher= Department of Economic History, [[London School of Economics|London School of Economics and Political Science]]||language=en}}</ref>
    • <ref name="LondonSchoolOfEconomicsXunYan"/>

More sources

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  • <ref name="ShouxiNewsQixiangZhongbao">{{cite web|url= http://coin.shouxi.com/news/highlight/2013/0831/8.html|title= 清钱名珍:祺祥重宝源十母钱 方孔钱最后高峰 www.shouxi.com 2013-08-31 10:12 首席收藏网 发表评论.|date=31 August 2013|accessdate=10 February 2020|author= Unlisted|publisher= Shouxi News|language=zh-cn}}</ref>

Redirects

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  • #REDIRECT [[Daqian]]
  1. Da Qian.
  2. Da-Qian.
  3. Da-qian.
  4. 大錢.
  5. 大钱.
  6. T'a-Ch'ien.
  7. T'a-ch'ien.
  8. T'a Ch'ien.
  9. T'ach'ien.
  10. Ta-Chien.
  11. Ta-chien.
  12. Ta Chien.
  13. Tachien.
  14. Chinese big cash.
  15. Chinese Big cash.
  16. Chinese Big Cash.
  17. Large cash coin.
  18. Large cash coins.
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